ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ Transportation management practices and Performance of Electoral Systems in Kenya. Authors: Muo Charles1, Dr. Jackson Ndolo2 Dr. Sammy Odari3. DOI: 10.61108/ijiir.v2i1.80 `1Student: Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya 2 Lecturer: KCA University Nairobi, Kenya. 3 Lecturer: Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract: Elections are becoming democracy’s bedrock. Even before the great development of African states were created, antagonists attempted to corrupt, undermine, or otherwise disrupt democracy by seeking to subvert elections. The threats on the electoral process are as old as the vote itself: from adversarial governments, terrorist organizations, strikers for the Boss Tweed vote, people who try to wreak havoc hence the survival of democracy demands for the protection of elections. As a consequence, after the 90s Election Administration in African nations, the tendency of some individuals to impede elections has not changed, mentioning a number of electoral fraud cases in the history of African States. In recent years, some of the tactics of such attempts to overthrow democracy have become distinct. Attacks that exploit vulnerabilities in digital networks today improve conventional approaches and have become an increasingly successful strategy. Therefore, the study sought to determine the relationship between transportation management practices and Performance of Electoral Systems in Kenya.The research design that was used in this study was an exploratory research design. The population for this study consisted of 373 Commission Secretary/Chief Executive Officer (CS/CEO), Deputy Commission Secretary (DCS), Directors, Managers, County Election Managers, and Constituency Election Coordinators within 290 constituencies of Kenya's August 2017 election. A total of 373 respondents were used as the sample size for the study. Data was used as primary and secondary. While self-administered questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect primary data, the study reviewed the previous evaluation reports to seek the secondary data on performance of election systems in Kenya. The data was collected and then analyzed by both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The results of this study benefited policy makers, managers, administrators, citizens all whole, researchers, consultants, scholars, and trainers involved in election administration. This study tested the null hypotheses that transportation management practices had no significant relationship in the performance of electoral systems in Kenya. Pragmatism paradigm approach and mixed method research were adopted in this study. The questionnaire tested both validity and reliability. Quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to analyze the collected data with the assistance of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 25. Multiple regression and correlation analysis were carried out. The results revealed a positive correlation (R = 0.712) between transportation management practices and electoral system performance, with approximately 50.7% of the variance explained by transportation management practices. The consequences of these findings are relevant for electoral authorities and policymakers that aim to improve the dependability, participation rate, uniformity, and trustworthiness of election systems through the use of strategic transportation management practices. The study recommends key strategies to enhance the performance of Kenyan electoral systems through improved Transportation Management Practices. It suggests adopting advanced route optimization software for efficient delivery of voting materials, emphasizing GPS tracking and real-time monitoring. Comprehensive inspections before departure are urged to identify and rectify potential issues. Rigorous security protocols, including background checks, sealed containers, and security escorts, are proposed to address Transportation Security concerns. For Reverse Logistics, a meticulously designed plan is recommended for systematic collection, packaging, and timely pickup of materials post-election. Thorough examination and authentication of returned 53 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ materials are crucial for ensuring accuracy and reliability. Proper maintenance of equipment is emphasized to guarantee optimal functionality for future electoral processes. Keywords: Transportation management practices, Performance of electoral systems APA Citation; Charles, M., Ndolo, J., & Odari, S. (2024). Transportation management practices and Performance of Electoral Systems in Kenya. International Journal Of Innovations And Interdisciplinary Research (IJIIR) ISSN 3005-4885 (p);3005-4893(o), 2(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.61108/ijiir.v2i1.80 1.0. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study In order to ensure that polling stations are completely prepared for the start of voting and that accountable and important election materials are retrieved safely and efficiently, the provision of transport that is efficient, secure and on time is crucial (Aluko,2023). Transportation preparation is an incredibly complicated operation that needs to be finished well in advance of the election. Management resources required to support an effective election supply transportation activity should not be underestimated, particularly where broad geographical areas are involved and a wide variety of means of transport need to be used (Waki Commission, 2008). According to Ibeanu, (2022) defined transportation management practices in the context of elections as a strategic planning, coordination, and execution of activities related to the transportation of election materials, personnel, and equipment. This encompasses a range of logistical processes aimed at ensuring the secure, timely, and efficient movement of resources critical to the electoral process. Transportation plans need to be completely integrated with packaging plans and be sufficiently flexible to adapt to supplier differences in delivery dates (Adekola,2019). It is as necessary to plan the retrieval of supplies from voting stations as to plan the initial supply. An essential assurance of electoral integrity is ensuring that all accountable resources are returned to safe storage(Aluko,2023). At this point, the loss of responsible materials would