Economics of paternalism: the hidden costs of self-commanding strategies (Journal of Philosophical Economics: Reflections on Economic and Social Issues, 9(1), 2015)
The paper proposes an economic assessment of paternalism by comparing different alternative responses to dynamically inconsistent behaviors consecutive to hyperbolic discounting. Two main types of action are possible, self-commanding strategies and paternalism The first category includes personal rules and pre-commitment The second can be subcategorized between coercive and non-coercive forms of paternalism, which are respectively associated (although it is debatable) with legal paternalism and with ‘nudges’. Despite being self-inflicted, self-commanding strategies are actually not cost free and can result in a dramatic cutback of people’s freedom of choice. Likewise, legal paternalism can, on occasion, be less harmful than personal rules or pre-commitment; similarly, nudges can be more invasive and less effective than their proponents want us to believe. The aim of this paper is not to propose any standardized form of response to irrational behavior (whatever that may mean) but to argue, on the contrary, that every case should be individually appraised. Individual situations can be remedied by self-commanding strategies or by paternalistic policies, either in isolation or in combination.
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Sanpolino è un intervento realizzato da operatori privati, sia cooperative che imprese, su terreni urbanizzati messi a disposizione da parte del Comune di Brescia a condizioni di particolare favore, grazie ai benefici di cui alla L.167/62. L'intervento pubblico a Sanpolino prevedeva, a regime, circa 2000 nuove abitazioni. L'indagine riguarda la quota degli alloggi in vendita rispetto al totale del previsto/realizzato che comprende anche gli interventi di ERP destinati alla locazione permanente a canone sociale e, ancor più, in particolare, gli alloggi venduti. Le famiglie che hanno fatto richiesta di acquisto di un alloggio dovevano possedere alcuni requisiti di tipo sociale ed economico, da verificarsi a cura del Settore Interventi speciali sul territorio del Comune. I requisiti principali sono: • essere regolarmente residenti in un comune italiano ed in regola con il permesso di soggiorno, nel caso di cittadini extracomunitari; • essere residenti nel Comune di Brescia oppure non residenti, purché si impegnino a trasferire la residenza al momento della stipula del contratto di compravendita o assegnazione; • gli acquirenti non devono essere titolari del diritto di proprietà, o di altro diritto reali, di abitazioni ritenute adeguate alle esigenze familiari secondo gli standard della Regione Lombardia; • non devono avere mai goduto di contributi pubblici, in qualsiasi forma concessi, per l'acquisto di un alloggio; • devono avere un reddito lordo familiare non superiore a 46.481,12 euro calcolato sommando il reddito del coniuge non legalmente separato e dei soli figli minorenni, detraendo 1.539,37 euro per il coniuge e per ogni figlio a carico, riducendo ulteriormente del 40% il reddito, se lavoratore dipendente (quest'ultima riduzione è calcolato sul reddito al netto delle detrazioni per il coniuge ed i figli). Il possesso dei requisiti non è richiesto qualora l'acquirente si impegni a locare l'immobile per almeno 16 anni dalla data di acquisto dell'abitazione.
