İstanbul'un Semtleri Fındıkzade

2003, İstanbul'un Semtleri Fındıkzade

İstanbul Suriçi semtlerinden Fındıkzade'nin bir semt tarihi. A district history of Fındıkzade, one of the Suriçi districts of Istanbul

Due to its unique geographical posi on, Istanbul's economic and poli cal influence spread over a wide area. Istanbul lies at a key intersec on of strategic sea-lanes, and connects two con nents, working as a hinge-city. The city was established on firm land to the north of the Marmara Sea, which connects the Aegean and Black Seas, and towards the southern end of the Bosphorus, straits that have undisputed geo-strategic importance. Like the Marmara Sea, Istanbul is a place where the cultural ecologies of the Aegean and Black Seas intertwine. Including the Balkans and Asia Minor, it can be considered to be in the economic and poli cal heart Eastern Europe. As the mee ng point of passageways and ac vi es that join together many ci es spread over two con nents, Istanbul is also a vital bridge for numerous social networks. This complex formula has resulted in both its fortune and misfortune. Istanbul is a port city, a military city, a poli cal city that was the center of two empires, a commercial city which served as a mee ng point for transna onal colonial networks, a financial city, an educa onal city with numerous secondary and higher educa on ins tu ons, and also a cultural city that func oned as the center of ethno-religious diversity. In the history of the city, these features o en intertwine. Istanbul has collected all sorts of complicated and diverse features that resist singular defini ons of the city; these diverse features o en interact with each other through symbiosis, allowing different historical layers to survive con nuously. It is a rare example of a city in which historical and geographical features are represented in both eclec c and synthe c forms and integrated (assemblage). Looking at the transforma on of the city throughout history, we encounter a different Istanbul in every period. Istanbul is the sum of all these geographical and socio-historical differences. In this paper, focusing on Istanbul's recent history, I will a empt to explain the city's comprehensive sociological transforma on over the last century. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY CONTEXT AND THE MODERN CITY Demographic mobility in recent O oman history has determined the new forma on of Istanbul. The demographic movements , intertwined with late nineteenth and early twen eth century socio-technological developments to form the main features of Istanbul in the Republican period. Demographic changes include the internal structure of popula on movements, the forma on of public health (sanita on) ins tu ons, large popula on movements caused by wars and geographic separa sm, and ethno-religious components of the popula on. Socio-technological processes define the versa le effects of techno-industrial revolu ons, which took place one a er another. The city's history can be be er understood by explaining how it was transformed by economic, spa al, cultural, and administra ve processes, thus providing a context for socio-historical change. Among those processes which transformed the city by following predetermined and original routes are: large fires and subsequent periods of reconstruc on, the spread of railways, the renewal of harbors, the introduc on of the telegraph, telephone and electricity to urban life, the a empt to shape the urban macro-form with motorized vehicles, and the evolu on of communica on technologies. The cultural transforma ons that surrounded the moderniza on of the O oman State and the Turkish Republiccan also be understood in terms of the decisions that shaped conflic ng poli cal and administra ve structures. This ar cle will discuss the city's recent history, which was shaped by conflicts and breaksthat carry it from the past to the future.. As the capital of a mul na onal empire, which was damaged by hegemonic disputes between the great powers of the nineteenth century, Istanbul found itself in the eye of a storm. As one of the most prominent and fascina ng ci es during military-agrarian empires, Istanbul had to keep pace with the innova ons of this period. It represented not only one of the ci es that were involved in manufacturing for the progressive capitalist markets of the me, from which the industrial revolu on emanated, but also witnessed different types of se lements typical of growing economies. The capitals of modern na on-states, as seen in both their architecture and planning, were venues for symbolic power in this period. When the problem of subsistence provisions was eradicated following a boom in produc on, the number of se lements accommoda ng large popula ons started to increase rapidly. Growing and urbanizing popula ons in Europe and America reflected the birth of a new city form. The most tangible results of 1 2