instantly raise public concerns about the legitimacy of voting and counting. The methods of transportation needed would depend on the terrain, the weather conditions, the time available for supply, and the distances to be transported for materials and equipment (Olaleke,2023). Whether direct distribution from a central warehouse or scheduled distribution from central to regional warehouses and then to polling stations depends partly on the transport infrastructure and distances to be covered (Zainuri, 2023). It may be effective to enlist the assistance of other state agencies in the delivery and retrieval of supplies to the polling stations in the short timeframes available. However, public trust and faith in their use must be taken into account. It may be effective to enlist the assistance of other state agencies in the distribution and retrieval of supplies to the polling stations in the limited timeframes available. However, public trust and confidence in their use must be taken into consideration (Okubasu, 2017). Strong restrictions need to be implemented, in particular with regard to responsible voting materials and valuable supplies (Giroux, 2022). A comprehensive audit trail of the distribution 54 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ and receipt of the paperwork for the accountable materials must be available from the time the supplies leave the manufacturer until their return to the electoral management stores after the day of the vote. Records of the locations of all supplies at any time must be strictly maintained and personal accountability for their safety must be enforced (Herbawi, & Husini, 2023). Intensive preparation for the retrieval of voting site resources is expected with regard to the supply of materials, equipment and, where necessary, personnel to voting stations. It is included preparation of routes and times for pick-up and also arrangements to ensure that all responsible and recycled materials have been returned (Umar, Atte, & Haruna,2022). Where ballot counts are conducted in separate counting centers, transportation arrangements are often required to include the delivery of materials from the voting station to the counting center and, after the counting, from the counting center to the control and storage (Aluko,2023). These arrangements can be more difficult than delivery of materials to the voting station in PickUp of Material and less likely to meet a pre-arranged timetable. Real pick-up times from voting stations may be determined by the meeting objectives of voting activities (long delays which occur if large numbers of voters are at the voting station at the time of voting closure), the completion of accounting and other records, and packed materials (Tostensen, 2010). This cannot be done easily at the end of a long day. It is important to communicate specific pick-up instructions to voting station workers and to emphasize the importance of the rollback of election resources (Weng, & Musuva, 2022). This should allow for pick-up schedules. Most significantly, there is liaison between the office of the electoral district manager and each voting station so that progress can be tracked and any changes relayed to drivers for pick-up scheduling. It might not be possible to return all materials to the electoral district manager's office immediately after the election in more remote rural areas (Cheeseman, & Klaas, 2018). It may be necessary to arrange for these supplies to be stored at any existing secure emergency resupply depots for pick-up and delivery to the electoral district manager's office the next day or later. There are jurisdictions where it is the responsibility of the polling station or counting Centre manager in urban areas to return all election materials to the offices of the electoral district manager. This can be cost-effective in areas with low security threat (Ibrahim, & Garuba, 2007). 1.2 Statement of the Problem Africa is rapidly becoming a democratic continent, and with this transformation comes the challenge of managing credible elections at a reasonable cost in term of transportation of election material across many African nations (Awopeju, 2011). The backbone activity in the conduct of elections is logistics Management practices particularly in term of transportation of election which is currently facing serious challenges in meeting electoral demands in the whole Africa Continent. The experience of the 2013 and 2017 Kenyan General Election shows that there were disjointed electoral process logistics, non-adherence to the General Election Plan of Operation and Crisis Management. Critical areas affected were procurement, inspection and testing, warehousing, and transportation of equipment, supplies, facilities and personnel. According to Elaigwu (2012) the principal forms of election fraud or irregularities in Nigeria were perfected in the elections of 1964, 1965, 1979, 1983, 1999, 2003 and 2007. International Foundation for Electoral Systems annual report on Kenya since 1988, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2013 up to 2017 also has been a trend of electoral process posited that election administration 55 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ has been challenge to Kenya government in particular in the area of electoral logistics management in the following area of insufficient Transportation management (Luo, & Rozenas, 2018). As a result of these challenges, measurement of the efficiency of utilization of the resources committed to electoral processes needs to be conducted, as it is easy to assume that the election is so important that whatever resource has been committed to it seems justified, and as a result of this, funds and other related electoral resources are not used optimally (Kersting, 2012). The problem of insufficient Transportation management also usually implies that good electoral processes in Kenya are quite expensive. This issue of election cost has been raised recently by the presidents of South Africa and Nigeria in separate instances. Therefore, this study is appropriate and timely; hence it seeks to examine the role of transportation management practices on performance of electoral systems in Kenya . 1.3 Objective of the Study The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between Transportation management practices and performance of electoral systems in Kenya. 