Braga et al.: Clinical utility of bone alkaline phosphatase measurement
433
Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem
1995; 33:433439
© 1995 Walter de Gruyter & Co.
Berlin · New York
Clinical Utility of a WheatGerm Precipitation Assay
for Determination of Bone Alkaline Phosphatase Concentrations
in Patients with Different Metabolic Bone Diseases
By Vania Braga1, Romolo Dorizzi2, Giorgio Brocco3, Maurizio Rossini1, Nicoletta Zamberlan1, Davide Gatti1 and
Silvano Adami1
1
2
3
Cattedra di Reumatologia, Universit di Verona, Verona, Italy
Laboratorio analisi, Ospedale di Legnago, Legnago, Verona, Italy
Istituto di Chimica e Microscopia Clinica, Policlinico, Verona, Italy
(Received January 31/April 24, 1995)
Summary: Bone alkaline phosphatase was evaluated by wheatgerm lectin precipitation in several clinical condi
tions. The study included 33 premenopausal healthy women, 46 postmenopausal apparently healthy women, 19
growing children, 24 patients with Pagefs disease, 31 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and 66 patients
with hepatobiliary diseases.
In postmenopausal women the mean T score (i. e.: the number of SD below or above the mean for premenopausal
women) was 2.6 ± 1.3 (SD) for bone alkaline phosphatase and 1.61 ± 1.21 for total alkaline phosphatase
(p < 0.001). The T score for bone alkaline phosphatase provided a better discrimination from normals for both
Pagefs disease (22.1 ± 27.8 versus 12.8 ± 16 p < 0.001) and primary hyperparathyroidism (8.2 ± 4.3 versus
4.6 ± 3.7 p < 0.005 for bone alkaline phosphatase and total alkaline phosphatase respectively).
After treatment with intravenous bisphosphonate the percent decrease of bone alkaline phosphatase was larger than
that of total alkaline phosphatase both in patients with Pagefs disease (46% versus 72% p < 0.01) and in
patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (—21% versus —47% p < 0.02) and an estimate of the precision (Δ
mean/SD of the Δ mean) for bone alkaline phosphatase was 1.9—3.7 times higher than that of total alkaline
phosphatase. In twelve osteoporotic patients treated for six months with oral alendronate the decrease in bone
turnover was detected with significantly higher precision with bone alkaline phosphatase than with total alkaline
phosphatase (p < 0.001).
In serum samples from patients with severe metabolic bone diseases without relevant hepatobiliary involvement, it
was found that lectin was not able to fully precipitate bone alkaline phosphatase when its concentration was higher
than 1000 U/l. Serum dilution is therefore recommended before alkaline phosphatase separation.
Introduction
*r * i n r
u t. * ι\ *· ·* ·
ι ti τ
Total alkaline phosphatase1) activity is a valuable elm
. ,
, ~ ,.
.
./
.
'
,
Ë
ical marker for diagnosis and
monitoring of severe bone
,.
,
,
,, ,.
t
i * j n
n
disease, where elevated alka
disorders such as Pagefs
line phosphatase values are due to increased activity of
^β skeletal or bone isoform. However, its use in moni
.
_
,
f
tonng the effect of treatment of less severe bone meta
« _ , . . . ,
,
. .
,. . *
bohc disorders such as osteoporosis is rather limited,
.
. . „ , . .
since the enzyme activity of bone ongm represents only
a part of serum total alkaline phosphatase.
Alkaline phosphatase (Orthophosphoricmonoester phosphohydro
Recer
l se (alkaline optimum); EC 3.1.3.1)
Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995; 33 (No 7)
* studies indicate that the quantification of skeletal
alkaline phosphatase activity in serum may provide a
434
Braga et al.: Clinical utility of bone alkaline phosphatase measurement
better marker for the rate of bone formation than total
alkaline phosphatase (1, 2). The isoforms from liver,
bone and kidney are derived from the same gene (3) and
differ only on their tertiary structure as a consequence
of postranslational modification, such as glycosylation
and sialylation (3). It has been found to be difficult to
distinguish and quantitate the skeletal isoform activity
from alkaline phosphatase from other organs and tissues.
