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2023, TREN DE ACTIVIDADES - USO DE TABLA CBA
Parte 2
Resty Nabaggala, Undergraduate research
ELECTRONIC BANKING ADOPTION AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS A CASE STUDY OF CENTENARY BANK, MBARARA BRANCH2021 •
Globally, commercial banks play an important role for the development of the countries through the resource mobilization since they channel funds from savers to borrowers continuously. The financial performance of banks therefore has critical implications for economic growth of developing and developed countries (Malakolunthu & Rengasamy, 2012). How well a financial institution is performing is of great importance for the resource providers for making correct investment decisions. Poor banking performance can lead to banking failure and crisis which have negative repercussions on the economic growth (Gautam, 2018). Financial performance depends on various factors including Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Efficiency and Liquidity among others. Therefore, in order to ensure sound financial performance, banks should focus on the factors likely to affect profitability and the extent of their influence (Nalianya & Miroga, 2020). Financial performance analysis of commercial banks has been of great interest to academic research since the Great Depression Intern the 1940’s (Flamini et al., 2009). Financial Performance refers to the subjective measure of how well a bank can use its assets from its primary mode of business and generate revenues. It is also used as a general measure of a firm’s overall financial health over a given period. To measure the financial performance of commercial banks, there are variety of ratios used of which Return on Asset, Return on Equity and Net Interest Margin are the major ones (Alexandru et al., 2008). ROE is a financial ratio that refers to how much profit a company earned compared to the total amount of shareholder equity invested or found on the balance sheet (Khrawish, 2011). ROA is a ratio of Income to its total asset and measures how efficiently the resources of the company are used to generate the income (Khrawish, 2011). NIM is a measure of the difference between the interest income generated by banks and the amount of interest paid out to their lenders such as deposits, relative to the amount of their interest earning assets (Gul, Faiza, Khalid, 2011). Poor financial performance has been at the heart of many commercial banks failures around the globe and this has seen the collapse of several commercial banks worldwide including Northern Rock Bank in United Kingdom (O'Connell, 2017), Anglo Irish Bank in Ireland (Chu, 2014), Pioneer Mutual Bank in Scotland (Williams, 2021), Twiga Bancorp in Tanzania (Tanzania Invest, 2018), Imperial and Chase Banks in Kenya (Masinde, 2016; Guguyu, 2020) and Crane Bank Ltd in Uganda (Business Focus Report, 2017; Aine, 2018) to mention but a few. Therefore the financial performance of the banking sector is a key to the health of the banking sector and is closely linked to the safety of the entire economy in general (Muranaga & Ohsawa, 2012). In sub-Saharan Africa, financial depth in the sub-region has remained very low with average return on assets (ROA) of 2% and return on equity (ROE) of 15% which does not improve over the years (Munyambonera, 2013). In Uganda however, financial performance of the banking industry slightly higher than that of sub Saharan Africa with aggregate return on assets and return on equity of 2.8% and 16.7% respectively (BOU, 2018). Globally, most modern banks in developed countries have deployed electronic banking capabilities in an attempt to reduce costs and improve financial performance. Electronic banking started in the United Kingdom in September 1982, initially on a restricted basis, before it was expanded nationally in 1983 (Prendergast, 1992). In the United States, e-banking was introduced in 1984, a year after it went national in the UK (New York Times, 1984). After a test period with 2,500 users starting in 1984, online banking services were launched in France in 1988 but become popular in 1990. In 1997, the first online banking service was launched by Sumitomo Bank of Japan but became popular in 2012 where 65.2% were the users of personal internet banking (NCACJ, 2000). In 1998, ICICI Bank introduced internet banking in India to its customers (ICICI-Bank, 2020). In 1996, Banco Original SA launched its online-only retail banking in Brazil (Mari, 2019). In January 2015, WeBank, the online bank created by Tencent, started 4-month-long online banking trail operation in China (PYMNTS, 2015). However, adoption of electronic banking by customers remains a global challenge for the banking sector (Rana & Pandey, 2016). In the US for example, while all of the top 50 largest banks offer Internet banking and approximately 91% of US households have a bank account, only 17% of consumers who have a bank account have adopted electronic banking (Xue, Hitt & Chen, 2011). In Pakistan, commercial banks have been criticized for not giving their customers original and suitable banking services which has forced some customers to suitably keep their money or reserves at home than in the banks (Rahimuddin, 