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2011
This study reflects on the role of institutions and institutional actors in the conflict over Abkhazia from the late 1980s till the Russian recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia after the August War of 2008. Institutionalism is chosen as the theoretical framework of the study. The investigation does not follow the traditional chronological description, but offers a problem-based narration. The research explores the Soviet-inherited institutions (constitutions, supreme soviets, political and economic decrees) which determined the path-dependence of the conflict. The research claims that the failure of the conflict resolution projects was caused by divergent interpretations of the future institutional relations between the two ethnic groups. Therefore, overcoming the Soviet institutionally inherited legacies is the number one problem. It is also argued that the re-institutionalization of Georgian-Abkhazian relations requires the re-modeling of the relations between external actors. Nevertheless, the flexibility of institutional solutions brings some hopes for the re-negotiation of inter-ethnic political relations between Georgians and Abkhazians.
AFP Working Paper Series 2011-2012
The Political Re-Make of History: the Case of the Conflict over Abkhazia (The Post-Soviet Period)Collection of Scientific Works Space, Society, Politics, #1, proceedings of the International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the 70th Birthday Anniversary of Professor Revaz Gachechiladze
The Abkhazian and Georgian Conflict Resolution Projects for the Political Settlement of the Abkhazian Problem – An Institutional Deadlock? (Early 1990s and early 2000s)2013 •
2021 •
The paper addresses Abkhaz-Georgian ethnopolitical conflict treating it as a complex case that consists of several consecutive self-sufficient conflicts or sub-conflicts during which different parties pursued various aims and escalated the situation trying to achieve miscellaneous goals. Although all of these sub-conflicts are looking like historical phases of one conflict, each of them has its own logic and must be analyzed separately. The first sub-conflict of 1991-1994 can be quite accurately explained from the structuralist perspective as an attempt of the Abkhaz to reconsider their status and break the discriminative social structures developed during imperial and Soviet rule. The second phase 1994-2008 was the period of nationalist mobilization and the new clashes and atrocities were the result of the Georgian and Abkhaz elites' intention to strengthen their legitimacy and power. Russia's role, in this case, fits well with the concept of 'humanitarian intervention' and does not correspond to Roger Brubaker's famous 'triadic nexus' (1996). Finally, the last phase of conflict lasting since 2008 can be hardly called an ethnopolitical conflict itself because peace and the military status quo were established after the war of 2008 which neither side can challenge. Therefore, after 2008, it is more appropriate to speak about the need for post-conflict reconciliation instead of Abkhaz-Georgian ethnopolitical conflict. However, none of the parties has taken steps towards this reconciliation yet because the settlement of the conflict is impossible while it continues to be used for nationalist mobilization.
This paper analyzes the potential for maintaining the post-August War 2008 status quo in Abkhazia and explores possible transformation scenarios of the existing situation. The present study will attempt to investigate the remaining seeds of prospective conflict, as the current reality might contain some potential for the eruption of violence; namely: the construction of the Sochi Olympic complex which irritates Georgians and Circassians as well as portion of Abkhazians; the North Caucasian new policy line, initiated and followed by the central Georgian authorities: and Georgia’s recognition of the Russian Genocide of Circassians in the 19th century, which should become leverage against the Russian Federation in the wider Caucasus region. All of these aspects make up the present security dilemma in the region. It is interesting to see whether changes in the Abkhazian-Georgian and Abkhazian-Russian relations could be expected in the foreseeable future.
2019 •
At the core of the Abkhazian case is the question of its legal status, that involves relevant international law issues such as the right to self-determination and the criteria for boundary delimitation between new States in the post-Soviet area. On the one hand, Georgia advances territorial claims on the Abkhazian territories affirming that Abkhazia is its integral part. On the other hand, the Abkhazian Republic states to be an independent and sovereign entity, which exercised sovereign rights on the mentioned territory. I analysed the general aspects the Soviet Union’s dissolution in order to determine which international law rules would apply to the boundary delimitation of the new States emerged from the USSR. I also examined in detail the status of both Abkhazia and Georgia at the moment of each one’s access to the Russian Empire and under its domain, and after its collapse; as well their statuses under the Soviet Union and during its de facto dissolution. The analysis of the Ab...