1.4 Research Hypothesis H01: Transportation management has no significant role on performance of electoral systems in Kenya 1.5 Significance of the Study The significance of the study lies in its exploration of the crucial role of logistics management in national general elections, emphasizing its impact on democratic practices, institutions, and economic growth. Successful elections are seen as catalysts for strengthening democracy. The primary beneficiaries of this research include the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC), as it helps them understand the direct and indirect costs of improper logistics management that could compromise the election process quality and lead to nullification. Political parties can benefit by appreciating the IEBC's role, while policymakers may utilize the findings to develop or amend policies addressing challenges in national general elections. Additionally, researchers and scholars can build on the study's insights, identifying gaps for further research, thereby contributing to the existing knowledge on the logistics role in Kenyan elections. 1.6 Scope of the Study This research study was set under certain principles and thresholds as follows. Under the larger context of the study, the theoretical foundation of this research study was based on the main broad areas of transportation management practices, on the performance of electoral systems in Kenya. On the level of participants, the research examined a concept that was very sensitive in nature, independent elections, and boundaries commission tended to closely guard any information related to their activity. This study tended to require data that could give a meaningful insight into the activities that were happening around the elections to make it successful, and this information could be available only with the independent elections and boundaries commission. Sometimes it was only the member of independent elections and boundaries commission who would agree to share the information needed to carry out this research. Given the organizational structure of independent elections and boundaries commission, it was more likely that Commission Secretary/Chief Executive Officer (CS/CEO), Deputy Commission Secretary (DCS), Directors, Managers, County Election Managers, Constituency Election Coordinators, who were also closely associated with the election 56 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ activities had a more accurate and reasonable insight into the activities surrounding the logistics practices and performance of electoral systems in Kenya. The research adopted a longitudinal research design, which was more of a qualitative and quantitative method and used a survey questionnaire as a data collection tool to collect the primary data. Based on the theoretical framework, a questionnaire was developed and piloted to make any appropriate amendments to collect the appropriate data from the targeted participants. The primary data was collected from the participants by sending the survey questionnaire through the mail and sending the online link through email because all the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission offices were geographically dispersed from each other according to the county 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Theoretical Framework 2.2.1 Theory of Constraints The theory of constraints (TOC) has been popularly referred to as the philosophy of management coined by Goldratt, Cyplik, Hadaś, & Domański, (2009) with aim to initiate and develop the breakthrough improvement, by concentrating on a constraint which impeded a higher level of performances of an election system. The theory of constraints paradigm fundamentally stated that every institution should have at least one constraint (Simatupang, Wright, & Sridharan, 2004). The purpose of incorporating TOC into the study is to explore its applicability in understanding and improving the transportation management practices and performance of electoral systems in Kenya. As Simatupang, et. al. (2004) pointed out, in order to create competitive advantage, collaborating institutions shared responsibilities and benefits with their upstream and downstream partners. When all the partners of the supply chain (SC) have indeed been integrated and operate as a homogeneous organization, benefit and performance have been improved as a blend of supply and demand in the supply chain (Santos, Marins, Alves and Moellmann, 2010). Flores & Primo (2008 ) claimed that the logistic process became more and more complicated with the crescent market requirement and with much higher demand levels, especially when it came to achieving a competitive edge (Santos, et al., 2010) Therefore, the theory of Constraints focuses on identifying and alleviating bottlenecks in processes to enhance overall system performance. Key concepts include identifying constraints, exploiting constraints, and subordinating everything else to the constraint. In the context of transportation management in electoral systems, this involves recognizing and optimizing critical points in the logistics process (Simatupang, et al., 2004). According to Gupta, Digalwar, Gupta, and Goyal, (2024) the theory was chosen for its relevance to complex systems, offering a systematic approach to improve efficiency and effectiveness. In the electoral context, transportation is a critical component, and theory emphasis on optimizing constraints aligns with the goal of enhancing electoral system performance in Kenya. Existing literature supports the application of Theory of Constraints in various sectors like manufacturing and telecommunication (Fatorachian, & Kazemi, 2018; Ribeiro, Schmitz, Alencar, & Silva, 2018), but its specific use in the electoral context is limited. Studies on transportation management and logistics provide a foundation, but a gap exists in applying the theory to electoral logistics, emphasizing the need for this research. The theory directly addresses the research questions by providing a framework to identify and address constraints in transportation management within the electoral system. It informs the research approach by emphasizing a systematic analysis of logistical processes to enhance overall system performance(Awopeju, 2011). In the Kenyan electoral system, the theory can be 57 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ applied by identifying bottlenecks in transportation, such as delays in delivering election materials. For instance, optimizing the transportation