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’FIP[ OKRCF OB’ KRGKXSRSF N [ C G[ I F G Z P B P S K S C N T , \ K \ M N F F Z P I F N [ U S G R NE G P E EI N B C F H ZP B P B M = M , N B Z [ K K RK E , ’ F [ E I F \ TF Q P O K SG VK J F [ K P I : F Z P I F ’ , QG B Z C ’ C N[ CG [ I F \C\MRF ,KN[ ZGJYGEF \EGCT LG\P YZV GRKF ZPBPF .237=123 ’PT ,(B"S[\=S"[\) , Q N K B = Z C \ J K S Z C K RG B C F K V G S G N K V N F Y NI P F Q P W ZG G [ C E ’ V GZ V \ K K I R F C F N B O K P K C G \ S K V\ C \ G Z GP \ : E " K F N J M K K J F P N [ Z M [[ K CZ F N [ F N GB D F Q G HI ’ : B [ G RC NT (The Claims Conference) \GTKC\F \EKTGN K\EG\ .’FBG[F LNFPC \KIK[PF . K Z Y I P N F J K [ GF [ C K E RF TG K S F E K ’ K Z V S \ Z E S Z CI P ) Z EK G O G N[ C Z F : O F G , J " K Z N [ G K \ G CZ M O K Z MH G P F TC Z B E NG G R K Z D F [ P CZ F , ( ’ K ME Z P K [ GC N ’ K Z VS Z CI P ) Z N YR K G CK N K M E Z P CZ F ; (’ O G N[ K Z V S Z C I P ) U Z G E S R G B P D Z C RH G Z NB GP [ C Z F G ( ’ O [ C F \ D G ZT ’ \ " G [ Z C I P ) J S G I P . (’ NB G P [ Z B C ’ Q \ N G ED C F K Z D RG F \ G CK [ K , SY G V ’ B GB Z F K \ G E GB NT . ’ F K Z GP ’ F K F F CK [ K F N [ F P [ .60=50 ’PT ,H"P[\ OKN[GZK ,C ,QRCZGICG |67~ 1 2 3 W K CG Y [Z F Y I X K J"KZ C[ ZVSF OGSZV ZIBN .J[VEGCC KYGI K\NC JKNVM FFG[ GEGTC .WKGG[GBN ING[G EMNR O[ ,FKYCGNSN G\SKV\ \B ZGYSB OB KM ,’FIP[ OKRCF OB’ ZVSC YGSTB BN FH ZPBPC N[ \GMGZBF OKR[C KGJKC KEKN FBC BKF[ KVM ,J"KZ N[ \K\MNFFG \KRZG\F C\M \KRCZF G\EGCT \GR[ LNFPC .FPINPN GPEY[ GN[ \KRZG\F FZKXKF FR[P \"G[ N[ EIB LZMC GKKIC GBXK QFPG ,\GK\MNF \GCG[\ KVNB J"KZ ZGCKIC ,J"KZ SRKM QM .FPINPF CZT FSVEF KRVN EPT[ KR[ LZMG ,ZKM[ ONGB .\GK\MNF \GCG[\ FPM EGT ,’NBDK CGJ’ O[C KR[ZE=K\GDF KVGB NTC ,OKVSGR OKKRZG\ OK[GEKIG \GK\MNF \GCG[\ UNBN CGZY GEZ[ GEK C\MP ZKM[ FR[P \"G[ KMZMN ,NJMKJ OIRP OKKI CZF ,GRC KEKC GSRGM HB KRP[ OT GK\GKGC\M\FG ,Z\GKC LZTGP YSGV FKF J"KZ 4.OGKM GRKRVN OKEPGT[ NT \GPMSFF QP OD FNGT LM .G\ZYGK F\KKF FNGED FPM ET GIKMGK GZGE KNGED 5 .FK\GNKNDG FKZDRGF KPMI CJKP KVP ,GKZVS \GEGSKP FPM FZKFC FZGXC G\GZKTXC J"KZ ISKR EXKM OKDEB FH ZPBPC \K\MNF FZPIFN FKKJRF \B LMP \ZHDRMG ,\KSMGEG\ZGBF \K\MNFF FR[PF N[ \PSZGVPF \KRGKTZF FZGP\F EXKM \GBZFN [YCB QM .FKDGNGBKEKBM ,B ,ZKM[ FR[P \"G[ ;1926 CGKEZC ,NBDK CGJ :FH ZPBPC YGSTR OFC J"KZF KC\M Z K M [ F R [ P \ " G[ ; H " P [ \ O K N [ G Z K , C , O K K I I Z G B , Z K M [ F R [ P \ " G[ ; E " VZ \ C G K EZ C O K K I I ZG B G Z H T F Q C B , J V [ P Q[ G I Z K M[ F R [ P \ " G [ ; B " R[ \ O K N [ G Z K , F T E F Z G K C Y N I O K K I I Z G B Z K M[ F R [ P . G " R [ \ O K N [ G Z K , F TE F Z G K N \ G P N [ F G B R K R \ F Z G E F P \ Z G E F P Z K M [ F R [ P : F K G Z Y F F B X G F C F R GZ I B N G S R G M J V [ P Q[ G I ZK M [ F R [ P G . C Z L Z T QF CG , J " K Z N [ G K C\ M K N G [ C GK F [ \ G V SG \ F P M G F P M O D F NK M P F , I " S[ \ O K N [ G Z K C [ E I P Z GB N B XK \ " G [ F N [ B LZ M . [ G P K [ QF C F [ TK K Z P B P F LN F P C B C GP O [ , \ GK N K P K S Y V G O K P G NX \ W C G Y U S G R G H F ZG E F P C . O G N K X \ Z G E F P C , E "N [ \ O K K \ [ G O K Z [ T QC Q G Z I B F \ G K F C , J " K Z N D Z C RH G Z C Z F Y K RT F [ F M K P S F C \ M N [ O G NK X ’ K N [ G \ E GC T L Z GB N F K G X P J " K Z N [ O K K \ MN F F G K C \ M N T \ K N N M F Z K YS . E C NC \ E G CT , ’ \ G R GK X C L P G \ N \ G RG K X N E D R \ P P : NJ MK J Z M [ [ K F P N [ CZ F ’ , Z ER N EK Z V . J " R [ \ QN K B = Z C \ J K SZ CK R G B , LP SG P Q K K J [ Z C NK H F K T[ K CZ F , B R Z G J P YK Z B Z K B P C Z F : \ B P G K Z VS N \ G P M SF \ G K G XP G R K R VN C\ M" F N [ G R C) Z VG S B CK Y T C Z F , K E GZ C P D Z CR K K J [ K GN F N E RP O F Z CB C Z F , Q XK G G P C ZF , B N [ K P G E B Z P N D R T N B G P [ C Z F , ( O K N [ G Z K C O K P K N , D Z G C [ Z V N [ F C ZG " Z V GS N B K I K Z K B P ’ Z Z "G P E B F , C G Z J S G B P K Y X GN V QE Z K B P ’ Z , ( QB K J [ K V N [ F C Z ) ZC G Q P NY B J R B N B D P O K G C S Y G C T [ G F K C Z F , Q K C T [ J P EN V RE K G G [ K Z T C C E ’ Z , F X C G ZJ S G B P K G N F \ G P M SF G R C U K SG F G K C\ M N [ F [ E I F F Z G E F P N . O K N [ G Z K P EN V RR G H O K K I US GK ’ Z G . L CZ T K G B Q P N H F P N [ C Z F G S K K G CY TK Y I XK CZ F , G N O K Z I G B P O K P M I K R[ P |68~ 4 5 N J M K J F P N [ Z M [ [ K C Z F \ R [ P C Y SG V F \ G K Z I B G F Y KS V F \ G Z K I OEYGP K\TEG\ KGRK[C F\Z@GF ,’FIP[ OKRCF OB’ GZVSC \VY\[P[ ,J"KZ 6 .