EU Leadership attitudes towards Turkish EU membership
Related papers
Turkish leaders and their foreign policy decision-making style: a comparative and multi-method perspective
Turkish Studies
Political leadership in the European Union: an introduction
Journal of European Integration, 2017
Deliberations in the Turkish parliament: The external perceptions of European foreign policy
Journal of Language and Politics, 2015
Parliamentarians find themselves engaged in political struggle through the medium of language and constrained by their own rhetoric. These parliamentary debates reveal political perceptions. The external perceptions about the European Union emerge as a relatively understudied topic in political science. This brings forth the following question; how is the European Union and its foreign policy perceived externally? This paper focuses on one particular country, Turkey and the political deliberations within the Turkish Parliament, in order to assess the external perceptions of the EU. The paper analyzes the political debate in Turkey through an investigation of the proceedings of the Turkish Parliament, the legislature in Turkish politics, from 1998 to 2012. The proceedings in the Turkish Parliament enable us to analyze the different political camps’ positions by looking into their deliberations on the European foreign policy thoroughly. This analysis enables us to uncover the Turkish ...
Prime Minister Leadership Styles in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: A Framework for Research
Political Psychology, 1997
The Personality and Leadership Style of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan: Implications for Turkish Foreign Policy
ABSTRACT: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is clearly the most controversial figure in recent Turkish political history. His preponderance in political life is remarkable even by Turkish standards. Because Erdoğan is so powerful and has effectively weakened most internal checks on his power, any attempt to explain Turkey's recent foreign policy outcomes will be seriously lacking without considering his leadership impact. The purpose of this study is to investigate Erdoğan's worldview and leadership style, and evaluate their impact on his government's policy processes and outputs. To do that, we employ the Leadership Trait Analysis technique to construct the leadership profile of Erdoğan through content analysis of his verbal records while in office. We contend here that our understanding of AKP-era Turkey is enhanced if we offer a systematic and rigorous account of Erdoğan's personality, and that he presents a clear example of the importance of taking individual-level variables seriously in foreign policy analysis.
Erkan Ertosun - Change and Leadership in Foreign Policy: The Case of Turgut Ozal's Premiership in Turkey, 1983-1989
This essay highlights the underlying role of the leader in policymaking and argues that, from his premiership to his presidency, Turgut Ozal was the major actor behind the change. Moreover, the essay aims to contribute to the existing literature by adding a conceptual discussion on change and leadership in foreign policy, as well as by evaluating Ozal’s statements and practices during his premiership within this framework. With this analysis, this essay then revisits the existing debate, moving from investigating whether there was a change to instead examining the extent and level of change in Ozal’s foreign policy. Applying Charles F. Hermann’s model of change in foreign policy, this essay argues that the changes in Turkish foreign policy during the Ozal governments were changes in the level of effort as well as changes in the methods and the purposes of foreign policy. However, these changes were not implemented at Hermann’s level of “international orientation change.” Finally, this essay emphasizes that there is more room for the integration of theoretical frameworks in the existing literature, as the abundance of “change in Turkish foreign policy” arguments need to be tested against other models on change in political science and international relations.
Understanding the Role of Leadership Styles of Erdogan and Merkel in Sustainability of Turkey-European Union Relations: A Leadership Trait Analysis
Sustainability, 2021
This study aims to understand the role of the leadership styles of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and German Chancellor Angela Merkel in European Union-Turkey relations by conducting a Leadership Trait Analysis (LTA), which takes into account the leaders’ personalities in foreign policy. The article makes use of the verbal records of the two leaders regarding the bilateral relations between their countries and the European Union. The results unveil that the two leaders’ personal characteristics bear similarities to a considerable extent; i.e., both leaders are sceptical in inter-personal relations, discernibly intuitive, self-confident and so forth. The study suggests that those personal traits of the leaders which have occasionally outweighed crude rationality have been some of the important factors enabling the sustainability of relations between Turkey and the EU against all odds.
A Divided Government, an Ideological Parliament, and an Insecure Leader: Turkey’s Indecision about Joining the Iraq War
A Divided Government, an Ideological Parliament, and an Insecure Leader: Turkey’s Indecision about Joining the Iraq War, 2012
"On March 1, 2003, the Turkish parliament rejected a government motion that would involve Turkey in the Iraq war and allow U.S. forces to use Turkish territory in an offensive against Iraq. This decision has been considered as a significant departure from traditional Western-oriented Turkish foreign policy. We investigate the reasons behind this rather unexpected foreign policy decision. Method. To systematically examine the decision-making process and the outcome, we utilize the “decision-units framework.” We present primary and secondary evidence from government and media sources and utilize interviews conducted with some of the high-level decisionmakers that were involved in decision making at the time. This article combines traditional methodological tools, such as elite interviews and process tracing, with novel approaches in foreign policy analysis studies. Results. The nature of the decision-unit, decision-making rules, the extraordinary circumstances surrounding the AKP (Adalet and Kalkinma Partisi—Justice and Development Party) leadership, and the absence of a strong and decisive leader shaped the outcome. Conclusion. The Turkish parliament’s decision on its role in the Iraq war is an interesting and informative case for foreign policy studies. It challenges the conventional wisdom on parliamentary influence in foreign policy making in parliamentary regimes. Under certain circumstances—even when a single-party enjoys parliamentary majority—parliaments can be major players in foreign policy decision making."