route for timely delivery aligns with TOC principles, ensuring the smooth conduct of elections. Critics argue that the theory oversimplifies complex systems and may not consider external factors adequately. Limitations include potential resistance to change within existing systems. To address this, the study will acknowledge these concerns and emphasize a contextualized application of TOC in the electoral setting. Alternative theories, such as Lean Management or Six Sigma, were considered. However, TOC's focus on constraints and its adaptability to dynamic and complex systems in the electoral context justified its selection over these alternatives. The theory influenced the interpretation of findings by highlighting specific areas for improvement in transportation management. The findings could inform electoral management bodies and policymakers in enhancing logistical practices for more efficient electoral processes(Weng, & Musuva, 2022).. In summary, the theory provides a robust framework for understanding and addressing challenges in transportation management within electoral systems in Kenya. Its emphasis on identifying and optimizing constraints aligns with the goal of improving overall electoral system performance. The study recognizes the importance of the theory in shaping research outcomes and offering practical insights for electoral logistics enhancement. 2.2 Conceptual Framework Performance of Electoral Systems. • Reliability • Voter turnout • Consistency • Credibility Transportation management • Delivery voting material on site • Transportation security • Reverse logistics Independent Variable Dependent Variable 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research design that was used in this study was an exploratory research design. The study was guided by the facts surrounding the pragmatism paradigm which included according to Borrego, et al., (2009), ontological, epistemological, axiological and methodological philosophies. The population for this study consisted of 373 Commission Secretary/Chief Executive Officer (CS/CEO), Deputy Commission Secretary (DCS), Directors, Managers, County Election Managers, and Constituency Election Coordinators within 290 constituencies of Kenya's August 2017 election. A total of 373 respondents were used as the sample size for the study. Data was used as primary and secondary. While self-administered questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect primary data, the study reviewed the previous evaluation reports to seek the secondary data on performance general election system. The data was collected and then analyzed by both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Being that the study dealt with the relationship study, the study therefore used a regression model as a tool of analysis and the results that were generated were presented in the form of table. 4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 4.1 Response Rate In total 121 questionnaires were distributed to the staff in various departments. A total of 110 58 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ questionnaires were reasonably and adequately completed representing 91% percent response rate while 11 questionnaires were not returned. This response rate was deemed satisfactory as suggested by Sekaran & Bougie (2016) who recommends 75 percent as a rule of thumb for minimum responses. The high response rate realized in the current study can be attributed to the data collection method that meant involvement of all the levels of employees. According to Kothari (2004), a response rate of 50% is acceptable to analyses and publish, 60% is good, 70% is very good and beyond 80% is an excellent response rate. Saunders, et al., (2003) on the other hand indicate that 30 to 50 percent response rate is reasonable enough for statistical generalizations. Babbie and Benaquisto (2009) stated that a response rate of 50% is adequate while Bailey (1987) set an adequate response rate at 75%. Mugenda (2008) avers that a response rate of 50% is adequate, 60% and above good, and above 70% very good. Furthermore, the JKUAT university introductory letter and NACOSTI research permit were delivered before the actual interviews were conducted which may mean respondents were alerted in advance. Table 4.1: Response Rate Response Respondents Percentage Returned 110 91% Not Returned 11 9% Total Distributed 121 100% 4.2 Descriptive Statistical Analysis The study carried out descriptive statistical analysis in order to establish the basic trends of the data and, consequently, form the basis for which other inferential statistical analyses could be carried out. This sub-section describes the results arising from the descriptive statistical analysis 4.2.1 Descriptive Analysis of the role of Transport management practices on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. The third objective of the study sought to determine the role of transport management practices on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. The respondents were asked to rate their opinion regarding the following statements as far as transport management practices are concerned. Firstly, on whether the respondent was familiar with transport management practices on election materials, Respondents, on average, indicated moderate familiarity with transport management practices for election materials. This suggests a baseline understanding among participants with a mean of 3.67 and standard deviation of 0.97. On whether efficient transport management helps to distribute electoral materials to the right polling stations in a timely manner, The perception of the efficiency of transport management in distributing electoral materials is generally positive, with respondents expressing confidence in the timely delivery of materials to polling stations with a mean of 3.72 and standard deviation of 1.307. Concerning whether on Transport management practices contribute significantly to the safety and security of the electoral process, there is a lower average agreement regarding the contribution of transport management practices to the safety and security of the electoral process. This indicates a perceived need for improvement in this aspect with a mean of 2.88 and standard deviation of 0.984. In addition, on whether efficient transport management practices are essential for ensuring high voter turnout in elections in Kenya. Respondents strongly believe that efficient