\KEGIKK \K\MNF FSKV\PG QPHF KTGZKB IG\KRP FBXG\M ,FBG[N OD FH NNMCG ,ZCTC CJKF FZYIR \KZDRGFF FKSMGEG\ZGBF N[ F\R[P K\[ IMGRN KZPBPC CZ LZT [K[ KRPGE ONGB 7,FZKPIPF \K\MNFF F\[KD ,GNGMM GCGZ ,HMZ\P \KZDRGFF FKSYGEG\ZGBF NT ZYIPF ,\K[BZ .\GEGYR OKK\GTP[PF \GTZGBPF N[C \BH 8.FZ[T-T[\F FBPF N[ FKR[F \KXIPC OKRGKE QMG 10,\GNKFYF DGNKV 9,’WKGGNBFKP \VKSB) GH FVGY\C G[IZ\F[ EPTP 11,OKKIZHBF QKBG[KRF \PDGEM FCKN \GKDGS NT OKK\GTP[P OKK\MNF 13 ,QKBG[KRC NBZ[K KDFRPC OKKGRK[ 12,\GKSYGEG\ZGB=BNF \GNKFYF KZCI FRG[BZF \KXIPF ,\BH \PGTN .(EGTG 15,\SRMF K\C \DFRFC 14,FNKP \KZCC CZYC FKSYGEG\ZGBF \GEGSK GTPJGF FC[ FVGY\ ,OKZ[TF FBPF N[ FYKI[ FNI FC LB ,BSKD EIP \GKSYGEG\ZGBF \GNKFYFG OKKRIGZF OKDKFRPF , ’ \ K J YN B K E F Z K XK N K R GR B Y Z GC K I P : F I P [ O K R CF O B ’ , W K CG Y[ Z F ’ K G B Z LM N T E GT . ( S G V EC ) C M , ZV S K NT .37 FZTF QNFN GBZ J. Katz, ‘The Identity of Post Emancipatory :GBZ GH FVGY\ NT FXPP FZKYSN Hungarian Jewry’, Y. Don and V. Karady (eds.), A Social and Economic History of Central European Jewry, New Brunswick 1990, pp. 13-31. , ( O K M Z G T ) QG P N [ ’ K G S Y J B ’ T , ’ G " M Z \ W K C GN B M K P N [ QK E = \ K C = Y S V ’ , D ZG C X Y ’ R G B Z \GZVSFG FKZDRGF KPMI ,QFM K"K OD GBZ .286=273 ’PT ,O"[\ OKN[GZK ,W"M ZVS .67=65 ’PT ,H"R[\ OKN[GZK ,FC \KRZG\F OKSYGEG\ZGBF \[KZV :FIB\R BN[ TZYF ,W"M ’K ;82=27 ’PT ,(9 FZTF NKTN) QFM GBZ K E K P N \ \ N GM S B N[ F K R G K V B N T . F "R [ \ O K N [ G Z K , F K R P Z D C G F K Z D R GF C \ G N K F Y F NN M P \ G P D P , \ G Z GY P : \ K EZ I F F Z CI F , Q P EK Z V ’ P O D G B Z \ K C K J D Z D B F F \ [ K D G S" \ I F .17=14 ’PT ,1991 OKN[GZK ,OKMKNF\G , Y K EX YK E XF NG , Y K [ ’ C G B Z E D R P , S" Z \ Q TX J K B G G , UZ XP C [ K , Z N YR K G N" P Z G B Z Q P K S , H " N [ \ O K N[ G ZK , C , K T K C Z Z G E \ " G [ , ZR H N D [ " P Z G B Z E GT . C "T Z \ B N B V S B S . B " S Z\ [ J B Y R G P , Z C E Z GY I G Z G C K I N G \ P E Y F C Q M G . B X .BKCF[ OKCZF \GZGYPCG ,158=155 ’PT ,(9 FZTF NKTN) QFM GBZ B R K R \ Z H T F Q C B , I "V Z \ J S T V B EG C , K ME Z P K [ G C N \ " G [ , Z N Y RK G N "P Z F P D G EN G B Z . H P QP K S G B Z . I RZ QP K S , D " N Z \ D ZT C P T N , F T E F ZG K , F N T K F E GF K \ " G [ , E B S B K " Z F P D G E N G B Z . D M Q P K S , I " M Z\ F R G J N B , Q G K X QK R C \ " G [ , ZD K R J NT K " K Z O D ; E K QP K S O K K I I Z G B , C " T Z\ T GG K N B G G S , O [ C F \ D G Z T \ " G [ , E NG G R K ZD P " Z F P D G E N G B Z . CK Z ;BN ; JM ;IM |69~ 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 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rojimovics, ‘Zsidó hitközségi szervezet GBZ .36%=P FNTPN JTP Magyarországon 1944-ben: a három vallási irányzat és demográfiai jellemzöiröl’, R. L. Braham (ed.), Tanulmányok a holokausztról, vol. 2, Budapest 2002, pp. 9-52. A. Ravitsky, ‘Hadash min ha-Torah? Modernist vs. Traditionalist :GBZ 17 Orientations in Contemporary Orthodoxy’, M. Sokol (ed.), Engaging Modernity: Rabbinic Leaders and the Challenge of the Twentieth Century, Northvale, NJ 1997, pp. 35-53. J. Katz, ‘Da’at Torah: The Unqualified Authority Claimed for :GG[F 18 Halakhists’, Jewish History, 11, 1 (1997), pp. 41-50. |70~ 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{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’ B G B Z G H F R I CB C \ G TK K S P F \ G K D G N GV K J ,ZSGPG \E ,BKD[ ’BG QPJJS ’EN L[PF FGGFP FH LNFP .27=11 ’PT ZYKTC ,I"R[\ . D" R [\ OK N [G Z K F\BXPF :FKKSYGEG\ZGB=FZJNGBF N[ F\IKPX \K[BZ’ ,ZCNKS Y"P NXB FZKYS GBZ 20 O K N [ G Z K , \ K E G F K F K K S YG E G \ Z G B , ( O K M Z GT ) K YX K CZ ’ B G Z D K H Z V ’ B , Q G P N[ ’ K , ’ \ Z G S P N[ FKSYGEG\ZGBF LZE NT OKNG[MP :ZXKPC FMNFF ,W"M ’K OD GBZ .344=297 ’PT ,G"S[\ . C" R [\ O K N [G Z K , F GG F C |71~ W K CG Y [Z F Y I X K ,\KNBPZGVF F\ZGXC FMNFF EGTC \BH .\GZGEF KDKFRP KEKC FR\KR[ \GZKIF OKK\MNF OKRGKZJKZY \TCG\ ,\GZGEF \ZGSPC \VY\[P[ BKF[ KVM .(Z\GK OKRG\P { FKSYGEG\ZGBF N[ Z[YFCG) OKRG[ OKK\ZCIG ZSGIP [EGIPF K\EF BXGPF \NKNSNG GNNF \GPDPF K\[N YFCGP KGJKC NNGD FC ,’NBDK CGJ’ GZVSC FCG[I FFDFC FND\P ,QFKRKC KGXPF QGHKBF GRKCZ’P JGJKXC I\GV BGF .FRGPBF KD[GPN Z[BC G\SKV\ KEGSK \B J"KZ :OB KM ,\K[GRB FNGTV FRRKB FRGPBF GKVN 21,’N"XH UZBESRGBP NGEDF KNC ,NBZ[K [KB NM CNC FPXTP \NTGV[ KTCJ QKRT BGF ’FC FRGPBF FCGXI NTPP KYNB YNI BGF NBZ[K \GP[R KM QTK ,\KRGXKI FNGTV OG[ O[P[ NMFF [ZG[N ,G[ZG[N BNKPP L[PR YNI NMG ,GEGCM BSMP \B GPXTP [KDZPG TEGK NBZ[KC FP[R NM (FH KV NTG=) H"KVTG .FCXIR GKNB L[PR BGF LKB [KDZPG FBGZ BGF Z[BP ,GRGCZ \B ZKMPG GBZGC FRGPBF GN BC BNKPPG ,NNMG NNM GRPP |F~’K[T OG[ KNCP ,LZC\K 22 .