Is Leadership in Foreign Policy decision making a highly bureaucratic process independent of factors such as political culture, nationalism and the variation of geography between sovereign nation-states
The process of Foreign policy formulation is a highly loaded concept. It is greatly influenced by domestic environment, the policies and workings of other states, the personality of leaders, plans to advance specific geopolitical designs etc. Bureaucratic politics, on the other hand is a significant force affecting the outcomes of governmental policy making processes since it deals with the interaction of individuals within the political structure and the political administrative organizations. In this essay, I try to answer the above stated question by grappling with these two related but ideologically diverse concepts by tying them together in a logical flow of thought."
!"
#$$%
!
"
"
&
"
'
&
" "
"
"
'
"
&
"&
)/" "
!
!
& " "
' , " .."
/"
'
,
)
'-
"
-
&
"
"
"
"
"
'
&
"
' /"
&
'.'
"
&
/"
"
&
)
"
)
&
"
"
'
)
' "
'
&)
&
)
'"
"
"
"
" "
(
"" " .
.
"
""
" '
&
"
" " &*
)
(
+
'
' "+
""
)
"
"
. )+
'
&
' "
" "
&
'"
( .
"
+
"
"
)
" &
&
"
&
&
"
&
!
"&
"&
"
'-
)" " &
'
"
'
)
"
""
&
' 1
'
""+ "
"
"
+
'
' "
"
(
'
'
"
'
"
""
&
"
"
, " .."
"
.
'
"
' .
'
"
'"
,
)0
)" " &
) "" +
'
+,
(
"
"
'"
"
"" *
"
"
"
'"
) ("
"
"
"
' "
" &
'
)
&"+ .
' "
"
"
"
"
'
"
&
'
" "
)/"
"
" .
"
2 " )+
"
"
' "
(
"
""
&
"
&
' "
&
1"
"
(
"
.' '
"
"
"
"'
"
' "
"
"
'+
4
"
"
6
+.
' /"
"5
' .
+
' "
)+
"
' '
"
&
"
&
'
2
"
'
'"
"
'
.
&
)
&
)
8
&&
)
"
"
5
"
! #
3
$ !
'
") +
' "
' /+
" '
+ "#
! #
$# 5
+6
'
&)
'
5
"
)
)
&
&
"
" 1"
' "
' /"
.
*
)
"
!
/ 0 11, !
% )
( !
+ 5
"
' "
"
++ ,- .
3
*
"
)+
"" " 1"
" " 9 ) "
''
' /"
"
.
"
"
&
"
" '
' /" .
(
&
"
&
&
"
"&
' "/
'
.'
)
/
7
'
"
&
)
"
""
"")
,
'"
'"
&
"
)
'
' !
"
" "
)
' )
)
)+
.
" &
'
.
&3
"
!
&&
" "
" &
"
"
&
:
&
'."
&
.
#
&
)
&
)+
'"
" &/
$# % &
'
) *
#
4
(
' "" %
$
" "
"
)
5
&
'
+
"
"
(
"
"/ 9
1"
'
'+
" & ' '
,
) &
"
)'
, " .""
" "
;
" "
"
"/
)
&
1"
'
"
"
&
)'
/" &
)
' '
'
"
.
"
&
&
&
'
"
)
&
" "
"
"
&
' "
"" &
"
&
&
'
"
' &
"
)" " &
"
'
""
&
&
8
&&
&
' /"
"
" 5
"&
.
&
" "
) &'
)8
+
'
)
'"
"
"
& &
'
8
"
(
"
" ' .
"
"
" "
"
8
'"
"
"
"
"
" &
'
&
/"
'
'
)
" &
'-
"
&
&
&&
)
"
' "
)
'
' "
'"
"
#
!
"
.'
&
"
"
%
7
$
8
""
0
+
:
++
= "
++ 5645
6
&
"
"
(
"
"
(
"
111
*:
& :"
'
"
#3
$ !
3
+
#8
"
'
'
)8
117
" ! "
) $
8 $
9 # (
) " 0)
$ 0
:
;
"# % : " 8
!
+ 76
<
0
"
& "
.
$ !
#) "
2&
$ >(
"
"
"
!
$ 93
*
7
7
(4+
" "
""8
'
&
"
#$$; (
"
"
"
.
.
"
"" .
"
&
1
"
&
"
&
/
&
. '
"
"
'
)
"
'
"
"
'
& "
)
,
@
9%%
,
3
8
"
5
"
:
(
A
"
+
6$
"
7
* %
" +
@
, ; +
$?
(
@
8
" " " 9%%
"
A
3
?
#
)/"
!
"
"
" "+
&
)
'
"' .
'
'
"#
+ 7
! $
"
.
'"
"
! ,
)
$
"
"
"
(
"" "
+ "
"+
'
++
<
?;4
! B
!
% C/
)
"" "
?
"#
"
)+
& " '
" "
"
( "
"
!
/
"
) "" "
" ""
'
8
"
)+ "
" "
# ?;
& "
""
& &
. $
+
"
'
)+
'
"
"
"
"
'
"
''
"
; "
"#
(
"
""
)8
!
>#$$9? 9@
"
"
"
+
2
"
%
""
"
8
"
'
) (
"A
"
8
"
"
+3
&
&
) !
'
"
"
) &
.
'
"
'
-
-
' )+
"
"
"
'
"
" '
" #$89$ )
"
'
""
3
"+ "
"
""
&
)
'
3
)
"
1
'
'
"
)
)"
"
<
"
""
" "
'"
.
'
'
.
(
"=!
"
"
"
""
5
"
"
&
"
"
'
"" " +'
"
+
"
"
" # %?
+
3
+
) %
$ !
#
+
D #
.
, &
! '
!
(
8 "
%
?
+
6
&
'+
"
) ""
"
'
3
+3
'
(
'
&&
)
" 66 7
"
3
"
)
"
""
"
&
.
$
""
&
"
""
( "
' 8
"
" . "
"
( !