The methods used in the past were either imprecise
(heatinactivation) (4) or cumbersome (electrophoresis)
(5). More recently it has been found that the lectin
wheatgerm agglutinin preferentially precipitates serum
bone alkaline phosphatase (6). Both the total alkaline
phosphatase and the nonprecipitated alkaline phospha
tase can be measured by conventional colorimetric
methods, and bone alkaline phosphatase calculated from
these two determinations.
We have used this wheat germ agglutinin assay to mea
sure bone and nonbone alkaline phosphatase in normal
subjects and in patients with liver or bone diseases. The
effect of menopause and bisphosphonate therapy on al
kaline phosphatase isoenzymes were also evaluated in
order to assess the ability of the wheatgerm lectin pre
cipitation to detect the changes in bone alkaline phos
phatase occurring within the normal range for total alka
line phosphatase.
Materials and Methods
Measurement of bone a l k a l i n e phosphatase
Bone alkaline phosphatase was measured using the commercial kit
"Testcombination of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase" (Boeh
ringer Mannheim GmbH Diagnostica, Germany; lot N. 64943101)
which includes wheatgerm lectin (> 2 g/1) for precipitation of
bone alkaline phosphatase dissolved in 5 mmol/1 acetate buffer pH
4.5, containing Triton X100, 20 g/1, to prevent coprecipitation of
biliary alkaline phosphatase.
The assay is performed as follows: after measuring the total alka
line phosphatase activity of the sample, 100 μΐ of precipitating
lectin reagent are mixed with 100 μΐ of serum, incubated for 30
minutes at room temperature and centrifuged at 10 000 g for 2.5
minutes. The residual alkaline phosphatase activity is then mea
sured in the supernatant after multiplying this by two (for correc
tion of the dilution factor) (7).
On the basis of studies comparing lectin precipitation with electro
phoretic procedures for enzyme separation and of dilution factors,
the following correcting function is suggested (7):
bone alkaline phosphatase (U/l) = 1.118 X total alkaline phospha
tase — 2.35 activity in supernatant
Routine laboratory tests were performed by autoanalyzer methods
(HitachiDAX). Serum calcium was adjusted to an albumin con
centration of 42 g/I (9). Intact serum parathyrin was measured by
an immunoradiometric method (Allegro PTH, Nichols, USA; lot
N. 500641),
The alkaline phosphatase results were also analyzed in terms of T
score. This was calculated from the mean values found in premeno
pausal women. The following formula was used:
• r
^
Individual value — mean premenopausals
T score =
——
^ —^
SD of premenopausals
In a limited number of the patients (5 normal premenopausal
women, 20 patients with hepatobiliary diseases and in 7 patients
with Paget's disease) bone alkaline phosphatase was also measured
by a commercial immunoradiometric assay (Ostase, Hybritech,
USA).
Statistical analysis includes the simple linear correlation, Student
t test for paired observations and nonparametric methods (t test for
location and comparison of two samples, Statgraphic, Statgraph,
USA).
Patients
This study includes several groups of healthy subjects and patients
(tab. 1): pre and postmenopausal women, prepubertal subjects and
patients with bone and hepatobiliary diseases. Serum samples were
kept at —20 °C up to the time of assay which was carried out
within 12 months. The most relevant routine biochemical data of
the patients are listed in table 2. The control women were appar
ently healthy and were not on any therapy known to influence
calcium or bone metabolism. The time since menopause ranged
from 1 to 25 years.
The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was based on ele
vated serum calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. In
most patients with Pagefs disease the diagnosis was based on ob
vious clinical grounds but in 4 of them serum total alkaline phos
phatase was within the normal range and the diagnosis was based
on previous evidence of raised alkaline phosphatase and on radio
graphic and scintigraphic findings. None of the patients with meta
bolic bone diseases showed biochemical evidence of hepatic or
biliary diseases (normal serum γghitamyltransferase and amino
transferases) (tab. 2).
The patients with hepatobiliary diseases had both biochemical and
clinical evidence of intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary obstruc^
tion. Four out of 31 of the female patients were premenopausal.
The routine biochemical profile of children and healthy women
was normal (data not shown).
A group of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism was also
evaluated 24 weeks after a treatment course with alendronate.
Twelve patients were given alendronate 5 mg/day dissolved in 250
ml of saline solution for 57 days and 7 patients received a single
i. v. injection of 2.5 mg alendronate.