transport management practices are essential for ensuring a high voter turnout in Kenyan elections, suggesting the perceived importance of logistical operations with a mean of 3.73 and standard deviation of 1.133. Concerning whether there were submission results using BVR machines. Respondents provided 59 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ a moderate rating regarding the extent to which results were submitted using Biometric Voter Registration (BVR) machines, indicating room for improvement or potential challenges in technological adoption with a mean of 2.91 and standard deviation of 1.121. On comparison of Results with IEBC Website; There is a moderate agreement on the alignment of submitted results with those published on the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) website, suggesting a reasonable level of transparency and accuracy with a mean of 3.09 and standard deviation of 1.13. IEBC-provided Security to Election Officers with a Mean: 4.22, and standard deviation of 0.932, This shows that respondents highly appreciate the security provided by the IEBC to election officers, indicating a strong perception of safety measures implemented during the electoral process. On availability of Internet for Results Submission with a Mean: 2.85, and standard deviation of 1.03. This indicated the average perception of the availability of the internet for results submission is moderate, suggesting potential challenges or limitations in internet accessibility during the electoral period. On transportation for Officials and Materials a Mean: 3.66 and standard deviation of 1.08. This indicated that the Respondents express a positive perception of the extent to which transportation was offered to election officials and voting materials, emphasizing the importance of logistical support. On use of Technology for Transport Management with a Mean: 4.05, and standard deviation of 0.90, This indicated that the Participants strongly agree that the use of technology, such as GPS tracking, can enhance transport management practices during elections, indicating a positive outlook on technological solutions. Finally, the overall mean score suggests a moderately positive perception of transport management practices in electoral processes in Kenya, with a relatively low level of deviation, indicating a degree of consensus among respondents. Table 4.15: Descriptive Analysis of the role of Transport management practices on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. Statements Mean Dev Are you familiar with Transport management practices on election materials 3.67 0.97 Efficient transport management helps to distribute electoral materials to the right 3.72 1.31 polling stations in a timely manner. Transport management practices contribute significantly to the safety and security 2.88 .984 of the electoral process Efficient transport management practices are essential for ensuring high voter 3.73 1.13 turnout in elections in Kenya To what extent did you submit results using BVR machines 2.91 1.12 To what extent did results tally with the one published in the IEBC WEBSITE 3.09 1.13 To what extent was did the IEBC provided security to election officers 4.22 .932 To what extent was internet was available for submission of results 2.85 1.03 To what extent was transportation offered to both elections official and voting 3.66 1.08 materials The use of technology, such as GPS tracking, can improve transport management 4.05 .907 practices during elections in Kenya Overall 3.34 0.57 . 4.2.2 Descriptive Statistics for measurement of performance of electoral systems in Kenya On behalf measurement of performance of electoral systems in Kenya as dependent variable the findings were as follows: Firstly, the results show that most respondents strongly agreed with the 60 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ assertion that the availability of polling materials at my polling station on the day of the election (x̅ = 3.2781, SD= 1.0916). Secondly on whether there were delays in the delivery of polling materials to my polling station on the day of the election most respondents strongly agreed with the statement with (x̅ = 3.16, SD= 0.9424). Thirdly on whether the transportation of polling materials from the distribution centers to the polling stations most respondents strongly agreed with the statements with a mean of 3.7517 and standard deviation of 1.2068. Fourthly, most respondents strongly agreed with the assertion that there were incidents of electoral fraud or irregularities during the electoral process with a mean of 3.1192, standard deviation of 1.0338. Also, on whether the results of the election were announced in a timely and transparent manner most respondents strongly disagreed with a mean of 2.85, standard deviation of 1.039. findingsThe rest of the findings are shown in Table 4 Table 4.18: Measurement of performance of electoral systems in Kenya Statements Mean Dev The availability of polling materials at my polling station on the day of the 3.2781 1.092 election There were delays in the delivery of polling materials to my polling station on 3.16 .9424 the day of the election The transportation of polling materials from the distribution centers to the 3.7517 1.207 polling stations There were incidents of electoral fraud or irregularities during the electoral 3.1192 1.034 process There were incidents of voter intimidation or harassment during the electoral 4.22 .932 process The results of the election were announced in a timely and transparent manner 2.85 1.04 The vote counting process was accurate and transparent: 3.66 1.09 The voter registration process was efficient and effective 4.05 .907 The voting process was easy and accessible 4.22 .932 The vote counting process was accurate and transparent: 3.679 0.943 Inferential Statistics Regression Analysis for the role of Transportation management practices on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. The third objective of the study was designed to examine the role of transportation management practices on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. The literature that was reviewed in this study as well as theoretical reasoning associated transportation management practices with performance of electoral systems in Kenya. In this case, performance of electoral systems in Kenya was guided by the following indicator by reliability, voter turnout, consistency and credibility while transportation management practices were guided by the following indicators that is Delivery voting material on site, Transportation security and Reverse logistics Following the theoretical arguments, the following null research hypothesis was formulated and tested: Ho3: Transportation management practices has no significant role on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. 