' . .
''
( .
1"
&
""
&
"
:
(
'
&
(
")
"'
"
. "
(8 .
'
&
.
'
"/+
' 4
&
'
'
/
&
:
7
?;
@ "
;
"# + 1
= $ : D
0
7
D #
, +
6
, + 5
&
(
'
"
'
" +
"+
"
(
'
"
.
'
'
"
(
:
# !
(
&
"
"
(
"
"
6;
"
4'
;
7
"
"
"
)
'
" &
.
C<%
"
"" .
'
2
'
)
&
')
'
"
" .
.
"6
("
" & "
'
"
)
"
&
"
8
,
&
''
'
)
"
&
'
. .
"
'
"
.
"
)
""
"
" " " + "
59
"'
" 69
.
"
"
6#
"
B " 8& '
C
"
)'
"
!
"" '
'
'
"
"
""
)
"+
" " "
=
9 "
"# !
+ 5
"
)/"
"
"
)
&
'
" '
"
"
"
(
"
"
&
"
" " &*
'
)
.
" "
'
'"
"
&
"
&
"
"
'
)+ -
"
'
"
"
" &"
+,
' "
"
2 " )+ &
"" ""
"
'
.
"
"'
'"
"
" +
.
"
"
)
(
&
'+ , " .""
/"
'
%
(
)*
!
D .'
! #
"
(4/"
"
*
'
'"
"
*
5
""
( 6% 3
"
/" &
(
' )+
C
2
6
""+ FF*** $
,
) "
, 2 /
""+ FF
"
F "
5
)
0
,
5
.
-
.
' ,
6=
*
& ,
"
"
"
!
"
' && " &
" - " )+
"
'+ *
"
)+
)
)
'
"
' '
. / &
" .
'
' " "
"
&
""
(4/"
#E % "
?; # D ( )
: +
F F " #F , 1 65 15
"
%%
D "
++ " %
# ?; / (
F
" @ * F ;.' 65756 5
, 1 6
#
" ? +
;
" / ? +
+
'
(
"
: + 6
?
+
"
/ >(
,
'
'
'
& ' "
(+ "
'
' )+
')
" "
. +
(4/"
"
' (
*
"
"
)'
*
(
=
&
'
)8
(
"
6$$+$$$+
.
'
)
"
"
"+
6A
1
"
&
' 8
'
"
(3 "
)
&
'
*
"
"
"
+
&
& " &
'
)
"
"
5
.
"
/
/" &&
)
, + 1
7 #
0
#
'
""
*
/" " .
1
83
3
:
$ : D
"
)
"
& "
"
"
#6
1
&
"
+
(+
'
"
'
)+ "
"
"
'
&"
) &"
) ". )"
"
&
"
" C)
'
(4/"
&
""
"
' "
(3+
"
'
"
.
(4 " "
B " 8& '
"
)
)
&
(
'
5
' ,
&& "
/ &
)
& -
"
5'
"
' "
"
( "
)
) #$
8"
&
/
'
"
(3+ C
+
(4 ' '
'
"
:
'
* (
C<%
"
;
'
8 (
"
6A=$"+
5
'
'
" &
"
'1 "
/ (
" &
D
"# !
'
:
+
"
'
+ 51
+ 16
5
"
&
)
"&"
*
'
"
)
""
) &"
)
"
& "
(
' "
'
&
)
" &
.
.
*
"
& (4 &
3
66
"
" "
/" B " 8
'
"
)
= " 9
7
@ / "" )
/
'
"
&
)
"
'
"
"
"
'"
&
'
" '
"
. +
"
)
'
(
'
'
#;
"
""
*
&&
"
"
.
6AAA 7
(3 "
" '
) &
"" )
(3
"
:
""
"4 " .
'"
'
"
(
'
"
.
'
'+ &
"
"
*
"&
&
& "
" ## *
(
/#
'
"
"/ #9
"" "+ *
8
"
"
&
*
) "
"
/"
""
"
5 '
""
8"
')
"
(4/"
' ")
"
&
(8&
'+
"
"
( "5
'
'
&
.
"
6
(
(
" +
""
+
) && "
"
"
"
*
'
(4/"
&
8
&
"
*++,-.//,!
"'
.
" &&
'" &
1
6 3 &
)
, 8
$ / "*
9
5 7 + ,
+
"
'
"
)
"
) &.
'
)/"
, +
+7
? +
*
" <" %
D "
%
$ +
#(
+
1
""
" & D)"
" "*
&& " " 5
.
#<
".
"
/
'
.
.
""
)
&
' )
&" #= *)
"
"
"
&
'
"
"
" !"
.
"
"
&
'
'+
"
&
!
*
" " &
"
*
/" "
"
)
'
"
"
''
' "
"
&
2
"
#A
"
&
)
& '
'
" ' )
#%
"
&
'
'
'
'
' "
'
"
&
'
"
"
"
')
"
'
(
"
&
)8
.
8& '
' )
)/"
"
*
.
" +*
&
"
"" '
.//,- !
"
'&
'
"
"
) '"
"'
'
"
' ""
' !
' "
&& "+
.
'
''
*
"
&
(
(
'
"
"
&
"
)+
&
&
)
*
*
)
" &*
/"
" &
&
)
'
"
&
(3
"+
'
( 9$
*
'
'
"
)
'
"
"
"
'
'
. +
#
:D
, 9
" ! "
'
!#
$# & #
"
=
"
G>(
5
+
,
&
*
&
, D
+" G " / "
% " % %
% E "" E B / ( )
""+ FF+ " $
F" #/ F " #F
, ,
"
5
"
&
7
#2 /
+ :+ " ?;( +
""+ FF*** G "
F* /
F *H "
+ +FH 4 FH 47 F "
1
D % #
D
"
"
#
?;(
,
""+ FF*** "
F "
F
F F 6F * F + +
)
, 9+ " % % D
(
-../ ?