ABSTRACT: In modern cities, neighborhoods are mostly seen as a part of urban planning. Modern people are identified with ID numbers and there are many apparatuses which watch them from mobile phones to social media in their everyday lives. In the early modern world, however, the social aspects of the neighborhood fulfilled the same role. There was a heightened awareness of being a neighborhood resident and the neighborhood watch as the most effective tool for social control. This awareness and sense of belonging brought with them an increased accountability and responsibility among the dwellers to one another. In this thesis, I will analyze some neighborhood-related cases from various Istanbul court records of the very early eighteenth century, which was one of the most turbulent periods of the imperial capital in terms of military failures, social unrest, natural disasters, and so on. On the basis of these court records and other official and non-official primary sources, I will try to explore the role of the community-based neighborhood structure in maintaining social control and order in Istanbul. In doing so, I will consider both the external (state-based) factors and internal (neighborhood-based) factors. The findings and/or non-findings of this study offer an opportunity for both horizontal and vertical comparison of early eighteenth-century Istanbul neighborhoods with the neighborhoods of its contemporaries as well as the earlier times. ÖZET: Mahalle kavramı, günümüzde neredeyse sadece şehir planlamasının bir parçası olarak görülmektedir. Artık kimliği kendisine verilen kimlik numaralarıyla tespit edilebilen modern çağın insanının izlenilebilirliği, hemen herkesin kullandığı cep telefonlarından, günlük hayatın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelen sosyal medyaya kadar pek çok farklı yolla sağlanmaktadır. Bu izlenilebilirlik otoriteler tarafından gerçekleştirilebildiği gibi özellikle kişilerin günlük hayatlarını sosyal medya üzerinden teşhir etmesiyle de mümkün olmaktadır. Erken modern diye nitelenen dönemde ise, mahalle, daha çok sosyal yönleriyle karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Mahalleli olma bilincinin son derece yüksek olduğu ve mahalle mensubiyetlerinin kimlik oluşumunda önemli rol aldığı söz konusu dönemde mahallelinin bakışları izlenilebilirlik ve sosyal kontrol bağlamında tek değilse bile en önemli araçtı. Bu mensubiyetten ileri gelen mesuliyetler ise mahalle sakinleri arasındaki karşılıklı sorumluluk duygularını arttırmaktaydı. Bu tezde, Osmanlı tarihinin askeri yenilgiler, ayaklanmalar, doğal afetler gibi pek çok açıdan en hareketli dönemlerinden olan ve mevcut tarih yazımı literatüründe hakkında oldukça boşluklar bulunan on sekizinci yüzyılın ilk yıllarına ait İstanbul mahkeme kayıtlarında, mahalleyle ilgili davalar analiz edilecektir. Söz konusu mahkeme kayıtlarına ek olarak incelenen resmi ve resmi olmayan birincil kaynaklarla birlikte, İstanbul'daki sosyal kontrol ve düzenin sağlanmasında cemaatvâri mahalle yapısının etkisi irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu bağlamda ise, devlet kaynaklı dışsal faktörler ve mahallenin kendi dinamiklerinden kaynaklanan içsel faktörler birlikte değerlendirilecek ve sıradan insanların sesine kulak kabartılmaya çalışılacaktır. Çalışma sonunda, bulunan ve/veya bulunamayan veriler ise bizlere, on sekizinci yüzyıl İstanbul mahallelerini çağdaşı diğer şehirler ve daha erken dönemlerle hem yatay hem de dikey bir karşılaştırma imkanı sunacaktır.

ABSTRACT (EN) This thesis aims to examine the han in Ottoman Istanbul in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. By thinking on history in its spatial dimensions, it attempts to analyze early modern Istanbul hans within the framework of four main concepts: space, construction, conviviality, and surveillance. Through the focus on urban hans, this thesis endeavours to offer new perspectives on a number of issues regarding the city. These issues include the spatial topography of the urban hans within the city, the construction of the urban commercial infrastructure, everyday interaction in public spaces, and the morality-centered surveillance mechanisms of the political power over these spaces. This thesis argues that the commercial spaces of the early modern Ottoman capital took their ultimate form in the eighteenth century. This process started with the closing of the market region with a roof in 1701, quickened by the construction of the Nuruosmaniye Complex near the Bedestan in 1755, and continued with the construction of Büyük Yeni Han in 1763 and multitude of others in the commercial district. By focusing on the new han projects in the eighteenth century with their transformative consequence on the landscape of Istanbul and their revitalized role, this thesis claims that the Ottoman sultan, by getting involved in the economic and spatial realms, reestablished the presence of the dynasty in the commercial district of the Ottoman capital. This thesis also attempts to make new contributions to the study of Istanbul hans particularly focusing on their use and the political authority’s control over them. In this manner, it spatializes the public realm within the context of early modern Istanbul, as a domain where conviviality, sociality, and theatricality are embedded. By analyzing the Ottoman political language that dealt with the public manifestations shaped in and around the han as mefasid (evils), it also examines the surveillance mechanisms of the political authority over the hans in the context of public order. ÖZET (TR) Bu doktora tezi on sekizinci ve erken on dokuzuncu yüzyıl Osmanlı İstanbulu hanlarını incelemektedir. Tarihi mekânsal dinamiklerle birlikte düşünerek, erken modern İstanbul hanlarını, mekân, inşa, biraradalık ve gözetim kavramları çerçevesinde analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, şehir hanlarına odaklanarak, İstanbul hanlarının mekânsal topoğrafyası, şehrin ticari altyapısının inşası, kamu mekânlarında gündelik etkileşimler ve siyasi iktidarın kamu mekânı üzerindeki ahlak merkezli gözetim mekanizmaları gibi mevzuları ele almaktadır. Bu doktora tez çalışması erken modern Osmanlı başkentinin ticari mekânlarının on sekizinci yüzyılda nihai biçimine ulaştığını ileri sürmektedir. Bu süreç 1701 yılında çarşı bölgesinin üstünün kapatılması ile başlamış olup 1755 tarihinde Nuruosmaniye Külliyesi’nin bedesten yakınında inşası ile hızlanmış ve 1763’te Büyük Yeni Han’ın ve ticari bölgede diğer çok sayıdaki hanın inşasıyla devam etmiştir. Bu bağlamda on sekizinci yüzyıl İstanbul’unda şehir mekânındaki dönüştürücü etkileri ve canlandırıcı rolleriyle yeni han projelerine odaklanarak, bu tez çalışması Osmanlı sultanının başkentin ticari bölgesinde, ekonomik ve ticaret alanına müdahil olarak mevcudiyetini yeniden tesis ettiğini ileri sürmektedir. Bu doktora tez çalışması özellikle hanların kullanımı ve hanlar üzerindeki siyasi iktidarın kontrol meselelerini merkeze alarak İstanbul han çalışmalarına yeni katkılarda bulunmayı da amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda erken modern İstanbul’u kamu alanını, biraradalığın, sosyalleşmenin ve teatralliğin alanı olarak mekânsallaştırmaktadır. Ayrıca hanların içinde ve etrafında gerçekleşen kamusal dışavurumları mefasid olarak gören Osmanlı siyasi söylemini inceleyerek, siyasi iktidarın kamu düzeni bağlamında hanlar üzerindeki gözetim mekanizmalarını analiz etmektedir.