University of Tehran
Armed Conflict between Russia and Georgia, Case studies of Peace Process in Abkhazian-Ossetian Ethnopolitical Conflict2020 •
The post-conflict peacebuilding between two major ethnicities - Abkhazians and Ossetians - with central authority of Georgia has a long history that dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. This research tries to address the dynamic of frozen conflict and an unstable ceasefire in Georgia, from the early 1990s when the conflicts erupted, till early 2019. The central claim of the research is that despite the long peace process, at first, mediated and arranged by the United Nations (UN) and Russia, and then negotiated and mediated since 2008 by the European Union (EU) and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), has not brought about any serious progress towards a peace settlement. Hence, a frozen hostility and potential conflict zone in the Caucasus still persists. The main aim of the research is to give a more up-to-date understanding of the Abkhazian, and South Ossetian conflicts which is called the ethnoterritorialethnopolitical conflict in Post-Soviet era and to explore how it plays in and influences the peace process. To explain the relatively stable frozen nature of the conflicts, the research focuses on the role of the protector state and the EU as the main mediator. By analyzing the process of peace settlements and particularly the errors made by international organizations and other external players, this research aims to then recommend new potential peace approaches to the conflict in this area.
1997 •
This paper analyzes the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict from the perspective of four major players (the Georgians, the Abkhaz, the Russians, and the West). It also explains the formation of the Georgian and Abkhaz national projects. It concludes with options for a possible settlement.
Proceedings of the Partnership for Peace [PfP] Consortium 8th Workshop of the Study Group “Regional Stability in the South Caucasus” – What Kind of Sovereignty? Examining Alternative Governance Models in the South Caucasus, edited by Frederic Labarre and Ernst M. Felberbauer
Sovereignty Issues in the Post-Soviet Conflicts of the Caucasus: The Case of Abkhazia2014 •
2003 •
*The Struggle for Independence* presents a discussion of inter-ethnic conflicts in post-Soviet South Caucasus and analyses of the struggle for independence in Nagorno Karabakh and Abkhazia, two failed Soviet autonomies, from a sociological perspective. Drawing on comparative case studies of the two former Soviet autonomies in the South Caucasus, the research demonstrates that a unidimensional analytical framework of inter-ethnic conflicts in the Caucasus does not adequately explain why ethnic groups struggle for independence. This sociological study argues that when social and political restructuring is resisted or ignored by a dominant social group over a long period of time, alternative measures are sought by minority groups either to force a change or to create a new social order, especially when ‘historic’ opportunities are presented. Minority-majority relations in the process of restructuring involve territorial claims, ethnicity, economic inequalities, cultural differences, religion, social customs, political inequalities, access to political power, and group interests. Hratch Tchilingirian, Sociology Department, London School of Economics and Political Science. [Open access] https://oxbridgepartners.com/hratch/index.php/publications/monograph/524-karabakh-and-abkhazia
Revolutionary Russia
The Establishment of Soviet Power in Abkhazia: Ethnicity, Contestation and Clientalism in the Revolutionary Periphery - Revolutionary Russia (April 2014)2014 •
This article investigates the intersection of Soviet nationality policy, ethno-federal territorialism, clientalism and the creation of new administrative institutions and in the course of the establishment of Soviet power in Abkhazia, an ethnically diverse territory in the periphery of the former tsarist empire. Based on materials from the Georgian archives, as well as from the personal collections of Efrem Eshba and Nestor Lakoba, this article demonstrates the ways in which nationality policy played out at the local level and how the ‘indigenization’ of local titular elites intersected with contestations over power and the distribution of resources inherent to the construction of the new institutions of Soviet rule.
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