" +
"
D "
"" '
:" # C " %
@
'
6
"
'"
&
& '
"
"+
.
&
*
"5
B
&
(4/" "
&
."
' )
C
"
8
) ""
"
&
" 9#
6$ )
" &
"
" &
) 99
" .
+
!
"
" "
) '.
&
( 96
&
"
.
)
*
/"
") " . ' " *
/"
. + " *
"
(/
"
"
(4 ' "
"
' "
"
)
(
' " &&
'
(
0
#
*
"
. )
(4/" "
"
"
-
'
" +
*
*
"
' .
+
"
(
)
6; )
#$$
'
'
& "
""
) & "
"
'
"'
" '
C
)
9;
"
""
#$$< 9
"
(4/"
8
" "
'
&
'"
/"
"
'
C
"
D
*
.
.
'
(4/" "
" "
""
."
"
'"
(
"
C
""
"
.'
.
+
& "
& " *
""
&
1"
'
"
'
2
)
' ) ! #$$;+ *
#$$<
&
'
""
')
'
"
&"
'
C(
82 & "
)=
, ? +
+
#
% "
+
" (
5
+
3
0
, D * E
**
( * (#
""+ FF*** * " "
F
, 6 5
7
9
#
, =
D *
"
**" 9
""+ FF * "
F $ F * +> " I J I ,
7
& "
, +
6
@KK C
?;4
$
"
L
" *
""+ FF*** AA F
F F F F *AA? ' ,; 14
"
(
"
)
. .
*
)
D *
"
.
&
=
'
'
'
)
+
"
+ "
2 # ,
G 9 9* "(
"
( *
0
12
(
1
C "
"
" '
"
'
.
"
'
"
&
"
""
'
'
"
""
(
5
.
'
"
E
" " .
'
&
"
C3(
(
(4+ ,
"
.
&
)
)
""9=
)/"
'
&
"
'B
1"
&&
)
"
,
"
"
) " &
'
&
" 3
'
G'
.
(
)"
&,
'
"
"
/"
&
:
"' -
/" 9
"
)/"
' "
' "
"
"
"
&
)/"
/
,
"
&
,/ 2
""+ FF*** *4*
F *F "
5
& //
111
"
"
) " $ +
1
"
&
@ *
""+ FF*** *4*
F *F "
E ! "# :"
8
F
77 157 ,
(
& //
%
F
2
=
77 57 ,1
" "
"
!
"
8 " ( 3
&
)
:" " /
"
" ( 3
'
(4
' ""
"
+
" "
&
( 9% 7&
)+
'
, " .."
"
(
&
"
)' .
"
',
(
"
'
& ""
,
! &
#$$= CD(8
' .
'+ -
/
" '
+H
"
&
)+ # =
9A
.
'"
"
)+
& '"
1" "
&
5
+
' .
&
"
.
" &
"
(
'
&
" :
G' #$$;9<
)/3
H
F
&
0
6
(
"
&
+,
"
'
"
)8
'
,
"
8 & 3 D
"
"
'
/"
"
#$$
CD(8C3( "
) '
8
' )
"
'
"
C
.
' )
"
'
"
'
'
)
D
) "
"" "
' "
"
"'
)
"
) "
.
&
&
'
.
)
" '/
) 5
&
.
&
! "
)
'
'+
(
"
CD(8C3( "
""
)/"
"
'
J
'
""
;6
"
"
"
+
'
"
"
""
"
"
"
/ &"
#
)"
"
'
"
!
(
". )
;9
"
9.! 8 "
"
) & &&
"
"
! ' "
.
(
"
'
4
'"
CD(8C3(
)
&
C
&
6 8
) "
"
)
"
&
"
"
I +
' 0 ' 8C
'
/ ;#
"
7
/" "
8C
5
5C
;$
(
" '
&
&
"/
'
&
"
.
1
"
(
'
"
'
.
) . )
CD(8C3(
"
"
C
'
)
"'
)
&
"
!
#
+ 15
7
7
D 11,
/
+5
:" A
L
8
7
!
+ "
# 8 &
( 1
!
4
,
#( ?; /
!
, @ "
:
4
9
% ;
*%
=
"
++
/ "
4
#(
@
" " " 9%%
"
#( 9
93
"# 8
8
A
4=
$
"
"#
+
1" ' &
&
"
" ') "
.
' "" '
.
' )
'
&
"
8
"
&
3
;%
G'
"
"
"
-
+
&
6
D #
"#
+
!"
&
'
$
'
"
+,
'
#( 3
+
.
"
""
#
,
$ !
# & "
)
"
&
)
"
"
"
' '
.
&
"
'
) #6K
) #$$= ;A 1"
"
&
&'
'
"
&
"+
"
"
&
"
3 '
# O :#
"
"
""
&
=
"
'
"
"
!
'
;=
'
(+
"
8
"
' " &&
""
"
""
"
"
"
""
"
3 D
"
" 1''
"
)
-D N
.
-
&
"
"
3 D
)
'"
&
6 + 6 -
=
'
'+
);
)
.
'
" "
, +
/
'
)
? +
:" /
:" / "# " "
76
M
&
7
&
7 +
7,
:" A
L
1
+,
75
= " 8
6
71
'
""
)
"" &
77
'
"
) "
'
,
.
& '
""
.
,
,
" &
'
'
" !"
'
"
)+
' "
(/" "
!
8'
,
3
3 D8,
"
'
;;
.