|...~ F"C BZGCF \BP FBKZCF TCJP GKNBP ,QCGPM ,\ZZGTP ,\KFNB FNGTV BNB FRRKB FRGPBF \NGTV NGM[ ,GH FZMF OTJF FP ,\KR[ ?FZKVMF N[ F[ZG[ GFP ,LM OB ,\K[BZ .\GK[GY ZVSP NT Z\K ?FGNB \\P BGF FRGPBF [ZG[ KMF GBNC OB ,FRGPB KRKKRTC YGSKTC YGHKIN |...~ \G[ZE NKMP FH ZVS’ :CG\KMF ZJTP J"KZ N[ GZVS ZT[ \B ,QM FKK[TF \B QGICN GRBGCC ,UKSGFN [K FNB \GNB[ NT !’|...~ FRGPBFG FZG\F ?FRGPBF \GPGI ZGXKCC KRIGZF DKFRPFG YSGVF N[ GPGYP GFP ,\K\MNFF F&RTPN \GXNIKFC OTJ QKB BNKPP ,\KFGNB FNGTV FNGM BKF FRGPBF QMB OB .NJGCPG NJC \K\EF FKK[TC OEBF N[ GPGYPG ,\GBKXPN K[GRB BKF FRGPBF[ QGGM\F BN[ ZBKCG ,GH \GTJ NT EKKP CK[F J"KZ ONGB ,FRGPBF [ZG[ QKC YNIN [K[ OB KM ,NBF KEKC FNGM FZGSP[ FNGTV 23 .\K[GRB FNGTV BKF[ ,FRGPBF KCMTP NT \GZCD\FF QKCN ,KFNB GZGYP[ GKNT .D"VZ\ BYBZY ,NBGP[ ZBC ZCIP ,(2 FZTF NKTN) DZCRHGZ NBGP[ ’ZN FRGGMF 21 NMC ZVSP OKPTV JJGXP DZCRHGZ CZF .401=400 ,169 ’PT ,(9 FZTF NKTN) QFM GBZ .4 FZTF NKTN EGT GBZ .FNGED FXZTFCG ,J"KZ N[ GKZVS .24=20 ’PT ,(4 FZTF NKTN) NBDK CGJ 22 .O[ 23 |72~ N J M K J F P N [ Z M [ [ K C Z F \ R [ P C Y SG V F \ G K Z I B G F Y KS V F \ G Z K I EIB KBR\ YZ ,(FH NT=) H"T LN \GGXN LKZX KRKBG ,(LKFNB ’F=) B"F KMRB |F~’KFK BN[ GRKKF ,’(KKRV NT=) V"T OKZIB OKFNB LN FKFK BN’ :ZCEC [K LN |F~’KFK OB |...~ NCB |...~ GRKRKC YKSVK[ NKECPG LSP ZCE GRKRKC .FH IM LN |F~’KFK BN HB |...~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’Z N[ ’OEBF \DZEP’ \TV[FC \PNGF \IBF .’F \EGCT N[ \GZGX K\[ QKC J"KZ YNKI WKCZGF \TV[FC KCXPN FPKB\P FKKR[FG ,OFC NY\R OEB[ OKKRIGZF FZD[F KCXP \B OKIZHBF FRG[BZF ONGTF \PINP \T[C[ O[M .FPINP \G\KTN ,OGZKI FRDF OEBN FYKRTF GH QM[ ,\GCMZC FRG[BZF FYNIPC YZ [P\[FN GEKVYF \G\KTC OD LM ,Z\GK \GMGPRF \GYNIPC GTSR[ OKYVYGVPF OKTSGRF KRVP 124 ’PT (1 FZTF NKTN) QGBZC NXB FKGXP ’\GZPGI’F ZYIP NT \CIZR FKVZDGKNCKC 24 .2 FZTF ’PT ,(1 FZTF NKTN) QGBZC KEKC FZYSR WKCZGF K"KZ N[ FZKPIPF \K\MNFF G\SKV\ 25 CZF N[ \KMGRKIF G\R[P’ ,KBHKV[GB ’E GBZ G\R[P NTG WKCZGF K"KZ NT EGT .205=192 , L P S GP \ E GC T , ’ O E B F \ D K Z E P G Z VS K V N T ( ’ Y G EZ F C G RP B C SF ’ ) W K CZ G F NH G K U SG K ’ P T , G " R [ \ O K N[ G Z K , E , Z SG P F \ TG R \ , W" M ’ E ; J " P [ \ Q N K B = Z C \ J K S Z CK R G B ’PT ,(B"R[\) C ,NGNMP ,’\KBYGEGZFGCGRF LGRKIF \C[IPN’ ,DKKV ’V ;290=151 :GBZ EGT .73=66 ,(H"S[\) 40 ,\ZIB WZB ,’FP[R KNGIN OKNGI \KC’ ,HGZ ’B ;64=47 D. E. Fishman, ‘Musar and Modernity: The Case of Novaredok’, Modern Judaism, 8 (1988), pp. 41-64. |73~ 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|...~ F\GB EKPTFN KSYGEG\ZGBF LNFPF NT F\GRMC FTK\VP \KR[ZV FZKPB QBM GRN YKRTF J"KZ GRKF YGEZFCGR \R[PC FHM [GPK[[ QKKGXK 27.ZVGS O\IF KEKPN\ GDKFRF[ GKNT TKCJF[ FH BGF ZVGS O\IF N[ [ZEPF \KC BYGGEG ,J"KZ KC\MC DKZI GRKB WKCZGF K"KZ N[ FKDGNRBC J"KZ N[ [GPK[F[ ZGZC LMKVN .GP\GI \B .\KJYNYBF GMZE N[ ZXG\ FGGFP BNB ,FYGPT \KRMG\ FYKH BJCP N[ \KZGYPF LZEF FRRKB GDFR GK\KPTG BGF FC LZEF[ FEGF J"KZ \BJCP BKF LMKVNG ,OGZKI KCXPN OB\GPF K\E NEGP OB KM ,OKK\EF OKKIF .\EF \GPGI \B ZXCN FETGR[ ,Z\K \ZPGI ,(’FRG[BZ FDZEP’) \K\E FRXYF :GRG[N L[PFC \G[ZGVP \BH ZPB UB J"KZ \TC OKYKVSP GKF[ \GRKEPF N[ \GRY\FG OKYGIF[ OKBGZ GRB[ GPMG FYSV[ \TC OKYKVSP GKF BN ,KTCJF FMNFPC LNF\P ONGTF |F~’KF[ NB FXYF QP \GYHI \GDKKSG OKZED \G[TN ’KF IZMGPG KTCJF FMNFP FC BN[ \TC KM ,KKRIGZF CXPC \G[TN (QM OD=) M"D EGPNN [K QM ,FXYF ’KF KTCJF LNFPC LNFP ’KF YZG FNGED FEPC LM NM TZF \GZCD\FF ’KF ,GRKPKC \TM NCB .OKRG[BZF GRN GZED[ OKDKKSFG OKZEDF QN YKVSP ONGTC ONGT KZED WZVG WZGVF FNT[ ,(OKCZF GRK\GRGGTC=) Z"FGTC .25 ’PT ,(4 FZTF NKTN) NBDK CGJ 26 NKTN) QGBZC N[ GKZCEN YZ ZKTR QMNG ,OKCZ GZCKE S"\IF N[ FZPIFF NEGP NT 27 .O[ BKCF[ OKVSGRF \GZGYPCG ,103=98 \GZTF CKCS ZYKTCG ,177=154 ’PT ,(1 FZTF |74~ N J M K J F P N [ Z M [ [ K C Z F \ R [ P C Y SG V F \ G K Z I B G F Y KS V F \ G Z K I \BG GRKPXT EGPTR OB KE QKB ,NMF \B Z\GSG NMF \B ZVGMG ,\GEFKF ,WKPBG YHI IGZC F\GB EKPTFN IZMFF QP YZ ,\KRGRKC FEKPTC GR\E 28 .FXYF NB FXYF QP FRG[BZF FDZEPC EPGT |F~’KFK[ NMF \B QY\NG \GRG[ \GRYSPN NKCGP FMNFF \ZGSPC KNBPZGV QGKT[ LMN TEGP FKF J"KZ KND [KZC ZKFXF BGF ,\BH OT .FKSYGEG\ZGBF KDKFRP QFKNB GTKDF[ FNBP F[EI \GR[ZVP \TCGR FRRKB \K\MNF FKXYKVKEGP LGZTN GN[ FKXCKJGPF[ OKMZTN \GR[ZV KTXPBM OKKSKVJP OKNGYK[ \SRMFP UB GB ,\GZGYPF N[ FRGC BNB ,GK\GZGYP \B [EIP [ZVP YZ BN BGF ,ZIB QG[N .OKKNBPZGVF \GIGZ OT \GEEGP\FF BGF GN[ ZFXGPF TKRPF Z[BM OCD NT F[EI FPGY FTVG\ ORKB GKZCE ,J"KZ N[ G\EPT \GKRGXKY UZI[ QTGJF QTJK .QPHF \B J"KZ ISKR EXKM FBZR QNFN .KSYGEG\ZGBF KRCZF UGRC KZPDN FDKZI .Z\GK EGT KR[EIG EI QVGBC GKZCE ZVSF KFN[C FCG[\C KGXP FM ET GRKNE[ \GRCG\N USGR K\MNF KGJKC ZCEF QP ZGJVF NM’ :KPN[GZKF EGPN\F N[ NNMN SIKC \BH 29.’NBDK CGJ’ GPXT NT ZKPIFN OEBF KB[Z OBF FNB[N Z[BCG 30,’JGKEF BZYR GF[GTG .FZG\F KZEDP Z\GK LZGX \K\MNFF FZPIFC \BXGPF ,FZGES FR[P GH FKDGSC CKXF J"KZ ,[GEKIM FKSYGEG\ZGBF \SKV\ \B JJZ[P F[TPNG ,FYGXP \TC KRGKI FKVN ,\NCGYPF \GR[ZVN EGDKRC .