e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021
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HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Yash Sharma*1, Vipul Sharma*2, Mr. JP Kesari*3
*1,2UG
Students, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, DTU Solaris, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road.
Delhi -110042, India.
*3Associate
Professor, Faculty Head, DTU Solaris Department of Mechanical Engineering, DTU Solaris, Delhi
Technological University, Bawana Road. Delhi -110042, India.
ABSTRACT
India is also known as the land of energy plants. Hydropower Plant is the most important renewable energy
source, accounting for 17% of the world's total electricity generation. Hydropower is the largest renewable
energy source in 2016 with more than double the contribution from all other renewable resources combined. In
addition to power supply, the power plant can provide many of the most important services to the power grid
that help maintain system stability and feed security by providing frequency regulations, power support,
emergency depots, load tracking, and first black service. Hydropower plays an even more important role in
conserving electricity, balancing other renewable energy services such as wind power and solar energy and
water management services in ponds, such as flood management, water supply, irrigation, and transportation.
There are still great potential for further development as more than 25% of the technological energy used is
utilized. Hydropower is more competitively competitive as compared to other renewable energy sources, and
also compared to hot energy, a much higher rate of energy charge and very low gas emissions. The remaining
energy is associated with higher energy bills, lower costs, and lower greenhouse gas emissions leading to many
different studies that energy prices will increase from the current value of 4100 TWh per year by 2 or more by
2050.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The term hydropower means to use falling water to produce energy - usually in the form of electricity (eg
hydroelectric power). Historically Hydropower is also used for grinding grain or pumping water. Other sources
of energy for compression (water) are waves and waves. Hydropower remains a highly developed, widely used
and long-lasting renewable energy source. Hydropower installations are often combined with other uses,
including flood control, Water supply, and subsequent tap water storage Electrical energy. It is measured on all
scales, from the largest (GW) to the smallest (KW) power; however, the chances are highly dependent on the size
of the area And rainfall to provide adequate flow and fall (head).
The world's best electricity distribution in 1881 based on kW scale hydro turbines. By 2008 the hydropower
capacity had arrived Approximately 875 GW, excluding ~ 131 GW of hydro storage discharged. The potential for
complete globalization continues to increase approximately 2% per annum, with electricity supply of about 16%
of the world Electricity this rate can also increase, be driven National energy security considerations and climate
mitigation Change. However, environmental and social concerns Frequency are the biggest challenges in
continuous use; so be careful Management is important. Electricity generation depends on annual rainfall, water
retention and, Of course, power is included. Reviews hydroelectric energy as well Generation by continent and
regions of various countries; usually there has great untapped potential, especially in Africa. Norway, Venezuela,
The Brazilian and Canadian hydro power generates more than half the total electricity.
As the world develops, sites with greater capacity are often used firstly, therefore the national increase in total
power generation tends to decrease and time. By the 1940's, the old industrialized nations were gaining ground
Their priority areas. Now most of the increase is in new developed countries, especially China, Brazil, and India.
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e-ISSN: 2582-5208
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
Volume:03/Issue:03/March-2021
Impact Factor- 5.354
II.
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REVIEW OF LITRATURE
The world's first hydroelectric project was used to light a single lamp in a house in the country of Cragside in
Northumberland, England, in 1878. Four years later, the first commercial and commercial customer supply plant
was opened in Wisconsin, USA, and within a decade, hundreds of power plants were operating.
In North America, power plants were installed in Grand Rapids, Michigan (1880), Ottawa, Ontario (1881),
Dolgeville, New York (1881), and Niagara Falls, New York (1881). They were used to move mills and to light
other local buildings.
By the end of the century technology was spreading around the world, when Germany produced the first threephase electric power system in 1891, and Australia introduced the first public-owned plant in the Southern
Hemisphere in 1895. In 1895, the world's largest power development plant, the Edward Dean Adams Power
Plant, was created in Niagara Falls.