"5
'
)
C
""
)
. + "
""
"
+
8
#$$# ;<
"&
)/" ' "
"&
.
""
)
)
?
'
+
, +
9D
/
"
3
%
+(
"
:
!
P
#
, +
, + ,
7
"
&
&
'
'
""
&
,
'
1
8
)
D
&
"
"
,
+
" " " +
.
-"
"
"
"
6
,
.
'+
"
" '
"
/" "
)+
"
"
& &
"
<
. "
"
&
"
"
7
G' /"
1" ,
'
3
G'
"" '
&
.
'+ "
+
;
""
'
" &
'
CD(8C3(
(
)
')/
"
3
"
(4+
"
'"
"
'
.
)'
"
"
9
)
"
&
&,
'"
"
"
' "
3 D )
/
+ :" A
L
6
D #
.
8?)
67
3
0
""+ FF*** + B
66
= "
, +
6
$
117 +
6
+
5. )
,
""
!
&
"
" B "
" &
.
".
)
'
&
. !
" '
5&
&
' "
)/
)"
"
'
"
#
G'
"
,
'
!
"
3
3
""
#
)/
" . .
2
&
""
& 5
"
"
"
#6"
)
"
6
"
3 D"
) &
)
'
' "
" '
#
&
, +
,
+5
(
#
?
"4 #
"
$F
, +
!
+
% 5
*
" #F%
8
6 7
8
>(
#
6
76
6
4
3
.//5 - !
1
/"
D
" 3
'
)
B
"
'
'
&
) 3
.
6,
" "
C
' .
"
"
+ "
'
"+ "
) "
)
)
"
C
" B
D
' )
)"
+
.
&
)/"
"
)
3 D "
"
"
.
" -
.
)
" '
)
"
"
"
"
'
'
& &
""
%
/"
3 D/"
"
) &" &
"
'
"+
"
)
"
+ & .
"
' "&
&
"
?
)
6 9 $ 2
2Q
(
""+ FF *
+
"
F+ + F+ % F "
1
65
2
"" 9
, :" # ! $
+"
/"
4
++ 4
"
"
(
0
$ " "
/
(
'
"
'
""
)/" "
'
+
8'
& '
'
" "+
5
)/"
' ,
( "
&
&
' &&
" ' &
" &
'
.
"
+
"
"
&
'8.
C
")
)
1
"
=
*
"
""
;$ )
&,
"
.
CD(8C3(+
)'
.
&
"
" ,
"
" . ' /+
)
&
.
"
" 1" C
"
'
' &
& C
&
" ,
'
)
"
D
&
"
"
"
'
'
5
"
" ,
C
'"
1"
" '
CD( : "
'
"
"
&
&
&
'
+-
"
8
""
'
" " "
)
3
+
"
" '
1
"
( 1
&
!
&
) &
"
""
"
"&
'"
'
+
8
'
A
)
"
"+
/"
)
'
(
'"
)+
" <$
"
0
#
1" "
3
(
"
." '
"
.
"
'
"
(4+ ,
"
"
)
, " .""
/"
(
'
)/" "
#
& '
3
"
&
" &
"
''
"
"
G'
"
"
"
""
"
" . '
& .
'
&
.
/"
"
""
.
"
&
&
" (
""
'
"
' )
(
)
'"
"
"
(
& &
D "
"
C " 5
:" A
)
.
' (8 .
)
"
)''
"
"
/
'
'
'
. )
".
6
"
"
)"
#$$< <#
D
,
-"
. +
&
)
"
'
#$$; <6
'
61
"&
"
''
/"
.
'
"
)
""
5
G'
""
"
) &
"
(
"
+ 3
G'
' -"
'
)
" &"
'
.
3
"
" 4
&
, =
#( :
" "
%" "
""+ FF*** *4*
F *F " F
77 571,,
"
L
, +
)
7
#
=
2
8
""+ FF*** +
# "F " 43 F " H ,57 B +
@KK C
G'
'
(8
.
*
+
.
& )
>3
+
( 3
&
,
#$$=? 666@
. +
"
-
3 D/"
)
"
C
'
" "
+"
"
)
""
'"
' &&
'
)/" &
& , " .""
"
) "
+
"
&
"
"
" B
'
'
.
/"
"
. .
"
" &
"
'
"
-
. &
" &
+ "
) "
'
""
(
) " &
3
" )+
'"
"
"
3 D+
"&
3
G'
"
"
" '
)
+
&
)
"
'
.
"
,
&&
"
"" . )
(
"
&
/" &
""
&
)
' .
"
'
" &
" &
,
'
'
&
&
&
"
(
. +
.
"
'
3 D
'& .
/"
"
"
""
1
!
$
'
(
1"
"
=
""+ FF*
7
@ A
&
)
)
"'
%
)+
)
&&
"
)+
"
"
.
")
#$$;<;
0 B "C
@.
, :
A#
$"
"/ $ + "
@ R $ S
"
F
6
#
"
,F 7F
?;( &
A#4"
#4
4
"
5
-
"
"
' ')
'
"
-
.
'"
)
'"
'
&&
/"
8
)
"
'
"
-
/"
"
(/"
"
'
"
.
1
'
)8
&-
&
1 "
"
)
"
'
'
"
"
"
" "
"
" "
"
"
'.
"
'
3
)
) ;$$+$$$+ -
"
3
)+
""
.
""+
"
'
'
<%
)
. . '
)+
,
)
' '
&
,
"
"
"
)+ '
.