Ten of the patients with Page f s disease were also studied 4 months
after a treatment course with i. v. alendronate (5 mg/day for 24
days). Twelve patients with lumbar spine bone mineral density
more than 2 SD below the reference range for young premeno
pausal women were studied before and 6 months after treatment
with oral alendronate 20 mg/day. The details pertaining this study
have been published elsewhere (10).
Measurement of total alkaline phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase activity was determined at 37 °C according
to the optimised DGKCH (Deutsche Gesellschaft f r Klinische
Chemie) method /U/l) (8). The two determinations (total and super
natant alkaline phosphatase) were performed on the BM/Hitachi
System 704 analyzer (Boehringer Mannheim Automated Analysis).
Results
Three serum samples with low, normal and high bone
alkaline phosphatase values were measured at five dif
Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995; 33 (No 7)
435
Braga et al.: Clinical utility of bone alkaline phosphatase measurement
Tab. 1 Main anagraphic data and mean (± SEM) values of total
alkaline phosphatase and its fractions in the different groups of
N
Male/female
Age range (a)
Total alkaline phosphatase
(U/l)
Supernatant alkaline
phosphatase (U/l)
Bone alkaline phosphatase*
(U/l)
Children
Pre
menopausal
women
19
12/7
114
742 (137)
33
2145
93(4)
155 (23)
647 (138)
patients (upper reference limit provided with the kit was 240 U/l
for total alkaline phosphatase).
Post
menopausal
women
Paget's
disease
Primary
hyperpara
thyroidism
Hepato
biliary
disease
4875
129 (4)
24
15/9
4780
391 (76)
31
8/23
4480
195(15)
66
35/31
2084
565 (53)
55(3)
68(3)
106(13)
69 (5)
476 (49)
32(4)
66(2)
307 (74)
137(15)
71 (8)
46
* calculated with the function provided by the commercial kit, for
correcting the residual alkaline phosphatase (total alkaline phos
phatase — supernatant alkaline phosphatase) to bone alkaline phos
phatase.
Tab. 2 Laboratory values in bone and hepatobiliary diseases (mean ± SD); serum calcium was
corrected for albumin values.
Analyses
N
Serum calcium
Serum phosphate
Parathyroid hormone 1—84
γGlutamyltransferase
Alanine aminotransferase
Aspartate aminotransferase
Reference
range
Paget's
disease
Primary
hyperpara
thyroidism
Osteoporosis
Hepatobiliary
disease
2.122.60 rnmol/1
0.781. 40 mmol/1
< 65 ng/1
< 33 U/l
< 40 U/l
< 40 U/l
24
2.33 (0.08)
1.09(0.09)
33 (6)
16
(8)
18
(4)
19
(4)
31
2.77 (0.15)
0.62 (0.09)
139 (48)
16
(7)
23
(6)
21
(5)
12
2.42 (0.08)
1.06(0.12)
27 (8)
14
(8)
20 (7)
22 (5)
66
2.40 (0.15)
1.09 (0.31)
31
(8)
326 (354)
204 (322)
198 (399)
ferent occasions. The interassay coefficients of varia
tion ranged from 3 to 3.5%.
The individual values of total alkaline phosphatase and
bone alkaline phosphatase are shown in figures 1 and 2
and their mean values are listed in table 1. Both total
and bone alkaline phosphatase values were obviously
different in pre and postmenopausal healthy women.
These data have been used in order to describe distinct
normal value distributions for pre and postmenopausal
women (tab. 3).
The premenopausal women were chosen as reference
population for the T score assessment in order to provide
a precise estimate of the changes occurring after meno
pause and after therapy with inhibitors of bone resorp
tion. The distributions of the T values are listed in table
4. Under all conditions the T score of bone alkaline
phosphatase provided a better discrimination of disease
groups from premenopausal controls than that of total
alkaline phosphatase. Thus, T score values below + 1
of total alkaline phosphatase were found in 30.4% of
the postmenopausal women, whereas T scores of bone
alkaline phosphatase were below + 1 in only 8.7% of
the subjects. A trend of rising bone alkaline phosphatase
with age was found in postmenopausal women
Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995; 33 (No 7)
(r = + 0.15) and bone alkaline phosphatase was some
what higher in women who had past menopause more
than 5 years ago (60 ±1 2 versus 68 ±18 U/l,
p = 0.10).
After a treatment course with a bisphosphonate in the
patients with Pagef s disease or primary hyperparathyro
idism the percentual decreases in bone alkaline phospha
tase were larger than those observed in total alkaline
phosphatase (fig. 3).