\NCGYPF \K\MNFF \ZGSPF QP KGRK[M FRGGMF[ J"KZ ZKCSP ,KBRD KGJKC GRKF ’JGKEF BZYR GF[GTG ZCEF QP ZGJVF’ K\NCG NV[ ,ZPGNM ,JGKEF DFRP GPXTC DFGR F[GTG ZGJVF .IC[ BYGGE BKF GPXT CKKIPG ECTM GPXT TKRMP BNB ,G\GB GGXK[ FMIP GRRKB[ ,ECGMP .OFKNT [YC\F BN[ OKCGKIC ,ECGMPN GPXT YKHIFN BNG ,JGKEFG NV[ \GKFN LKZX F"CY KCDNE KZF GK\GXP OKKYPG GCN NMC O[F ECGT[ FHPE ?QM BGF \PBCE IMGP QBPG FKBZN SIKC ,(BP ’PT ,|4 FZTF NKTN~) CM QPKS ,C ,ZKM[ FR[P \"G[ OD GBZ .O[ 28 . F G GZ T F [ K B C Z TK [ Q K RT N NG B [ \ C N M K P P .83=79 ’PT ,(4 FZTF NKTN) HK QPKS 29 D) b ,B \C[ ,KPN[GZK ;(|24 ’PT FKPEYBF \ZGEFP~ E"T F) I ,C \GMZC ,KPN[GZK 30 .(|368 ’PT FKPEYBF \ZGEFP~ B"T |75~ W K CG Y [Z F Y I X K ,JGKEFG NV[N (LZC\K GP[=) \"K[ EDR GPXT YKHIPE |F~’KBZ GRKB EGT UB ECGTG F[GT[ OKBGZ GRB[M NCB .O[F \GXP OKKYN BGF CKKGIPE ,JGKEFN GPXT YKHIP[ FZGZC ’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’[ J"KZ YKSF FNB OKZCE IGMP .KJZERJS \GGXP 32 .’\G[TN QGMRG KGBZ QMG ,FNGED FDZEP BGF |...~ BCZEBG .FCZTN SIKC ,L[PFC J"KZ C\M[ OKZCEN SIKKN [K \EIGKP \GCK[I \B NPSPM OKRKPF \TCZB N[ EGDKBF \GEGB NT TGEKF [ZEPF \B BKCF J"KZ OEB EDR’ BKF FCZTF 33.\KNBZ[KF FPGBC OKDNV FTCZB N[ ZGCKIF SIKC K[GY ZZGTP FH [ZEP[ QKKXN Z\GKP .’IKZG OTJ GC QKB[ ,KJGKEFF FNBP Y\R\FN F[YKC[ ,\KZDRGFF FKSYGEG\ZGBF N[ DGNKVF \GKRKEPN FYKHIF[ ,J"KZ N[ G\R[PN SIKC QMG ,\GGXPFG FZG\F QP OPXT \B GZTKR[ QP \GPNT\F LG\ ,\KRIGZ \GPN[N YYG\[PF K\E CKJYNGY N[ FSKV\C N[ G\GR[ZV ONGB 34.KEGFKF ZGCKXF KDNV NGM N[ KPGBNF [GCKDF N[ ZG[KPF \GNECKFC K[GY NGM QKB[ KE BN GZGCT[ F\NKD ,\KR[ZEF F\PDP UZI ,J"KZ :OKZGPD OKYKEX BYGGE \DXKKP BKF UB FCZTF[ BNB ,FPGBC OKYNI O\GBP KEDR K\BJIG’E BZY FPXTC OKKYPG ,BJGIG JGKEFN FPXT YKHIP FCZTF OKBJIF FKRKT EDR[ \GZGFN ,OGEB FN[ FNT (QM NT=) M"T ,’EKP\ .80 ’PT ,NBDK CGJ . O[ \ G Z VS C \ G C Z \ G NK C YP C G , (K [ \ = J [ \ ’ P T \ G K ND Z P \ Z GE F P ) C K , N F C Z B Z YK G G B Z . [ GZ E F G N " H I .1 FZTF NKTN ,KN[ ZGJYGEF \EGCTC OSZV\FN EK\T CIZR QGKE |76~ 31 32 33 34 N J M K J F P N [ Z M [ [ K C Z F \ R [ P C Y SG V F \ G K Z I B G F Y KS V F \ G Z K I ZPG[G ,GRG[N JGI[ WIM GRKBG ,ZGCEC JTPP[ HPZN YNI FKVG ,F\[T[ EPGTG .GRG[N ODV BN[ ,ODV KNC YNI BGFG ,OKZGSKBF OKZGCKEP GPXT FCZTF QKRT NME BXPR |...~ FGRTG FZFJ FGYP NT HPZN ,OKCZ OKP NT 35 .|...~ FCG[\ NTCF NT HPZP BGF ,QZFBG F[P N[ GH BKF FCZTF \NTP[ TGCYN QGMRN J"KZ BXP UB L[PFC OEBF NM KRVNG F"CYF KRVN C[IR \GKFN FCZTF \EP O[VRC GHIB’[ 36 ."’FP GRIRBG’" GZPB[ GPMG ,JGKEFN ,BZGCF KRKTC FKGXZG \KPKJKDN FNTPM F\CXFG FZPIFF [GEKY CDB OKJZERJSC OKEPGT ORKB[ FNB N[ GJYV=FE FZEF \NGTV J"KZ NTV LZEP GC[[ FNBM OB) FCG[\F KNTC \B O\ZGP\ CKXFG ,GNNF OKKRIGZF OKKI LB ,FZG\F LZEC EKP\ GHIB[ FNBM OBG ,\GGXPG FZG\P YGIKZ N[ FPGBF N[ KXGCKYF EPPF QP J"KZ NN[ CG[ LMC .(\EP\P QGYK\ \TEG\C N[ CKJYNGYM ’OKK\KPB’F NBZ[K \B ZK\GFG ,KEGIKKF KDGNGBK\F GEPTP \B BGF ,QM NT Z\K .(NKTN ZGPBM) \[EGIPG FZKPIP \K\MNF LZEC NBF KECGT FMNFF KEPP N[ \KNBPZGV=BNF FPXTFF \GEGB NT G\VY[F \B YKPTF .OKK\KPBF NBF KECGT \EGDBN \GVZJXF N[ \KCKJZNYE FNGTVM N[ FZKPIPF G\R[P SKSCC \EPGT[ FYKDGNF \B \GG\FN KEMC[ KRPGE ,OKPZGD KR[ N[ CGNK[ .GRKRVN CKXF[ KRZG\F NEGPC QRGC\FN CG[I J"KZ N[ QKJGNIN F[EI LZE \GG\FN ZGEF KDKFRP EKC[ \GKZIBFG \GMPSF OFG FTKRP[ FZG\F \GPGI NT FZKP[C \GNKFCF ECC ECG ,K\MNFF SKSYBZVF BKF ,\GDNVGPF GK\GKGMPSC [P\[FN \KRZEGPF FVGY\C YSGVF \B .J"KZ N[ G\R[P \B \CXTP[ FKK[TN [EI KRIGZ CB[P \YVSP BKF[ LMC BGF FZPGIF N[ FIGM \ZKXK N[ IGMF \B ,FPGBF N[G YSGVF N[ OKZGTRF IGM \B ,\K\EF ,JGKEFM GPXT OK[PF OEBF .OKCMTPF NT \ZCD\PF \KRIGZF \K\[\F .KBRDN G[ZGEN QKBG ,K\KPBF NBF ECGT BGF ,FCZTM .81 ’PT ,NBDK CGJ 35 .O[ 36 |77~ 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’Z N[ G\ZDBC ,’NBDK CGJ’ GRKZGE KRCP OKCZ \GTJ IKMGF |...~ (ZKBK GZR G\NGED \ZEFG=) K"R D"ZEFG OK[KB \B OKETG\PG OKZCI\PG ,OKEZI O[C OPXT OKRMPG OKC[GIF NSVN GZJYKG GICHKG |...