61 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ The table below presented a model summary that examines the role of Transportation management practices on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. The summary provides important statistical measures and change statistics to assess the overall quality and effectiveness of the model. The correlation coefficient (R) measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the predictors (transport management) and the dependent variable (performance of electoral systems). In this model, the correlation coefficient is 0.712a, indicating a moderately strong positive correlation between transport management and electoral system performance. This suggests that higher levels of transport management are associated with better performance of electoral systems. The coefficient of determination (R Square) represents the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that can be explained by the predictors. In this model, the R Square value is 0.507, indicating that approximately 50.7% of the variation in electoral system performance can be explained by transport management. This implies that transport management is a significant factor influencing the performance of electoral systems. The adjusted R Square accounts for the number of predictors and adjusts the R Square value accordingly. In this model, the adjusted R Square is 0.502, which suggests that transport management accounts for a substantial portion of the variation in electoral system performance, even after considering the number of predictors. The standard error of the estimate provides an estimate of the average deviation between the observed values and the predicted values of the dependent variable. In this model, the standard error of the estimate is 0.45488. A lower value indicates a better fit of the model, suggesting that the predicted values are closer to the actual values of electoral system performance. The change statistics and Durbin-Watson test assess the significance of the model and the presence of autocorrelation, which is the correlation between the residuals. In this model, the R Square Change is 0.507, indicating a significant improvement in the model's fit after adding transport management as a predictor. The F Change value is 110.870, which exceeds the critical value, suggesting that the improvement in the model's fit is statistically significant. The Durbin-Watson statistic measures autocorrelation, with a value of 2.093. A value between 1.5 and 2.5 indicates no significant autocorrelation in the model's residuals. In Conclusion these findings emphasize the need for effective transport management strategies to optimize the performance of electoral systems. By understanding the relationship between transport management and electoral system performance, policymakers and electoral organizations can make informed decisions to improve logistics and transportation, ultimately leading to more efficient and reliable electoral processes. Further research and analysis are recommended to explore additional factors that may influence electoral system performance and to validate the findings of this model. Table 4.26: Regression Analysis for the role of Transportation management practices on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. Model Summaryb Std. Error Change Statistics R Adjusted of the R Square F Sig. F DurbinModel R Square R Square Estimate Change Change df1 df2 Change Watson a 1 .712 .507 .502 .45488 .507 110.870 1 108 .000 2.093 a. Predictors: (Constant), Transport management b. Dependent Variable: Performance of electoral systems 62 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ Analysis of Variance for the role of Transport management practices on the performance of electoral systems in Kenya In this case, the regression model shows a significant effect on the dependent variable (Performance of electoral systems). The F-value for the regression model is 110.870, indicating the ratio of the mean square for the regression to the mean square for the residual. A higher Fvalue suggests a greater significance of the predictors. In this case, the F-value is substantial, suggesting a strong relationship between transport management and the performance of electoral systems. The significance level (p-value) is 0.000, indicating that the regression model is statistically significant. Thus, transport management significantly explains the performance of electoral systems. The regression model explains a significant amount of variance in the dependent variable, as indicated by the large sum of squares for the regression compared to the residual sum of squares. The sum of squares analysis confirms that the regression model explains a considerable portion of the variability in electoral system performance. However, there is also some unexplained variation represented by the residual sum of squares. Further investigation may be necessary to identify other variables or factors that contribute to the remaining unexplained variability. Nonetheless, the findings highlight the importance of effective transport management strategies in improving the performance of electoral systems and provide valuable insights for policymakers and electoral organizations to enhance logistics and transportation operations. Support your studies Table 4.27: Analysis of Variance for the role of Transport management practices on the performance of electoral systems in Kenya ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 3 Regression 22.941 1 22.941 110.870 .000b Residual 22.347 108 .207 Total 45.288 109 a. Dependent Variable: Performance of electoral systems b. Predictors: (Constant), Transport management Coefficients for role of Transport management practices on the performance of electoral systems in Kenya The explored regression test indicates that there was a significant role of Transport management practices on the performance of electoral systems in Kenya. From the regression model expressed by Y= 0.997 +0.738X1 a change by a unit in Transport management