An estimate of the ability to detect changes is the ratio
between the mean of the changes and the SD of the
changes themselves, (which is the mathematical basis of
the Student t test) and it is defined here as precision. In
all groups of patients the precision was higher for bone
alkaline phosphatase (range 1.63.4) than for total alka
line phosphatase (range 0.5—2.4).
Increases in bone markers after bisphosphonate treat
ment are unlikely and almost certainly related to error
or inaccuracy. These increases were observed for total
alkaline phosphatase but not for bone alkaline phospha
tase (fig. 3).
The mean percent changes in bone alkaline phosphatase
and total alkaline phosphatase in osteoporotic patients
Braga et al.: Clinical utility of bone alkaline phosphatase measurement
436
10000
=•1000
1000
·§.
D,
.1
100
i%ι. |: ·*·f :4
1
•3
·« 100
10
10
1
u2
1
g>S
£g Sε o! £S «ε os £^
6
Fig. 1 Individual values (logarithmic scale) of total alkaline phos
phatase in the different groups of subjects. The shadow area corre
sponds to the 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles found in premenopausal
women.
fill
«2
Fig. 2 Individual values (logarithmic scale) of bone alkaline
phosphatase in the different groups of subjects. The shadow area
corresponds to the 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles found in premeno^
pausal women.
Tab. 3 Distribution (percentiles) of bone alkaline phosphatase and total alkaline phosphatase in
apparently healthy women (all, pre and postmenopausal)
Analyse
Percentiles
Premenopausal
All
Postmenopausal
50
90
95
97.5
50
90
95
Bone alkaline
phosphatase (U/l)
32
46
60
65
64
91
95
Total alkaline
phosphatase (U/l)
93
118
139
147
129
167
173
treated with oral alendronate are shown in figure 4. The
precision (η mean/SD of the η mean) was 0.7 and 1.7
for total alkaline phosphatase and bone alkaline phos
phatase respectively.
Bone alkaline phosphatase was above 65 U/l (upper
range for premenopausal women) in 42% of the cases
and above 100 U/l (upper range for postmenopausal
women) in 24% of the cases in patients with hepatobili
ary diseases.
In patients with metabolic bone diseases the values of
total alkaline phosphatase were significantly correlated
with the values of alkaline phosphatase found in the su
pernatant corrected for dilution (supernatant alkaline
phosphatase =55 40.15 total alkaline phosphatase;
50
90
95
100
51
85
93
100
181
111
158
167
181
97.5
97.5
r = 0.65; p < 0.001) and in patients with hepatobiliary
diseases in significant correlation was found between
total alkaline phosphatase and the difference between
total and supernatant enzyme activity (precipitated alka
line phosphatase = 29 + 0.08 total alkaline phospha
tase; r = 0.53; p < 0.001). Thus, approximately 15% of
alkaline phosphatase might not be precipitated by lectin
in patients with bone disease and 8% might be aspecifi
cally precipitated in hepatobiliary patients. Interestingly
the intercepts of the functions are similar to the normal
premenopausal values for bone and residual alkaline
phosphatase. When bone alkaline phosphatase was cal·^
culated by adopting the function suggested in the com
mercial kit, total alkaline phosphatase and bone alkaline
phosphatase were insignificantly related (bone alkaline
Eur J Glin Chem Clin Biochem 1995; 33 (No 7)
437
Braga et al.: Clinical utility of bone alkaline phosphatase measurement
Pagers disease
L30T
LOO
I
C
Primary hyperparaihyroldlsm
(shortterm effect)
A
0.70
0.101
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Congterm effect)
U/l and this might indicate that in patients with the high
est values of alkaline phosphatase the bone fraction of
alkaline phosphatase is not fully precipitated by lectin.
Three serum samples from patients with severe Pagefs
disease without apparent hepatobiliary failure were se
quentially diluted with either serum with undetectable
alkaline phosphatase activity (heath inactivated normal
serum) or saline solution from 1 : 1.5 to 1 : 32 before
measurements. An example of the results obtained is
shown in figure 5. It appears that in undiluted serum
samples with bone alkaline phosphatase values above
1000 U/l the bone fraction is underestimated. Dilution
down to levels of bone alkaline phosphatase below
~ 1000 U/l restores linearity and residual alkaline phos
phatase is that expected from patients without hepatobi
liary diseases (fig. 5).