~ OGGD KZIB N"HZ KZCE GMKN[F Z[B QGB KNTGV O\NKI\ NT OVGS IKMGF \PBCG .OKKPGBN OKEGFK O[C BZYFN ,’KPGBN’ FZG\F NGTG ,N"HZ KZCE NGT OFKNTP YGZVN O\PDPG OXVIG OT[K NM KM FHF ZGEC KM ZYKF GZVSC K"R D"ZEF ZCGE Z[B CJKFG ,FRGPBF NGTG 38 .FRGPBF YHIN HGT Z\KG \B[ Z\KC WPB\FN OKMKZX GHM ZPGNM ,’\K\MNF=ZVKF’ FZPGI (1 FZTF NKTN) QGBZC KEKC FRGMP FPGHKF FZPGIF 37 Q G XZ N[ Z XG \ B K F B NB , \ K N B P Z G V F B K Z Y C O K K \ MN F F \ GZ G Y P F Q P \ TC G R F R K B [ . \ G [ EY \ F N [ O K K \ E \ G [ D Z G CZ YC \ Z Z GT P F , \ V SG R F N C D F G P XT N T \ K [ F N O EB F ,GH LZEC LGZEN YSGVF N[ TKRPF \NB[C TDR BN QGBZC ONGB .132=130 ’PT O[ GBZ B G F G , O K K \ GM P S \ GZ G Y P NG P I G M K GC Y V S K E E X Q K C T K ZM P M G EP T P \ B F ZG B M N \ E D G R F FN G TV \G TXP BC , J " K Z \S K V\N E XK M \BH C O K [K I P P G R B . ’ \G E K SI \E K P ’ Y Z F C BX P N [ Z X G \ B K F [ \ GB K X P C , Z\ GK C O K C D [ R F O K K \ E F G K EG T K K P EI B \ B O EB F O K [ D P G H . \ G E F K F N [ \ K \ MN F F L Z E F P Y\ R \ F N [ [ I G Z GP I K \ CK C S UI S GR [ K F C , K F G N B Q GX Z I K [ C \ G F H Q K K V B P M F M NF F D [ G P N [ G \ G E K P T N T ’ , CG J K I B ’ K F H Z [ YF C G B Z E GT O K N [ G Z K , \ K E G F K F K K SY GE G \ Z G B , ( O K MZ G T ) K YX K CZ ’ B G Z D K H Z V ’ B , Q GP N [ ’ K , ’ K S YG E G\ Z GB F BGF FKSYGEG\ZGBF KRKKVBPP EIB[ QTGJ CGJKIB .1 FZTF ZYKTCG ,113=87 ’PT ,G"S[\ O K K J S K Z G NY NG V O K R K K VB P \ I K R H LG \ , F C[ K \ M N F F E G SK F N T \ G EF K F \ E P T F . 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G P T J N Z \ G K ’ F Z G F J ’ \ K SY G EG \ Z G B \ G F H Q P HP K J SK N B P Z G V F |78~ N J M K J F P N [ Z M [ [ K C Z F \ R [ P C Y SG V F \ G K Z I B G F Y KS V F \ G Z K I 39 :(BKKPGNGYP NNF ’Z O[C) J"KZ ZKTF FNB OKZCE NT FBGNPG ONGTF ZKGB[ FHF QPHN GRTDF GRB (OKCZF GRK\GRGGTC=) Z"FGTC ,DGDPG DGD \PINP ’KFK IK[PF \BKC OEGY[ |...~ \KSZGYKVBG \GRKP BNP \GCBF \RGPBC OKYKHIPF ,NBZ[KC[ OKZ[MFG OKBZKF \PINP GRKKF GH FPINPG ,GK\GNKKIG B"SF KIGN[ OKSZGYKVBFG OKRKPF OT ,OK[GEYF EBP Z[MF NBZ[KN ZX ’KFK \BHF FT[CG ,ONGTC[ FECMFG FNGEDF ’KFK .FPINP KZ[YC EGPTN OKYKEXF \B GZHTK OKP[F QP NCB |...~ O[N OKKNBPZGV=BN OKNMC [GPK[C LZGX FBZ J"KZ[ YKSFN NMGR QBMP ,OKRPBRF NBF KECGT N[ EGDKB \ZKXK Z[VBN KEMC ,[EIP FMNFF CGXKT .TKXF BGF[ \K\MNFF LZEN CKKI\FN OKRMGP ORKB[ FNBP CJKF GRICGK[ Z[BMG OB ,GPXT N[P F[EI LZE \GG\FN \GZKI FRG\R YSGVF KEKC ,ZPGNM \GZKIG \GMPS IGMP .NBF KECGT N[ KGBZ CKJYNGY QRGMP BGF F\GTXPBC ZKFXFN UBG ,TEGPC \GK\MNFF GK\GEPT \B QKXYFN YSGVN J"KZ Z[VBP FNB \KFGNBF FBZGFF QKC ZTVF[ LMC ZKMFN [K G\RKICP .CN KGNKDC LM NT FPGZ\F [DEG\ QM NINI\ GH FZMF[ NMMG ,NGED K\MNFF F[GPKPN \KZGYPF F[EIF \K\MNFF LZEN OTF QGPF N[ \GCKKGIPF .K\MNFF NTVPN \K[GRBF .[EIF CKJYNGYC NNMKFN GN \Z[VBPG GN[ OKPMIF \RGPB \B \BJCP \GEDB\FF KRICPG FYKSVF \GZKI .E GN[ OKTKRPF \BG YSGVM GPXTN J"KZ NJGR[ \GZKIF \GFP \B QGICN GRBGCC GKNT GRTCXF[ GYF NT OKZGPF OKEIB \GZGYP Z\BN Q\KR ,FC [P\[FN NT FRG[BZCG [BZC BKF FPGBF N[ IGZF KDKFRP N[ O\GKZIB ,ZGPBN ,OEGY [P\[FN ,OFKNT FCGI UBG ,OFN Z\GP LM N[C .KNBZ[KF CKJYNGYF \K\MNFF LZEF \B \GG\FN KEMC (OKKR[ZEF OKYZVNG) OKKR[ZVF OFKZG[KMC NEGPF OB UB \BH .FKGBZ FZGXC KNBZ[KF CKJYNGYF [CD\K FZGBN[ FKGBZF .JNGCG TEGP ZTVC ,OKKNBPZGVF \GZGYPN UVGI GRRKB OKTKXP OF[ K\MNFF .4 ’PT 38 .5=4 ’PT 39 |79~ W K CG Y [Z F Y I X K \PDPC KETNC JTPM KGJKC KEKN FM ET BC FHF K\GDKFRPF LNFPF OT .\KSYGEG\ZGBF FZCIF N[ OKJNGCF OKRKKVBPF EIB BKF[ ,FZPIF ZCE ZK\FN OKNGED OKXPBP WPB\P J"KZ \B OKBXGP GRB \IB FKDGSC ,\BH OKEDR\PF OKRCZ EDR FZGXC FPGIM EPGT UBG ,GZSGBN NGY GKNT BXK[ OKZTZTP GPYG ,GZGXKK LKNF\C KGRK[ NI[ QP[ N[ FZYPC ZCGEP .GZ\KFN QMG ,FNB[F N[ Z[YFN[ FPGE GH FKDGSC BYGGE ,ORPB .GZSGBN GKNT FTEGR ,FK\GCYTC \GGXPFG FZG\F KZPG[ N[ ZGCKXC F\[V[ FZKGGBN \GTGC[ ,(23.7.1939) J"XZ\ CBC ’HC .Z\KFF KPZGD \RKICP \GCK[I FN[PPF N[ F\PYF ZIBN FR[MG FKKR[F ONGTF \PINP WGZV KRVN OKZGVS \KZGCKX FKDGSN SIKC G\TE \GGIN J"KZ [YC\R ,FKYCGNSC \KXBR=GZVF GZGSKBG ,CIZF ZGCKXC \KNMNM FYGXP F[DZGF ZCM FVGY\ F\GBC 40.GH F[Y QFKNT EKTP[ KVM ,\GKGXZ K\NC \GBXG\ K\[ ZGZDN FKF KG[T QP[F N[ :J"KZ Z[B |...~ QP[F \B ZGSBN OKRMGP ZCM OKRCZ FHKB[ K\TEGR QF FKNT BXK[ ZGTZT FHKB \BVP ,FPM FHP NBZ[K NNMF GC OK[P\[P \BH ZGCT OKRCZF NT OKRKNP[ NBZ[K KRC \RGN\ K\TP[ ODG ,[EIP QPG[ NM F\NM JTPM[ ,FHF YGX \TC OD FPG ,OFKNT ZKPIFN GBC[ QJY LV YZ OFN ZB[R BNG ,KNBZ[KF YG[P \HGGB QPG[G FBPI GPM Z[M |...