By 1900 hundreds of low-power plants were in operation as emerging technologies spread throughout the
world. In China, in 1905, a hydroelectric power station was built on the Xindian River near Taipei, with an
installed capacity of 500 kW.
III.
MATHEMATICAL FORMULA
Water of the volume per second Q and density ρ falls down a slope. The mass falling per unit time is ρQ, and rate
of potential energy lost by the falling fluid isPo=ρQgH
When g is accelerated due to gravity and H is the upper part of the waterway.
Turbines convert this energy into shaft power. Unlike thermal energy sources, there is no basic thermodynamic
or motivating reason why the output power of the hydro system must be below the electrical input power P0,
without the loss of a collision which can be very small in proportion. Because area with a pool of water, H is fixed
and Q is replaced. Therefore the power outages are controlled immediately, or less, by the output of the project,
as long as there is enough water. Note that overcrowding pure water at temperatures of 1000 kg / m3 and
almost no air 1.2 kg / m3, which is the main reason for the difference in medium width water propellers and
wind turbines are the same output power.
The main disadvantages of hydropower plant is the site must have sufficient Q and H.
IV.
IMPULSE TURBINES
Impulse turbines are easier to understand than reaction turbines. We first consider a specific stimulus turbine:
the Pelton wheel turbine The potential energy of the lake water is converted to kinetic. The capacity of one or
more jets. Each plane then hits a series of buckets or ‘cups’ Placed on the edge of a straight wheel, the Decreased
fluid effect changes the intensity of Liquid. The cup has used the force of the liquid, so the liquid has it.
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Impact Factor- 5.354
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Likewise affected the energy in the cup. Tangential force applied to the wheel causes it to turn.
Although an ideal turbine efficiency is 100%, in practice, values range from 50% for small units to 90% for
accurately machined large trading systems. The construction of the Pelton utility wheel aims at the well-defined
performance. For example, microphones are adjusted so that the water jets hit the cups moving differently in a
fully related speed to transmit high pressure. Worthy will not be achieved in operation, as the incoming flight
may be interrupted by the indicated flight and the next cup surrounding its location. Pelton made several
improvements to the turbines of his time (1860)
Overcoming this difficulty. Notes on the tops of the cups give the jets better access to water-turning cups. The
shape of the cups is filled with intermediate division phase so that water jets are shown remotely incoming
water.
V.
WHAT IS GENERATING POWER
Naturally, energy cannot be built or destroyed, but it can change from one form to another. In power generation,
no new energy is generated. Basically one type of energy is converted into another type. To make electricity,
water must flow. This is the kinetic (moving) force. When running water becomes a generator, the form is
converted into mechanical (mechanical) power. The turbine converts a rotor generator that continuously
converts this machine to another form of power i.e. electricity. Since water is the primary source of energy, we
call this simply electricity generated by fossil fuels or fossil fuels. In buildings called hydroelectric power plants,
hydroelectric power is generated. Some power stations are located in rivers, streams and canals, but to get
reliable water, dams are needed. Dams store water for dad to drain, for purposes such as irrigation, domestic
and industrial use, and power generation. The dam works just as well as a battery, saving water from draining
where it is needed for energy.
Some study about turbines
As there are only two basic types of turbines (power and response), but there are different variations. The type
of turbine to be used in power stations is not selected until all performance studies and cost estimates have been
done. The turbine used depends largely on site conditions. A rotating turbine is a straight or straight wheel that
works with a fully inflated tire, which is a feature that reduces turbulence. According to us, the turning turbine
acts as a sprinkling of rotating grass when the water in the navel is under pressure and overflows at the end of
the thighs, causing circulation. Reaction turbines are the most widely used type.
An explosive turbine is a straight or vertical wheel that uses the kinetic energy of water hitting its blades to
provide rotation. The tire is covered by a house and the blades are designed to change the flow of water about
170 degrees inside the house. After turning the blades, water fell on the wheels and came out.