A strict correlation (r = 0.88) was found between the
bone alkaline phosphatase values measured in 32 pa
tients by both wheatgerm lectin preiciptation and
IRMA (data not shown).
Total
Bone
alkaline phosphatase
Fig. 3 Individual and mean (± SD) fractional changes in bone
alkaline phosphatase and total alkaline phosphatase in patients with
metabolic bone diseases treated with intravenous alendronate. The
patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were studied either
within 3 weeks (middle panel) or within 2 months (lower panel).
º
1.00.
i«·
Ο.Θ1 ±0.036 Ο.β0± 0.082
ffi&m
1
1
0.87 ±0.051 0.55 ±0.097
Bone
Bone
·% ·*:£> ·%$| "#nbf^|
1
500
1000
1500
2000
Alkaline phosphatase expected [U/H
<+.
Ο
§ ο.βο.
1
1
^0.40
020.
2500
Therapy 3 months
Therapy 6 months
Fig. 4 Mean fractional changes (± SE) in bone and total alkaline
phosphatase after 3 and 6 months of therapy with oral alendronate
of osteoporotic patients.
phosphatase = 0.03 total alkaline phosphatase + 35,
r = 0.26; ρ < 0.1) in patients with hepatobiliary disease
without apparent bone involvement. Residual alkaline
phosphatase was also insignificantly related to total al
kaline phosphatase (residual alkaline phosphatase
= 0.03 total alkaline phosphatase +59; r = 0.27;
p < 0.1) in patients with metabolic bone diseases. The
latter correlation is principally, driven by the samples
with total alkaline phosphatase well above 5001000
Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995; 33 (No 7)
500
1000 1500 2000
2500
Alkaline phosphatase measured [U/l]
Fig. 5 Correlation (upper panel) of the measured and calculated
bone alkaline phosphatase activity from a serum sample of a pa
tient with severe Paget's disease diluted either with saline solution
(open triangles) or heat inactivated serum (solid dots).
The proportion of bone alkaline phosphatase over total alkaline
phosphatase falls below 85—95% for bone alkaline phosphatase
values above 1000 U/l (lower panel).
Braga el al.: Clinical utility of bone alkaline phosphatase measurement
438
Discussion
Serum alkaline phosphatase is* extensively used for
assessing bone turnover in patients with metabolic
bone diseases, but its utility is often impaired by
changes occurring in nonbone alkaline phosphatase.
Here we used the lectin precipitation technique to
measure the bone isoforms in normal subjects and
in patients with metabolic bone diseases as well as
liver diseases.
Heat inactivation has been routinely employed for some
time, but the method is both inaccurate and imprecise
and one might wonder whether gains in term of accuracy
are lost in terms of precision (4). If this is the case,
the utility of this method should be limited to patients
suspected to have abnormal nonbone serum alkaline
phosphatase. With the lectin precipitation technique ap
plied in this investigation we have shown that the
discrimination of subjects with high bone turnover, in
cluding children, patients with primary hyperparathyro
idism or Pagefs disease from normals were more accu
rate with bone« alkaline phosphatase evaluation if com
pared to total alkaline phosphatase.
In postmenopausal women the T score (tab. 4) was
within 90% of confidence limit of healthy young sub
jects in 22% of the cases for total alkaline phosphatase
and in 6% for bone alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.001).
The difference between pre and postmenopausal
women for bone alkaline phosphatase reflects the well
known phenomenon of increased postmenopausal bone
turnover and it is so striking that one may wonder
whether two normative values should (tab. 3) be adopted
for pre and postmenopausal women. It has been re
cently reported (11) that vertebral bone density is signif
icantly correlated with lectinprecipitated bone alkaline
phosphatase, but not with total alkaline phosphatase.
This suggests that bone alkaline phosphatase may also
provide useful information regarding the interindividual
variance in bone turnover and bone loss in postmeno
pausal women.