(
+
&
;#
"+ "
)+ -
. " <<
"
""
"
"
"
)+
',
)" &
&
. +
:
8
"
"
"
"
"
"
'
'
) " B
)
""
"
"
"" "
" &
"
C
"
'&
"
"
(
-
<=
"
"
"
' "
-
&
(
' "
"
)
''
)
"
/" &
)
1
'
<
-
"3
"
" &
&
)
"
8
'
&
"
'
"
)
)
(
.
'
6
"
'
'
"
"
'
&
"
"
"
"
0 ) #$$<
'
"
"
)8
" '
) ##K &
!
M
,
:
5
' 4=
3
(
&
@;! + ,
6 + 66
,
0 42
@
++ ,645
!
, 8
" " " 9%%
?
"
"
"#
A
+ "
! B
+
?;4
!
)
"
9
*%
"
+5
1
"
"
"
(
"
#$$
"
"
&
)
'
'
"
'+
" '
'
-
'
"
'
(
"
'
)
" '
.
) "
&
" '
1"
,
"
-
/" &
" "
&
) =$
"
)+
""
"
"
)
"
.
"
' "
'
"
8
&
"
:
(
8
&
)
"
""
'
"
'
"
#$$<? ;@ <A
>
"
'
""
"
"
"
1
" =6
1"
,
)+ -
"
)8
"+
8
) &
/"
"
"
"
.
. +
"'
( !
,"
#$$
"
1
"
?
/
&
"
#
8
,
,
' 4=
D #
-
"
"
" '
, ++ ,64,
, +7
'
'
'
)+
"
(
)
"
" "
'
' )
""
""
'' "
#$$=
' "
'
+
)
"
"
''
"
'
"
)/"
.
"
"
" . "
1"
'
&
"
(
)
")"
"
&
'
8 & 3
"
' D/ "
8
"
"
".
'
'
" . . 8
&
&
. "
(
"
&-
"
. )
)
"+
.
" 8&
"& .
99
'
8
?
"
+
1
7
1
'
)
3
'+ -
& .
(
"
'
&
)
C
3
+
&
& 5"
)
'
"
"
.
.
"&
'
)
3
)/" " &
& &
"
&
)
'
"
"
*
" +
"
'
"
"
'"
" 3
)
83
"
"
"
'
"
)
)
) &
"
"
,
&
)+
)+
""
"
""
"
'" 1
) "
" &
/ = 1"
"
"
/"
" . .
'
"" '
) ' &&
" "
-
&
'
'
" .
'+ C
"
''
"
8
"
" 1''
" "
"
'
'
"
&
"" " C
"
'
)/" "
"
. +
"'
'
( =; !
/+
"
#$$
) &"
"
C
=9
""
)
' )
5
"
)
"
"
'
C
6AA$" =# ! "
(
(
'
)
)
"
'
" "+ 3
' "
)/" "
")
'
"
.//,- !
&
)
'
)
"
"
. . '
(
.
'
" .
?; 9
$
""
"
" )&
" "
)
"
. +
' .
'
"
)
'
"
"
,
:
, +
/
+ 1- :
,7
D
6
++ 4
,6
? 9 "
7
""+ FF***
"
,
"
, + 1
#J"
#( ?; /
F F
$
9 "
"F"
* #(
#4 4/ 4"
"
B
#( 4 )
$>(
4* #4
"
$F "
" (
4
5
)
"
""
"
" 3
) "
.
51"
"
'
) =<
"
'
)
#$$= .
&
)/"
""
'
"'
8
&
" ' .
"'
&
'
=A
'
"
" "
#$$
")
&
"'
==
' C
"
& "
:
' & "
'
+
) =% D "
"
&
8
"
) &
&3
"&
"
")
'"8
"
"+ 3
8 '8 ' /
" '
"
&
"
)
&
'
"
"
)/" . "
) !
"
)+
'
0
"
""
0
"
#
.'
,
"
&&
"
0
-
'
'
"'
'"8
) "
"
&
""
+ 5
"
"
"
+
&
-
)
&
'
"
' 3
""
.
"
'
C
.
#$$#
' 2
''
)
'
.
"
"
"
.
&
#$$;
"
!"
)
'
+
""
'
"
(
3
/
"
'
'"
#$$=+
"
)
( "
'
.
)&
" %$ 3
""
'5
""
" B
)+
/&
%
&
#
6 3
" ++ "
"
! & ! ""+ FF*** "
*
# "F "
* + +> I,1
,,
' * # @
6 @
:
A# @: ! % ( * ( #
:
""+ FF*** * " "
F
7 6
,5
!
:
,
%
$:
A (
-../ ?
" +
,1
D
!
, @
:
A# " 9
" ( 8
""+ FF*** +
# "F$ / A " 4 " " "
H$
"F
5
"
"
8
= +
,
!
&
"
D
#$$=+
"
?;
&
/
+( :
;<
5
"
A#H7
"
7B +
8
=
+ +7
&
"
'
"
'
(
'
&
&
(
)'"
1
(
'
+
'-
C
+
)+
8
) &&
)
"
"
8'
"
"
"
"
&
"
"-
"'
"
'
&
'
" - " )+
"
&
)
+
)
" &
-
"
'
(
"
'
&
%;
/" &
"
& -
"
)/"
""
. +
' ) "
&
)/ %9
'
)
1
'
''
" +
.
'
)&
'
/"
(4+
2
"
" ' "
'
" & , " .""
"
" "
)
)
" '"
#
:
&
5 )
"
6
"
"
%6
""
'+ "
" %# 2 " )+ 3
'
"
'
)/"
""
( ) &&
(
"
+3
)/"
" "
8
"
2
" "
8'
" '
" )
&
"+
'
"
"
'
&
" "
"
"
'
"
%
" "
.' '
&
'
"
)
&
)
' .