Stima della dinamica della popolazione residente nel quartiere Sanpolino
Sanpolino è un intervento realizzato da operatori privati, sia cooperative che imprese, su terreni urbanizzati messi a disposizione da parte del Comune di Brescia a condizioni di particolare favore, grazie ai benefici di cui alla L.167/62. L'intervento pubblico a Sanpolino prevedeva, a regime, circa 2000 nuove abitazioni. Il primo stralcio, costituito dai comparti 14, 15 e 21 prevedeva la realizzazione di 1009 abitazioni ad uso residenziale, il 75% delle quali disponibili per la vendita, la parte rimanente da mettere a disposizione per la locazione a canone convenzionato. L'indagine riguarda la quota degli alloggi in vendita rispetto al totale del previsto/realizzato che comprende anche gli interventi di ERP destinati alla locazione permanente a canone sociale e, ancor più, in particolare, gli alloggi venduti. Nel presente fascicolo sono stati analizzati i dati demografici ed economici delle famiglie del comparto 21. REQUISITI PER L'ACCESSO Le famiglie che hanno fatto richiesta di acquisto di un alloggio dovevano possedere alcuni requisiti di tipo sociale ed economico, da verificarsi a cura del Settore Interventi speciali sul territorio del Comune 1. I requisiti principali sono: • essere regolarmente residenti in un comune italiano ed in regola con il permesso di soggiorno, nel caso di cittadini extracomunitari; • essere residenti nel Comune di Brescia oppure non residenti, purché si impegnino a trasferire la residenza al momento della stipula del contratto di compravendita o assegnazione; • gli acquirenti non devono essere titolari del diritto di proprietà, o di altro diritto reali, di abitazioni ritenute adeguate alle esigenze familiari secondo gli standard della Regione Lombardia; • non devono avere mai goduto di contributi pubblici, in qualsiasi forma concessi, per l'acquisto di un alloggio; • devono avere un reddito lordo familiare non superiore a 46.481,12 euro calcolato sommando il reddito del coniuge non legalmente separato e dei soli figli minorenni, detraendo 1.539,37 euro per il coniuge e per ogni figlio a carico, riducendo ulteriormente del 40% il reddito, se lavoratore dipendente (quest'ultima riduzione è calcolato sul reddito al netto delle detrazioni per il coniuge ed i figli). Il possesso dei requisiti non è richiesto qualora l'acquirente si impegni a locare l'immobile per almeno 16 anni dalla data di acquisto dell'abitazione.
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It is no exaggeration to state that modern analytical methods can detect most of pollutants in the environment. Using this method we find that our environment can be harmed by different wastes rejected in. The soil, state of natural environment; is a main part of the terrestrial ecosystem which is a habitant for a great number of organisms, but at the same time, it is perhaps the most endangered component of our environment open to influence from a variety of different pollutants arising from human activities. Among the pollutants, we have assessed those from different garages of Muhanga town and their possible impacts on the soil surrounding them. This study was conducted using survey, observation and laboratory analysis methods. Different soil samples taken at Muhanga city were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and this modern analytical method has helped to detect chemicals in soil at small level of concentrations. Results from this study showed that both liquid and solid wastes are produced from garages found in Muhanga district. Some of these wastes are well collected and sold for other uses. Those include oils which are sold to burn bricks and other clays products, metals are sold as scrap for reuses, while others like car wash fluids are conducted in well specified fosses. The experimental results showed that there is a higher concentration of Fe in upland or surface soil sample which is about five times on of garage waste (sand and used oil mixture) sample. In addition, Pb and Cr were only detected from soil garage sample. The concentration of heavy metals (mg/100g) detected was, in the following increasing order, Cu ≈Cr ≈Zn <Pb <Cd <Mn <Fe in upland soil sample. The pH of this soil was found to be 5.11 and the total carbon 526 mg/100 g. For garage sample, the concentrations of heavy metals in mg/100 g of samples are in an increasing order of Zn ≈Cu <Mn <Cr <Cd <Pb <Fe. The pH of this soil sample was 7.58 and its total carbon was 133 mg/100g of the sample.
Economics of paternalism: the hidden costs of
self-commanding strategies
Christophe Salvat
To cite this version:
Christophe Salvat. Economics of paternalism: the hidden costs of self-commanding strategies.
Journal of Philosophical Economics, 2015, IX (1), pp.102-124. <http://www.jpe.ro/?id=b1>.
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THE JOURNAL OF
PHILOSOPHICAL ECONOMICS:
REFLECTIONS ON ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL ISSUES
Volume IX Issue 1 Autumn 2015
ISSN 1843-2298
Copyright note:
No part of these works may be reproduced
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Economics of paternalism: the hidden
costs of self-commanding strategies
Christophe Salvat
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