~ KEKEK KVP K\TP[[ GPMG .OFKNT ZGSBN GXZ \BH ODG ,QP[ N[ OKEKSIFG F[TP K[RBFP EIB GC [DV DZGC[ZVC OKEGFKF YG[C GZCTC FP OMN QKB ,OKRCZF O\B’ 41:(QG[NF GHC=) N"FHC GN ZPBG DZGC[ZVC[ EKCMFNG ,QPH FCZF LM NM GC OK[P\[P[ QP[F \B ZGSBN BNB \G[TN .’NBZ[K NNM NT GZSBK FH \B OD OB NMBR FPG OFN TP[K KPG’ GZPB[ \GNGY K\TP[ ODG ,FHM \TF YGXC OD FP GC EGPTN NMGK BN ZGCXF CGZ[ FZHD BGFG ,’GRKNT N[ G\DFRF \I\ ,\YFCGP \KXBR FKXJRKKZGB \NTC FDNVP ,\KYCGNSF OTF \DNVP 40 F K Y CG N SC O K J E G SF NC I I G VK S G QM R K P O M S F N T F P K \ I F Q P H P N I F F J N [ , G S K J UH G K FMVF (J"XZ\ ZEB) 1939 WZPPG ,(J"XZ\ KZ[\ \NKI\ ,1938 ZCPJVS KFN[) N [ F ZG Z D , ( O K K Y \ F NP F [ T P N F N E I [ , F K M’ X P Y \ G R P C ) \ K B P X T F Y K N C GV Z N F K Y C G NS . \ K X B R F F K R P ZD .ZVSC BCGPM ,\KZCTN [KEKBP OGDZ\F \B K\BCF 41 |80~ N J M K J F P N [ Z M [ [ K C Z F \ R [ P C Y SG V F \ G K Z I B G F Y KS V F \ G Z K I KZCE GNB ,’OFKV \B \GZPFN BNGYNYN OKCZF \B GBKCK EGT BCZEBG 42 .O\GRGN\ QP FBXG\M ,FTK\VP FRRKB ,WZVC EGPTN UBG ,BNGY BGXPN J"KZ N[ G\ZK\I O\GZEY\F OT FEEI\F[ \GKZIB ,CIZF ZGCKXF KVNM [I F\GB[ \GKZIBF \G[TN QKB \KDGNGVKJ[ KRPGEPM ,ONGB .QNFN ZBGCK[ KVM ,FVGZKB KP[ N[ FVY\[F[ KVM ,\KRGZYT FZKPIPF G\R[P QKCN GH FNYP FYKSV QKC FRICF FMNFF \B CXTN YSGVF N[ G\GMPS :EIB U\G[P FRMP QFK\[N .NKTN KRIGZF UZC FEKPTN FYGPT \GKZIB LG\PG ,\GBKXPC \GTVG\ N[ QZGBN .KNBZ[KF CKJYNGYNG OEBN CKXP NBF[ FYNIPF’ NEGP KVN FMNFF \B CXTN FKF QMGP[ KP ,ZIB QG[N .’FRGZIB FYNIP’ N[ K\MNF NEGP CXTN ,LZGXF \TC ,FKFK KG[T ’FRG[BZF CIZF ZGCKXF \B BKC\[ FNGTV NNGIN FZKPIPF FYKSVF FETGR FNKI\MNP GCZYC NNGIN OD LB ,OK\KTF YGXC FD[FN F[YF KRZG\F KRIGZF EGTKKF NB ’\EZGF’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’PT ,(4 FZTF NKTN) I=G OKRPKS ,FTE FZGK ZKM[ FR[P 42 |81~ W K CG Y [Z F Y I X K GPM ,\K\MNFF G\R[PC Z\GKC \GCG[IF FCKNF \GNB[P \IBN BGCP BNB OZGBN NTVG LRGI[ KPM 43.\C[ KNNIPN GSIK BKFG ,J"KZ N[ ,\KRGKTZF OD \GMGZB OKR[ LZGBN J"KZ BJKC ,\KRNECF \KZDRGFF FKSYGEG\ZGBF KMZT N[ ,FPFC \DZEPC OF[ FHZMF KEM ET ,\EF KCHGT KVNM FHCPG ZMGRP SIK YSV FNB OK[Y OKZCE TYZ NT 44.’QGY\N NMGK BN Z[B \GGTP’ BGF OEPTPG QKKRTC BNGYN UB FH NNMCG ,ZCE NMN KGDM OFP EIB NM QGEN [K[ J"KZ OKYSGV N[ EGBP FCIZ FXGCY EDR ,Z\GKC \KRGXKY FYKSV) \GZXI KCGZKT :(OKZIB 45 ,KGDM GFGB[T ZKPIFN BYGEE JG[V ZCEN GJYR GNNF OKRGBDFE KZF FZG\C (K\TE \GKRT KVNG=) E"TVNG .CGZKTE BRKEC GNKVB ,BNGYN BNG GRK\GCZN OKRV K\B[R BN ,ZGYING [GZEN FRG\R \G[ZG ,\PB FC CK\ME BCGJ FHC QGEN [K[ K\KBZG ,FMNF N[ FYPGTN 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S. Ferziger, ,ZDKHZV ’B N[ FVKYPFG FCIZF G\EGCT GBZ FH B[GRN Z[YFC Exclusion and Hierarchy: Orthodoxy, Nonobservance, and the Emergence of KNDTP ,ZFGH ’XG BKD[ ’B GBZ EGT .Modern Jewish Identity, Philadelphia 2005 NT O[GP [DEF FNB N[ OZVSC .2000 CKCB=N\ ,\K\MNFF \GZVSC \KEGFK \GFH \ G N GC D G F K K J S’ , Q P J Z F ’ E G B Z E G T . G RK K O \ S K Z G SK B N[ Z [ Y F C Z YK T CG , \ C[ F N N I P CZ F G Z V GS O \ I F N[ O \ Y K SV C Q G K T : F [ E I F \ T C \ K S YG E G \ Z G B F F M N F C \ GR N CG S F , Z G J Y G E \ EG C T , ’ O K K R K C F K P K K Y S G V N G N " H I \ G ZV S N O S I K G Q K K J [ R K K V F [ P . D " S[ \ O K N [ GZ K C \ K Z C TF F J K SZ C K R GB F .22=21 ’PT ,(4 FZTF NKTN) NBDK CGJ O K K R [ , ( Z H G T F Q C B Z C I P ) W "M Z H GT ’ ZG Z D K B B C K Y T ’ Z E D R M G K Z C E \ B Q G GM P J " K Z . O K R GZ I B F \ V G Y\ C O K Y SG V F K N G ED P FYKH [K .120 ’PT ,|4 FZTF NKTN~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’ ,ZPKKFSENKF ’P GBZ NNMM G\R[P NT .169=161 ’PT ,(43 FZTF . F X = H V ’ P T , ( Q " [ \ ) , C , \ GR G V X , ’ G \ M K Z T G GS G RK M , ZV S F : Y K [ O " Z F P |82~ 43 44 45 46 N J M K J F P N [ Z M [ [ K C Z F \ R [ P C Y SG V F \ G K Z I B G F Y KS V F \ G Z K I J"KZ[ QKKGXK .GN[ \"G[F N[ QG[BZF LZMC ,1924 \R[C FPSZGV GH FYKSV OEPTP \GEGB NT 47ZDRKNJT CYTK CZF N[ \PSZGVPF G\CG[\ \B ZKMF \GYGRK\M OJVG[N [K[ LM NTG ,FHF QPHC \C[F KNNIP N[ K\KKTCF FEGSKP \ZMR\P[ LZEC GMRGI OFP OKCZ[ FECGTF N[C \BH 48,GC[R[ \BH \GZPN .G[ZKVG GR[[ KP NBM OFKNB SIKK\FN QKB QMNG ,\GGXPNG FZG\N ,\BH 49.\K\MNF TKZMFN GBGCC GH FEPTC C[I\FN QMGP J"KZ FKF BN FKSYGEG\ZGBF N[ FK\GPGI ZGPK[N [I[ FYGPTF \GCKGIPF N[C ,KPTJN \ZEF N[ ZKIPC UB ,FMNFF ONGT NT ’FRG[BZF FYNIPF’ QGZYT \NIFNG .OCZYC FZ\GR EGT[ \KEGFKF O\GFHP NBZ[K OTP OKCIZ OKYNI KVGB \B[GR[ FCG[\ 50J"KZ OSZKV (1932 ZBGRK) C"XZ\ \R[C ,EDRP \BH ,\SRMF \KCC LZCNG \GNTN \C[ NNIP QFGMN ZK\F FCG ,KZPDN LGVF 51 :OKYSGVF KNGEDP FPMG FPM N[ FYKSVN EGDKRC T"[C CZF KM OBG |...~ OKVM \BK[RP O\GB TGRPN QKB KBEGC QM NT |...~ ,ZCE NMN KZMR BGFE OG[P GKVM B[K BN \C[ NNIP QM NTE C\M N"H KRKE NMN ZGPD NBZ[KM BGFE ,(J ’KTS) E"P ’KS T"FB T"[C QKKGTK KGDN OGB[TE D"TBE C\M[ ,D"K Y"S NBGP[ \KCC O[ QKKTG ,QK[GEKY NBZ[KM BGF BZPGINE QGKM QM OBG |...~ BNGYN BN NCB ,BZPGIN GRKKF G\GB OKTRGP FKFR OBG ,QFM BGF[ TEKN BCGJ FRKP BYVR KBEGC ,ZGPD FNY\ BXKG ,QFM BGF[ GRPP IM\[K[ [GIN [K BCGJ ,GKVM B[KNP \GNTN GN \GGXN [K FNKI\MN GNKVB |...