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Impact Factor- 5.354
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COST
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) reports the average investment costs for large energy
storage plants typically ranging from $ 1,050 / kW to $ 7,650 / kW, with the distance for minute power plants
projects between $ 1,300 / kW and $ 8,000 / kW. Summing the additional capacity to existing power works or
current dams outside the power plant can be costly, and can cost up to $ 500 / kW.
Then the cost of a hydropower plant application varies depending on many factors, namely large system size,
head and turbine type. For a quick overview of operating expenses use the table below, if we had a specific
program size and are interested in using the chart
High power output: Estimated annual operating costs
5 kW: £ 2,200
25 kW: £ 4,000
50 kW: £ 6,300
100 kW: £ 11,000
250 kW: £ 25,000
500 kW: £ 48,300
Production costs are between $ 40 and $ 110 / MWh (usually $ 75 / MWh) for big hydro power plants, between
$ 45 and $ 120 / MWh (typically, $ 83 / MWh) for small plants, from - $ 55 to $ 185 / MWh ($ 90 / MWh) on
VSHP.
VI.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
No fuel charges.
Maintenance cost is low.
Running cost is low
No fuel transportation is required.
No ash and flue gas problems and does not pollute environment
These plants are being used for flood control and irrigation purpose
They provide Long life in comparison with thermal and nuclear plants.
Less supervising.
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DISADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
Initial cost is high
Long time for construction power plants.
These plants located in hilly areas far away from the load centre and thus they require long transmission
lines and losses in them will be more.
VII.
CONCLUSION
Hydropower is very important in terms of performance as it doesn’t require "suspension" time, as it does with
many heating technologies. Although it can increase or decrease the amount of energy that the system provides
almost immediately to meet the changing needs. With this critical volume of power tracking, high power and
dynamic power, electricity plays an unparalleled role in ensuring reliable electricity supply and meeting the
needs of customers in the market-driven industry. And tap water storage facilities are the only important way to
store electricity.
Hydropower's ability to provide maximum power, loading, and frequency control helps prevent system failures
that can lead to mechanical damage and even redness or blackout. Electrical power, in addition to nonremovable and renewable have the above performance benefits which provide an improved value to the
electrical system for efficiency, safety, and reliability of the most important factor. The benefits of electricity
provided by hydropower plants are critical to the success of our National effort to eradicate the law from the
electricity industry.
Water is one of our most important resources, and electricity uses this renewable resource. As a National leader
in energy management, Reclamation helps Indigenous people to meet their current and future needs in that a
way that protects the environment by improving energy projects and utilizing them efficiently.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our greatest appreciation to the all individuals who have helped and supported us
throughout the project. We are thankful to our basic mechanical engineering teacher JP Kesari sir in Delhi
Technological University for his ongoing support during the project, from initial advice, and provision of
contacts in the first stages through ongoing advice and encouragement, which led to the final report of this BME
project.
A special acknowledgement goes to our colleagues who helped us in completing the project by exchanging
interesting ideas and sharing the experience.
We are thankful to our parents as well for their undivided support and interest who inspired us and encouraged
us to go follow our own way, without them, we would be unable to complete the project.
At the end, we wish to thank our companions who displayed appreciation to the work and motivated us to
complete the work.
VIII.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
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REFERENCES
Electrical4u- https://www.electrical4u.com/hydro-power-plant-construction-working-and-history-ofhydro-power-plant
Slide share- https://www.slideshare.net/khubaibr1/hydroelectricpowerplant
https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-plants
https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/hydroelectric-power-plants-india/
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydropower/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhjhufhg3Xk
https://www.yourelectricalguide.com/2018/05/working-principle-hydroelectric-power-plantadvantagesdisadvantages.html#:~:text=The%20water%20turbine%20changes%20the,mechanical%20energy%2
0into%20electrical%20energy.
https://learnmechanical.com/hydroelectric-power-plant/
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