practices lead to a correspondent change of 0.738 on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. The constant term in the model represents the intercept, indicating the value of the dependent variable (performance of electoral systems) when all predictors are zero. In this case, the constant value is 0.997. The standard error associated with the constant is 0.281, which reflects the precision of the estimated coefficient. The t-value of 3.551 suggests that the constant term is statistically significant at a significance level of 0.001. The coefficient for transport management measures the change in the dependent variable associated with a one-unit change in the predictor. In this model, the unstandardized coefficient for transport management is 0.738, indicating that a one-unit increase in transport management is associated with a 0.738 increase in the performance of electoral systems. The 63 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ standard error of the transport management coefficient is 0.070, indicating the precision of the estimate. The t-value of 10.529 suggests that the coefficient is statistically significant at a significance level of 0.000, indicating a strong relationship between transport management and electoral system performance. The standardized coefficients provide a measure of the relative importance of each predictor in predicting the dependent variable. In this model, the standardized coefficient (Beta) for transport management is 0.712. This value represents the change in the dependent variable, in standard deviation units, associated with a one-standard-deviation change in transport management. A standardized coefficient of 0.712 indicates that transport management has a strong positive impact on the performance of electoral systems. Collinearity statistics assess the multicollinearity among predictors, which is the extent to which predictors are correlated with each other. These was achieve measuring tolerance value and Variance Inflation Factor. The tolerance value indicates the proportion of the variance in the predictor variable that is not accounted for by other predictors. In this case, the tolerance value for transport management is 1.000, suggesting that there is no issue of multicollinearity with other predictors while the VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) is the reciprocal of the tolerance and measures the degree of multicollinearity. A VIF of 1.000 indicates no multicollinearity, which is the case for transport management. In conclusion, these findings highlight the importance of effective transport management strategies in optimizing the performance of electoral systems, providing valuable insights for policymakers and electoral organizations to improve logistics and transportation operations. Table 4.28: Coefficients for role of Transport management practices on the performance of electoral systems in Kenya Coefficientsa Model 1 Unstandardized Coefficients B Std. Error .997 .281 .738 .070 Standardized t Coefficients Beta (Constant) Transport .712 management a. Dependent Variable: Performance of electoral systems Sig. 3.551 .001 10.529 .000 Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF 1.000 1.000 5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Summary of the Study To assess the role of Transportation management practices on performance of electoral systems in Kenya. The study's third objective aimed to investigate the impact of transport management practices on the performance of electoral systems in Kenya. The study collected data through respondents' opinions on various statements related to transport management practices. These statements included familiarity with transport management practices for election materials, the role of efficient transport management in distributing electoral materials to polling stations, the contribution of transport management practices to the safety and security of the electoral 64 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ process, the necessity of efficient transport management for high voter turnout, and the submission of results using Biometric Voter Registration (BVR) machines. The results indicated a range of responses. For instance, in terms of familiarity with transport management practices, a minority strongly disagreed (19.1%), while the majority disagreed (34.5%), and some remained neutral (12.7%), agreed (22.7%), or strongly agreed (10.9%). Similar patterns emerged in other statements, suggesting varying levels of agreement or disagreement with the importance of transport management practices for different aspects of the electoral system. The study used regression analysis to explore the relationship between transport management practices and electoral system performance. The analysis revealed a moderately strong positive correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.712) between transport management and electoral system performance. Approximately 50.7% of the variation in electoral system performance was explained by transport management practices. This connection remained significant even after adjusting for the number of predictors. Further analysis through analysis of variance showed that the regression model significantly affected the dependent variable (performance of electoral systems). The F-value of 110.870 indicated a substantial relationship between transport management and electoral system performance, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.000. This reinforced the notion that transport management practices play a significant role in explaining electoral system performance. The coefficients derived from the regression model demonstrated that a unit change in transport management practices led to a corresponding change of 0.738 in electoral system performance. Both the constant term and the coefficient for transport management were statistically significant, reinforcing the strong relationship between the two variables. The standardized coefficient (Beta) of 0.712 indicated that transport management had a noteworthy positive impact on electoral system performance. Multicollinearity statistics were used to assess the relationship between predictors. The tolerance value of 1.000 and VIF of 1.000 indicated no multicollinearity issues with other predictors, specifically transport management. 