~ GKZIB GTZHNG GN FHP FNGED .Y"GEG ,QMGEN .DM QPKS ,(14 FZTF NKTN) ,\G[EIF QGKX QKRC \"G[ Z C G E P [ \ G [ Z G V P C \ M R F [ B Z C G , B "M Z \ \ R[ C F C \ MR Z D R K N J T C Z F N[ G \ C G [ \ Z CE C \ GZ K C M F F K \ G M N[ F N TG G H F C G [ \ N T . F [ T P N B NG , F M N F N O K TD G R[ O K YS VC O E P T P G \ K SY G EG \ Z G B \ GF H’ , Z D K H Z V ’ B : GB Z F Z [ T - T [ \ F F B P C F Z G \ F K CH G TN S I K F , Q G P N[ ’ K , ’ Z D R K N J T CY TK C Z F N [ G \ [ K D C [ E GI P Q GK T : F M NF K Z P G [ O RK B [ O K EG F K N[ .209=179 ’PT ,G"S[\ OKN[GZK ,\KEGFK FKKSYGEG\ZGB ,(OKMZGT) KYXKCZ ’BG ZDKHZV ’B .(43 FZTF NKTN ,ZDKHZV N[ G\EGCTN USGRC \BH) 18=G 14 ,1 \GZTF O[ GBZ .(124 ’PT ,|4 FZTF NKTN~ CGKEZC) B ,ZKM[ FR[P GBZ . ( H S = F S ’ P T |4 F Z T F N K T N ~ O K K I I Z G B ) E N Q P K S , C , Z K M [ F R [ P . H S ’PT ,O[ |83~ 47 48 49 50 51 W K CG Y [Z F Y I X K FPDGEN .J"KZ N[ GKCZGYP CZYC OD \GFKP\ FNTF GNNF \GCG[\F QKC ZTVF ,FZGPI FBKNV TKCF 52,\ZDBC GKNB FRV ,J"KZ N[ GSKD ,DZCRJGZ KMEZP CZF .J"KZ N[ OKFGP\F FYKSVF KNGYK[ EDRM \GCZ \GKNBPZGV \GK[GY FNTFG NGYK[ NGM \KKIE CDB ,J"KZ GPXTN NJR[ \GZKIF NT F\KKF G\RTJ ZYKT :JNGC KDGNGBKEKB TYZ \NTC FZCS LG\P ,ZKCS KNBPZGV ,EPGT FMNFF ONGT OFKNT Z[B OKEGPTF \[N[ \TEN \KBZF F\B BKR\F T"[CG |...~ (OKEDP KZVG=) D"PVG |...~ ([EI KZVF=) I"ZVF \C[ NNIPFE ,EIB QGRDSC OKBCR\P ONGM |...~ 53(BKR\F LGZT QIN[CG) .GKVM B[GR GRKB BKSFZVC LZPBC ,FMNFP OFKZCE \B FIE (FPZF G\ZG\ EGCM \NTPG=) F"\MTPG GRPP IM\[K[ BCGJ [GIN [K GKVM \B B[KNP G\GB TRPR OB[ .|...~ GKZIB GTZHNG GN FHP FNGED FNY\ BXKG ,QFM BGF[ OKZIBPG (F[GEYF G\ZG\ EGCM \NTP=) F"\MTP \TE NT FNT LKB KRB FP\ TSR OZGBN Z[B OKNGEDF \GZGBPF KZCE \B GHM F[GNY |F~’KBZC \GIEN 54 .|...~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’ P T , ( C" P [ \ ) K = J , I S , F K Z G P , ’ GK V M \ B B [ K O B \ C[ N NI P F Q F M ’ Z CI P G , [ J K C B C GK N \ GE K S I E SK K P , K E B K N P Q P N H Z G B K R [ ’ Z N[ T E GR F K \ M NF F G Z VS . BK R \F Z VS . G N =FN ’PT \ R K I C P G H N G H E G B P \ GC G Z Y LB , K Z P D N \ G E D G RP \ G E P T K \ [ N Q K K XN K G B Z F H Z [ YF C , Q G Z GE = K [ YC B " Z . F M ET G P [ P GR B C F [ O K Z CE C , J " K Z B J C P [ F SK V \ N Q\ GE D R\ F Z B C ’ I G Q F M F ’ B , \ K P T ’ I , ’ F M N F F \ T Z MF C \ TE F N GY K [ N T : B K P [ E B \ TK K S ’ YSGV N[ FTZMF NGM[ ZCGS ,158=153 ’PT ,I"S[\ CKCB N\ ,OIRPN FIRP ,(OKMZGT) |84~ 52 53 54 55 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|...~ FCFBP GKFK KZGCKE NM[ GN KRB TC[R ,(LZC\K O[F=) \"K[F \B KNT EKTB \TMG ,OEGCMC HB K\TDV Z[B NT ZCT G\TKEK KNC OB GNKVB ,NBZ[K NM CFGB KRB \PBC[ { FCFBP YZ[ YIXK ,OFZCB TZHP BGF OD KM ,KN CGFB IB BGF ,FNGM FZG\F NM NT 57 .CYTKG \ V VG I F \ K F G N B F \ G I MG R F , B K P [ E B \ T K SF N[ Z X G\ B K F O B K M , G N[ P F RR K B NN M L MK V N G , O F N [ \ G K [ K B F K N EC F P O K T CG R O K R G [ O K YS G V N [ \ G YK S V Q K C O K N E CF F . G K NT F T Z MF F O G YP NG M P O N G B , ’ O K K I O K F NB K Z CE G NB G GN B ’ K Z F G , F R G [ \ K F G NB F B Z [ F P J V [ P C O E B G NB ’ , E N G GR K Z D ’ B , E D R P . F [ Z G [ C \ K F G NB F N G TV B N B F R R K B \ K \ M NF F 43 ,\GEFKF KTEP ,’QGKEN FIK\V \SP :\GK[TPF GK\GMN[FG KVGSGNKVF JCKFF :KZCTF BGF K\MNFF FYKSVF F[TP NGM N[ G\KNM\[ QTGJ ,225=201 ’PT ,(G"S[\=F"S[\) N T \ G K \ M NF F \ G B Z G F F , Z P G N M . \ G B K X P F K R P M P LG \ C \ K F GN B F F J K N [ F \ B Z K E I F N O Z G D M N B F \ B \ G S K RM P ( K J V[ P Z [YF C Z YK T C G Z P B R GK Z C E ) F Z G \ N [ F M Z E K V B G F F HF L NF P C O EB F K R C N[ O P G YP . \ G K F G N B F \ GB Z GF F N [ T XC P G UM G B , F G GX P G N NF \ G RC F F K \ [ . NB F Z C E N[ \ G K P R K EF \ B O K Z [ V B P O EB F K R CG , G K V GB C K M G G K \ G \G B \G Z K \G P G K \M N FF FY K SV F F[ TP C YS G VF N [ K \G FP F G P G YP \B \G J T P P L K Z EP M , K R G [ B Z F Z G P M , GR M NT K F G NB F F [ T P F \ B Z K \ G P , E D R P , J " K Z . F R [ P Q Y I [ M \ K \ MN F F F MZ E F F N [ K [ G RB F F [ T P C B X G P LB , G[ Z G [ CG G Z YK T C Q K E F N[ F G G XP G \ K \ E F K K [ TN K T XP B G , F NG M F P G B N F [ TP N G , Y SG VN Y GP T K G J K C K N M F [ TP N F M N F . \ K \ E F F E G CT F N [ F \ K N M \ , F CZ F EK P C , B K F [ , F N TR ’PT ,S"[\ OKN[GZK (NBJMKKJ ’P ’I GRC K"T N"GK) ,C YNI ,FBG[F ZGMC FVGZX FRGPB 56 . N Y= HK Y .JMY=IMY ’PT 57 |85~ W K CG Y [Z F Y I X K F\GB FYGPT \KRGKTZ FZGP\ NT YVS BNN EKTP OKZCEC[ [DZPF KGNKDF GKZCE L[PFC C\M LM .GK\GZGEN OTF N[ GNZGD KRVP FEZIF IMGRN ,FGGI 58 : O[ ,OFK\GC[GP \GPGYP NMC NBZ[K NNMN EX NMP FYGIE FT[F[ \TM NCB NB K\C[IP BKXGFN \GC[IPF OZH KNT FZCD EGT ,OKCZF GR\GRGGTC NKTGFN KN \GKFN BPZD QPHF KM ,NBZ[K \KC \CGJN TDGRF ZCEC ,NTGVF 59 ,NBZ[K NT HRM[BC YKXPF \PI F[TR[ FP KM ZGZC ZCEF KRKTCG .