. '
5
"
? 9 "
,
""+ FF***
"
5
8
$
5
:
A# @
57
. +
&
56
' * #
""+ FF*** * "
)
"
&
8
" & '
'
'
"
' '
)
"
#$$=
3
"
)
""
'
""
" "
)
"3
*
$
E
" "E(
F F
$
"F 4
4*
$4
4"
, 9:
""
*
(
+ 75
, 3
8
$ $&
(
-../ ?
, 3
$ ! " *"
"' / ( 7
=3
,
# %$
( * (#
9+
"
F
, 7 1
- ' 4=
, +,
)/"
?;
'
"
4
" "F "
" +7
+
1
4
1
8
. &
)
'
. +
&
)+ &
&
, " .""
1"
'
)"
'
" +
"
'
)
'-
'"
"
'
&&
"
'
'"
''
&
' "
'
*
"
"
&
1" "
&
'
. . '
"
&&
'
'
"
( -
+
"
"
*
"
' "
) !
.
+
" ' .
&
. +
"
"
&
" "
'
'-
!"
" ! ,
)+
(
(
" " ' .
'
"
'
&
" "
"
"
' )
"
'"
' '
'
' "
'
'
"
&
'
'
)
". )
" &
. "
"
"
'
(4/"
"
3 D
" 2 " )+
) &
"
" " " +
' "
"
"
"
)+
'
'"
(
""
/" "
"
&
) (
)
" + *
&
&
"
/"
!
)&
"
""
"
)+ -
)
'
.
)
"
' "
"
"
&
"
"
)
'
"
"
(4+ ,
!
". )
"
)
,
&
' &
)
' '
'
/"
"
8
"
'
'
&
"
"
""
7
!
-
',
""
'+
&
"
'
" "+
""
"
, " .""
)
'
. )
&
&
/"
)
'
'
&
)'
"
)
' "
"
'"
"
"
'
'
8
6
4
6
6 , " .""
# D
5
5,
= "
D #
"
/" &
&&
"
111 + 56
, +
)
"
""
%<
) ("
"%=
&
1
) '+
>#$$=@ 5, '
*
+ 7 9$
?
* O + , >#$$=@ 5
*
+
!
"
"
) P 3) ? 1 *
>#$$ @ 5
+ <>#@+
-
*
) N
.
1"
" " L"
'-
'"
(? 1
B 1 1 " /+ *
#*
M9N 'M6$=##
/+
+ A>9@+
$
'
:
<=8=;
)/+ + ,
6<8#6
* )" + 4 >#$$=@
!
.!
$
+
1 "
/ 0
C J
* )" + 4 >#$$=@ 2
* &" )+ D >#$$<@ 5*
6 +
"
?
""
>#$$=@ 51 3
D
*
?
) .
" #$$< 6# 6
C
+
)
" 3
&
(/+
J &
3
+D
!
"
/+
>#$$= @ 5
'
+C
!
+D
)+
8 "
## '+ ;%
1
''
"Q .
"
/+ 4
!
)Q;#$; :"
,
D
"
)+ C +
,
"
D
. /+ 5
"
+7
2
D
"
D
9+
D
"
+
R"
>#$$<@ 5
"&
B
3 )7
"+
&S
J
',
" '
'
1 .
>#$$=@
5 (
?
51
.
&
"/+
$+#6;;+#%;A==<+$$
"C
5
"+ D
?
8
68#
"
"
C
,
3
)
"
>#$$ @
?1-
/+ 7
2
+
" '/+ 7
2
+0
$+#6;;+6%;$=A9+$$
'
+ 3 * >#$$=@ 51
""
$+#6;;+#A%;66=+$$
'' '
>#$$;@
?
)/" 1
'' '
)3
'' '
' 8
D
' 8
' 8
"
D)"
?
"
+ 9>9@+
+
)/" 3
>#$$=@ 5
?
D
#%+
?
D
6
>#$$=@ 5,
7
'"
" + 3 >#$$=@ 5
"
Q
"
(/+
8
Q 89$6 Q 8;#
"
"+
! BL/+ 9
9
?
'2 '
!
'
")
$ + #%><@+
T'
& "
""
3
) D' *
<;=8<<<
/+
!
"
R' "
! +
0
6A+
##<9A<
" "
8
)?
""
8
'
8
" "8
R/+
*
" 8
86<A$9$
5
1 .
>#$$;@
?
5
)/"
C
""
3
) !
3
)!
'
1" +
,
+3+*
&
'
)/
'8
L/+
)8
*
869#9%6
+
4
,
7
!
,
! :
" L/+ 9 %
' !
+
?
"
C
"
C
+
) &"
R"
"
>#$$ @ <
'
' /+ &
'
) #=+
;
#$$=$ #%$$6;
2 !+ J '
+ 0 >#$$6@ 9
+ C >#$$ @ ,
'
. 9
8") '
"
5
.
'+ 0 >#$$=@ 5*
,
! !
. >#$$<@
)
:
?
,
1
)8 8 '8
+ 0 >#$$<@/
?
-
'?
.
>#$$<@ '
-"
(
<
"
+7 & '( . " )
$ 9
.2
!
' =!
""
+C
J &
1
, " .""
+ 0 >6AAA@ 5
; 9;>6@+
:
4
>#$$=@
"
&
> '" @+ <
<>#@+
"
J
)
"
'
#$$= $; "
J
L/+ :
)" "/+
D
)
(/+
)8
C
!
'
2
$
-
)8 '8
'-
)J "
J " + 0J+
$+ ( . " ) & 3
6'
>#$$;@
+ 0D+ 3
C
""+
14 ? C
& '+
&
!
"
)
)
+ S >#$$<@ 5
'"
.