5.2 Conclusions of the Study Based on the findings, the research underscored the crucial importance of implementing efficient transportation management techniques to improve the efficacy of election processes in Kenya. The results provided useful insights for policymakers and electoral organizations, highlighting the necessity of enhancing logistics and transportation operations to achieve greater efficiency and dependability in electoral procedures. Nevertheless, it is advisable to do further study in order to investigate additional elements that may impact the effectiveness of voting systems and verify the results obtained from this model. 5.3 Recommendation of the Study The study's findings and analysis of the role of Transportation Management Practices on the performance of Kenyan electoral systems suggest several recommendations that can enhance the effectiveness of electoral processes. The study proposes the adoption of advanced route optimization software as a solution to enhance the delivery of voting materials on site. By implementing this technology, the most efficient and timely routes can be planned, ensuring that voting materials reach polling stations promptly.This approach aims to address the challenges associated with the delivery process and improve the overall efficiency of the electoral system. The implementation of GPS tracking and real-time monitoring systems is crucial in minimizing 65 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ delays and ensuring the timely delivery of materials to their intended destinations. This recommendation is supported by the study, which emphasizes the importance of utilizing such technologies to track the movement of delivery vehicles and voting materials. By adopting these measures, organizations can enhance their logistical operations and improve overall efficiency in the delivery process. This approach significantly augments transparency, accountability, and the capacity to promptly address any unforeseen challenges. It is imperative to emphasize the significance of conducting comprehensive inspections of delivery vehicles and materials prior to departure, with the aim of ensuring that all components are in optimal condition. By adhering to this practice, potential issues or defects can be identified and rectified, thereby mitigating the risk of any untoward incidents during transportation. This proactive approach not only enhances operational efficiency but also safeguards the integrity of the delivered goods, ultimately contributing to voter satisfaction and organizational success. Implementing proactive measures can effectively mitigate last-minute issues and prevent unnecessary delays. The study strongly recommends the implementation of rigorous security protocols for the transportation of voting materials in order to address concerns related to Transportation Security. In order to ensure the safety and security of transportation operations, it is imperative to implement a comprehensive set of measures. These measures encompass conducting thorough background checks for transportation personnel, employing sealed containers, and establishing secure loading and unloading processes. By adopting these practices, we can significantly mitigate potential risks and safeguard the integrity of transportation systems. It is highly recommended to implement police or security escort services for delivery vehicles, particularly in areas that pose a high risk. The implementation of an additional layer of security serves to enhance the overall protection measures and acts as a deterrent against potential threats. Furthermore, with regards to Reverse Logistics, it is strongly recommended that a meticulously designed plan be formulated for the systematic collection of voting materials and equipment subsequent to the election. The provision of explicit guidelines to polling station personnel regarding the proper packaging and return of materials is essential to guarantee the comprehensive and accurate inventory of all items involved in the electoral process. It is imperative to underscore the equal significance of this matter. It is highly recommended to arrange punctual pickups of materials subsequent to the election in order to mitigate congestion and potential setbacks in the process of returning said materials. Undoubtedly, it is evident that the establishment of a systematic procedure to thoroughly examine and authenticate the state of returned materials is imperative. By implementing such a process, we can ensure the accuracy and reliability of the assessment, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the inspection procedure. Ensuring the proper maintenance and functionality of all equipment is of paramount importance, as it guarantees that the equipment remains in optimal condition and can be effectively utilized in forthcoming electoral processes 5.4 Areas for Further Research Based on the obtained results, it is evident that the coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated to be 71.2%. This signifies that the independent variable, namely Transport management, collectively accounted for a substantial proportion (71.2%) of the observed variations in performance. The proposed model in this study fails to account for additional factors, which account for a significant portion of 28.8% of the data. Thus, further investigation should be conducted to identify additional variables that account for the remaining 28.8% of performance, taking into consideration the specific context and scope of the study. This 66 ISSN 3005-4885(Print) ISSN 3005-4893 (online) Research Bridge Publisher, International Journal of Innovations and Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (53-69), Month: January – April 2024, Available at: https://researchbridgepublisher.com/ additional research will enhance our understanding of the factors influencing performance and contribute to a more comprehensive analysis of the subject matter. Therefore, it is highly recommended that further research be conducted in different countries, such as the East African region, to assess the performance of election systems. By employing the same factors utilized in this study, it would be possible to determine whether the findings remain consistent in a distinct context. An additional study could be conducted on the topic of logistics management in the context of election operations. This study would aim to measure the variable of overall performance using different proxies. 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