|...~ OFN GNIR ZY[ LB[ \GBZN ,O\PEZ\P NBZ[K \B ZZGTN YZ BGF GTRMR KNBZ[KF OEB KRC \GCN[ \TMG |...~ DRGZKHTRZTEBPFG ZTPBVTZF \RKEPP GTP[R Z[B \GNKFCPF \GTGP[ IMPG ,ZGEF \GZX IMP GMMZ\RG ENGK FP TEGK KPG ,OIZK ’F ,NBZ[K=KRC GRKIB OT O[ OK[GT[ FP ,HRM[B .Z\BG Z\B NMC FNBF \GSKKDC \G[CG[P \GRKEPF KM ,OGK FPZGVZF \TVG\ EDRM \GIPN YGPT LZGX J"KZ FBZ QBM OD ORPGB .FKXHKRZEGPF KEKC ,G\RTJN ,GPZDR[ \GZIB \GTVG\ EDRMG ,FKDGNGBKRFG \B YVS BNN \VY[P G\BIP ONGB .GMZE L[PFC FTPY DKK\SF FNB \GBIPP N[ JNIGP [GPKPP TRPKFN YGPTF GRGXZ OT ECC EC ,\GK\ZGSPF GK\GEPT NJRF ZYKT[ ZCS J"KZ .NBZ[K \GEIB ETC \KMZT FTZMFM ,GPNGT \GSKV\ ,OKK\GDFFG OKK\MNFF ZGEF KDKFRP KV\M NT NJGP FPGBF CXPN FDBEFG .CMY=HKY ’PT 58 .OKZIGCF \GNGYP \K[KPIMC OKXBRF GMH 1930 ZCPJVSC FKRPZDC GMZTR[ \GZKICC 59 K M O B , J "K Z N [ G\ S K V \ C O K R G [ B Z O K Y E S N , F B Z R F N GM M , F P Z D [ B K F G H F E C GT O I G M C F K K N TF O TG , QP H F UG N I M [ Z G Z C O N GB . F P QP H L[ P C GN X B F N I N I G H F F Z MF F N K Z VB C \ [ D Z R F G \ G B J C \ F . CK K I P C XP F [ \ GN K F C C [ G I N J " K Z N I F , F N G GT F K R C N[ QGIXRC OKXBRF GMH QFC ,FKRPZDC \GKJZYGPE=BNF \GZKICF ZIBN [EGIM ,1933 \ B N GM P Z \ G K \ B J C P , Q GJ N [ N Z NJ K F N [ G \ K K N T ZI B N O K [ EG I F [ G N [ M G , W I G P K N G[ C J " K Z C\ M[ O K Z C EP TK D P G H F E GY R N CB G M K G J K C . J " K Z N [ \ K P G B N F G \ Y GX P G B X P R[ G , C , Z K M[ F R [ P \ " G [ C , J "X Z \ C O S Z V \ F N \ GZ G P B G K F [ \ G K \ M N F \ G C G [ \ Q G K X B N N , |4 F Z T F N K T N ~ I " S [ \ \ Z G E F P Z K M [ F R [ P \ " G [ L G \ P F B C G P F ) G E K C \ M C C "K X R N S " \ I F Q K C \ Y G N I P N S I K C ( F X Y QP K S ) C \ M[ F C G [ \ NT F Z T F C . ( E GP T \ T E N) O K S K RP F NX F N T C G J O G K \ R Y\ N [ \ K \ M NF F F \ P X G T \ G E G B N T Q K ’ H G NG G P \ T N M C[ F [ TP N G F M N F N K \ K N TF " : J " K Z C \ G M , ( QM B N C" K X RN G , F Z G\ Q K EP S" \ I F BXR[ \TC ,FZFPC OIZK ’F ,F\T GPM ,(QNXKN BRPIZ=) N"Z FZXC OKRG\R NBZ[K[ ( G P [ L Z C \ K = ) [ " \ K G K R V N Z P G N O K C K K G I P | F ~ ’ K F R ( L Z C \ K ’ F Z H T C= ) K " F H T C F Z X F P . " F Z G \ F Q P O K F \ ZK [ |86~ N J M K J F P N [ Z M [ [ K C Z F \ R [ P C Y SG V F \ G K Z I B G F Y KS V F \ G Z K I \GPGYP N[ CZ ZVSPC .FH OGI\C \GRGN[KMN \GKZIBF \B OZBGGX NT NKJFG \GZEZEKFN FNKCGF OEK \NHGB[ LM NT GNNF OKDKFRPF \B J"KZ IKMGF BKF GC[ K\TEG\F ZXKPF QP FPGBF \B JNPN OIGMC YZ[G ,FPGBC \KRIGZF FMKZX[ ,\K\MNFF O\GKZIBN \TDGRF G\SKV\N L[PFC \BH 60.FRG\R EPP NT ZCEN Q\KR \TM) FC[ KPGBNF EPPF \B BJCNG ,O\YKSVC UY\[FN ,J"KZ KRKTC SGBKP \PIP \KXYGP F\KKF OGBN FNKPF NKTN EGTC ,KPGBN ZVSC QRGC\PF 61.(\K\MNFF ’FRG[BZF FYNIP’F FKF KETNCF EDBPF OZGDFG BXPK (KTKCZ=K[KN[ OKYZV) OKRGZIBF GKYNIC ZYKTCG 62,’FIP[ OKRCF OB’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’PT ,(4 FZTF NKTN) ,NBDK CGJ GBZ 60 F Z T F N K T N ~ C , O K K I I Z G B , ZK M [ F R [ P N J " K Z N[ G B G C P ) ’ B Z K T H B T Z \ ’ C ; G M Y ’ P T .EGTG ,(O[ \KCMGMC ZKEFPF \ZTF 35 ’PT ,|4 \GRGKXF ,WZGG[ ’E GBZ \K\E \KRGKXF FR[PC \GKPGBNF \ZEDF NT OKYZV K[BZN 61 EKIK’ ,ZDRKNF ’P ;20=11 ’PT ,D"S[\ CKCB=N\ ,FKDGNGBKEKB KYZVG \GENG\ :\K\EF \ P Z , B , \ K \ E \ G R GK X \ G R [ F B P , (O K MZ G T ) WZ G G [ ’ E G B K D [ ’ B , ’ \ G [ G R B G O G B N , F Z CI G G\R[PC \GRGKXFG \GKPGBNF’ ,ZFGH ’E ;124=116 ’PT ZYKTCG ,142=97 ’PT ,D"S[\ QD ,WZGG[ ’E GBZ EGT .167=143 ’PT ZYKTCG ,178=143 ’PT O[ ,’QGHR[ZKF OKKI CZF N[ 12 ,OKKVNB ,’\K\E \KRGKXF \GDFC \GKPGBNF QGKTZ NGDKS :FKDGNGBKEKBN FKDGNGB\P’ .BKCF[ OKCZF \GZGYPCG ,267=240 ’PT ,(G"R[\) .D"[\ JSTVBEGC ,FIP[ OKRCF OB 62 |87~ 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’ ,WKCGY[ZF ’K GBZ 63 .342=323 ’PT ,(J"S[\) 66=64 ,\TE ,EGSF KMCRC O"CPZF ,’NJMKJ FPN[ ZM[[K GH[ KVM \K\MNFF FKDGNGBKEKBN CG\MF YGIF QKC[ I\PF \GEGB NT OKN[P QGKTN 64 H. Ben-Menahem, ‘Postscript: The Judicial :GBZ ,YSGVF KEK NT \JNYR Process and the Nature of Jewish Law,’ N. S. Hecht, B.S. Jackson, S. M. Passamaneck, D. Piattelli and A.M Rabello (eds.), An Introduction to the History and Sources of Jewish Law, New York 1996, pp. 421-438. |88~