Bone alkaline phosphatase also seems to provide advan
tages over total alkaline phosphatase in monitoring the
effect of inhibitors of bone resorption given to patients
with either Page f 's disease or primary hyperparathyroid
ism. The changes in bone alkaline1 phosphatase were
both greater and more precise. Since total and unprecipi
tated enzyme activity was measured by the same colori
metric method, these results indicate that the improved
precision has to be attributed to fluctuation over time of
nonbone alkaline phosphatase activity, which represents
a source of error when total alkaline phosphatase is esti
mated. The changes occurring in patients with post
menopausal osteoporosis treated chronically with a bis
phosphonate can also be better monitored by measuring
bone alkaline phosphatase as compared to total alkaline
phosphatase (fig. 4). Thus, the ratio between the mean
changes and its standard deviation is approximately 2.5
for total alkaline phosphatase and 6 for bone alkaline
phosphatase. This is of particular importance in clinical
therapeutic trials of osteoporosis, where the absolute ex
pected changes are usually small.
In patients with bone diseases a correlation was found
between total enzyme activity and residual alkaline
phosphatase, which was mainly due to cases with
enzyme activity above 1000 U/L The results of the
linearity tests we carriedout are somewhat at variance
with those reported by others (6, 7, 12). Behr &
Barnen showed good linearity for a serum sample
containing only 400 U/l of bone alkaline phosphatase
but, in agreement with our results, they claim (the
data are not shown) that for bone alkaline phosphatase
activities > 1200 U/l the lectin concentration had to
be proportionally increased for complete precipitation
of bone alkaline phosphatase. It has also been recom
mended not to dilute the serum samples with saline
Tab. 4 T score (mean and distribution in postmenosausal women, in children, in patients with Paget's
disease and with primary hyperparathyroidism
Percentiles
50lh
10th
90th
mean
SEM
P
Postmenopausal women
Children
Total
alkaline
phos
phatase
Bone
alkaline
phos
phatase
Total
alkaline
phos
phatase
1.65
0.15
3.36
1.61
0.17
2.45
1.07
4.6
2.57
0.18
20.8
10.1
96.6
29.49
6.24
<
0.001
< 0.03
Pagef's disease
Primary
hyperparathyroidism
Bone
alkaline
phos
phatase
Total
alkaline
phos
phatase
Bone
alkaline
phos
phatase
Total
alkaline
phos
phatase
Bone
alkaline
phos
phatase
32.0
16.4
168.1
47.28
10.57
8.0
1.7
35.5
13.79
3.34
11.2
2.9
59.3
22.09
5.66
4.0
1.5
8.4'
4.63
0.66
6.1
3.0
13.2
8.18
1.13
•
< 0.001
<0.005
Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995; 33 (No 7)
439
Braga et al.: Clinical utility of bone alkaline phosphatase measurement
solution (6) but we could not find linearity differences
when samples were diluted with saline solution or
serum (fig. 5). In previous studies the highest bone
alkaline phosphatase tested samples contained < 1000
U/l. Our results indicate that for such concentrations
linearity is preserved, but in patients with severe meta
bolic bone diseases the precipitation of bone alkaline
phosphatase by lectin is not complete and sample dilu
tion is mandatory if bone alkaline phosphatase is ex
pected to be higher than 1000 U/l (fig. 5).
From the function relating total alkaline phosphatase to
supernatant and precipitated alkaline phosphatase in pa
tients with bone and hepatobiliary diseases respectively
it can be estimated that approximately 15% of the bone
isoenzyme is not precipitated and 8% of nonbone alka
line phosphatase is unspecifically precipitated by lectin.
These results are similar to those found by comparative
studies between lectin precipitation and electrophoretic
method (10% and 5% respectively) and with the correc
tion function (7) suggested in the commercial kit was
based. When this correction is applied, bone alkaline
phosphatase results may still be unexpectedly increased
in hepatobiliary patients (1. c. (12) and our results). From
the correlation found between total and bone alkaline
phosphatase this overestimate might be approximately
3%. With a recently developed immunological method
(12, 14) the degree of crossreactivity between bone and
nonbone alkaline phosphatase has been found to be
16%, considerably higher than that we found by lectin
precipitation. This might be a problem in patients with
hepatic diseases, arousing the erroneous suspicion of ab
normal bone involvement.
In conclusion the results of the present study indicate
that the measurement of bone alkaline phosphatase by
wheat germ agglutinin separation, a method also easily
available to any small laboratory, can be considered a
substantial improvement over total alkaline phosphatase
measurement with respect to accuracy and is useful for
monitoring treatmentrelated changes in patients with
metabolic bone diseases.
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Prof. Silvano Adami
Catledra di Reumatologia
Policlinico
137134 Verona
Italy