5
'
2 ' "/+
,
) C
""
?1
"
!!!+
69%86<9
'
"/+
' ! +
#A9896$
?
!
"
-
>#$$ @ 5C
"" +
'2
)?
. 1
+ 3 >#$$;@ '
'"
3 ') -
"
C
$ 9
+
53
"
+ 0 D >6AA;@ 5D
-
'
=98A
,. "' .+
?
3
+ S > ' @+ <
D
$ 9
$
'
"8-
! '.'
:
*
+!*
,
"
5+
4
!
)
&
Q6=%; :"
"
?
*
")
.:
'
+J
* !:
9=8<;
C "" ,
>#$$=@
!
.
2
!+ !
C ""
0
&
"
>
) >#$$ @ 5?
2
4
+
2
' )+ D >#$$=@ 5
2
"
' )" &
"
2 8,
.
&
*6
>#$$=@ 5C
/+
+
-
+! "
1&&
+ 1 >#$$=@ 53
!
+
"
?
+I
/+
"/+ "
/+
L 'M=A
+ #+
?7
+1
'
"
#A896
A+
3
& /+ &
"0
'
+
'
)+ !
'
!
: '
;
+
(8
" J
!9 % !
6
"? 1
-
.
= 8%9
"" D "
"
"+
"
/+ 5
68#
+ D >#$$ @ 5,
2
"
.
. /+ &
> ' @+ : !
')
+ 9>#@+
+
)
(
#$$;$6$ $$66
-
6
)?
"
+08
"
#$$=$;$A$$66
"3
"
"
2
'
"
' )+ D >#$$ @ 5
?
"
"
>#$$=@ 5-
?
'
'-
$
"
2 ' "/ S
&
C$
LC!DM#999
"
)/" (
9
+ J >#$$=@ 5C
)/+
7/D
66+
>#$$ @ 5
)R" &
+ D >#$$=@ 51
J
" >#$$=@ 5
"
+
>#$$<@ <
$
+
( !
$
" &
/+ &
5@
'
; %9>6@+
/+ ,
*
?
+ 3
+
# 9P#=#
+3
!
, '
9$+
) $+=9<A+6 %6A%6+$$
!
"+
ABBC+
(
+ %9>#@+
'
)
(+ " )" *
'
& &
*
S2<=(<A86#
*
" /+
)
*
J
J
3
'+ 0 >#$$=@ 5
L/+
" ""
/+
"
"
'' + 3 >#$$=@ 5D &
?
'
"
'
J '
&
+ J , >#$$=@ 5
&
?
?
#$$< 6# 66
+
. "
7 . +
'
?
+ C
'
<#=8<;6
>#$$<@ 5 (8S
$+ D
"
1
+ %9>;@+
*
UU 7
5
"
?
9%8;$
'
9$ 896=
* "" "/+
&&
" *
'
"
!
" "
"+
ABBC+
&
)/"
(
9689#
'/+ -
" '(42$ %;% 9%#$$=$A$
!
.
$ $<
3
)+
>#$$=@ 5-
3
'+ D >#$$=@
3
C
<
6
;
!
+
6
-
+
+! "
+ D >6AAA@ 5!
+J
. "/+
+
+! "
'!
&
,
-
)/+
. *6
/+
' +
686A
(
"" +
'4
+
> ' @+
+ ! "
-
+
+
>#$$ @ 5
'
! 9 % !
1&&
: '
6
=89#
<
'
""
"
! 9 % !
6,
-
?
"
6
-
. *6
66A86#%
)/" J '
/+
)+ !
+ D > ' @+
;
!
"&
'
;
!
'
> ' @+ : !
1&&
" "? C
> ' @+ : !
1&&
'
+ J >#$$=@ 5
C
'? 1 S
'"
"/+
. *6
'+ 3 + V
9%8;$
6$ 866%
" J
-
"+
ABBC+
+ '
(
>#$$=@ 5(
(8
-
)/"
! 9 % !
+
!
-
+ C >#$$=@ 5
: !
'/+
<
(?
$ *
D)
-
+ 6$>#@"
"+ 3
6;=86=9
'+ 3 >#$$;@
!
.9
+
6D
,
+1 "
( . " )
'
. #<+
'+
>#$$=@ 5*
?
"
B
'
"&
)
"
&
&
&R
R:
"/+ ,
!
+
) $++##6=$=#+$$
7
Related papers
Probleme ale artei contemporane
Annals of the University of Bucharest - Philosophy Series, 2015
Flüchtige verbindungen von Kupres-lamm
MESO: Prvi hrvatski časopis o mesu, 2020
Onde você esconde seu racismo? (Atena Editora)
Onde você esconde seu racismo? (Atena Editora), 2024
Learning Al-Quran Based on the Mobile Learning (M-Learning): A Literature Review
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2017
Planetary period magnetic field oscillations in Saturn's magnetosphere: Postequinox abrupt nonmonotonic transitions to northern system dominance
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 2013
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Status of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria on Handheld Shopping Trolleys and Baskets in Supermarkets in Ndola, Zambia
Open Journal of Epidemiology, 2022
Trends and variability of extreme climate indices in the Boucle du Mouhoun (Burkina Faso)
Georeview/Analele Universităţii "Ştefan cel Mare" Suceava. Secţiunea Geografie, 2023
Structure of the crust and the lithosphere beneath the southern Puna plateau from teleseismic receiver functions
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2014
A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans
Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 2020
Shifted convolution sums motivated by string theory
arXiv (Cornell University), 2023
- Find new research papers in:
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Biology
- Health Sciences
- Ecology
- Earth Sciences
- Cognitive Science
- Mathematics
- Computer Science