2010). In Turkey, electronic banking was introduced in 1997 but only 18% of banking customers use e-banking actively (Boyacioglu, Hotamis & Cetin, 2010). In Sub Saharan Africa, electronic banking adoption has been inhibited by the quality, availability and the cost of accessing internet and telecommunication infrastructures (Adesina, 2010). Other issues hindering the growth of electronic banking include lack of skilled staff, low internet penetration, lack of bank account and lack of timely delivery of services (Juma, 2013). In Uganda, electronic banking was introduced in the banking sector in 1993 when Bank of Uganda designed a website intended to disseminate banking information. In 2004, Bankom, a local electronic financial transaction Services Company in Uganda switched to the use of electronic banking in which mobile phones could also be used to pay bills. In 2004, a payment system in which the transfer of funds is done electronically was introduced in Bank of Uganda (Tugiramasiko, 2018). Since 1993 up to date, electronic banking has diffused in commercial banks according to indicators such as the use of ATMs, mobile phones and internet-aided applications on several branches and these are widely used in the biggest commercial banks including Centenary (Kamukama, 2017). Centenary Rural Development Bank started in 1983 as a credit trust, an initiative of the Uganda National Lay Apostolate with the strong support of Uganda Episcopal Conference and the Catholic Dioceses in Uganda in raising its capital and securing foreign financial investors/partners and building clientele. In 1993, the Bank obtained a commercial bank license as Centenary Rural Development Bank Group Limited (Centenary Rural Development Bank Group Limited, 2019). Today, Centenary bank is the leading commercial microfinance bank in Uganda, serving a quarter of the banking population in the country and reaching out to more through several channels including electronic banking. The current e-banking platforms include Cente Mobile Loans and Merchant POS Service accessed via transaction tools such as a computer, smartphone or other internet-connected devices (Centenary bank, 2020). Despite the benefits of electronic banking such as easy account balance checking, convenience, ease of paying/ receiving money without going to the bank, security, 24-hour access and limited cash handling risks, electronic banking adoption in Centenary bank seems not to have achieved its aims (Mbabazi, 2019). In Mbarara city for example, Centenary bank emerges to be the top bank IS characterized BY long queues in the banking hall and at the ATM services, bank customers still handle too much cash, and hardly do people talk about the electronic banking products that are available. The long queues and huge crowds are highly devastating and discouraging most times, especially when the weekend is near. Most times, these long queues are as a result of the breakdown of the computers used by the Bank tellers, sometimes it occurs as a result of the Bank tellers absolving them from duty and passing the bulk to someone else (Mbabazi, 2019). It is against the above background that the researcher seeks to examine the relationship between electronic banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Uganda using evidence from Centenary bank, Mbarara branch.
Magyar Régészet
UTAK MENTÉN A Laczkó Dezső Múzeum közösségi programja2023 •
A veszprémi Laczkó Dezső Múzeum 2015 körül kezdett nyitni a fémkeresős kutatók felé. Az év során létrejött jogi környezet új keretek között lehetőséget teremtett a régészet iránt érdeklődő, fémkeresővel rendelkező magánszemélyek és múzeumok közötti együttműködésre. A múzeummal együttműködni szándékozó fémkeresősökkel először Csirke Orsolya és S. Perémi Ágota vették fel a kapcsolatot. Ekkor még alkalomszerűen, egy- egy terepbejáráson vehettek részt a jelentkezők. Hamarosan más régészek vették át az egyre sokasodó érdeklődőkkel való foglalkozást, és idővel megszületett a tudományos kutatási tervre alapuló program igénye. A program fő témájaként a Via Magna vonalára esett a választás, az itt futó középkori és római út vonala és viszonya, valamint az út mentén fekvő római és bronzkori lelőhelyek kerültek a fókuszba.
Basic concept of criminal justice
Concept of criminal justice2023 •
The criminal justice system represents society's response to crime. It consists of law enforcement, the courts, and the corrections systems at the local, State, and national levels. The police role is to apprehend offenders, collect evidence, protect the community, and respect the rights of the accused. A working definition of the criminal justice system would be as under: ♦ The Criminal Justice System (CJS) refers to a set of government institutions and systems that aim to apprehend, prosecute, punish, and rehabilitate criminal offenders. ♦ The concept of criminal justice refers to the system of laws, institutions, and procedures established by a society to maintain social order, deter crime, and punish those who violate the law. It encompasses various components, including law enforcement, the judiciary, corrections, and rehabilitation. ♦ The concept of criminal justice is often influenced by societal values, cultural norms, and the legal framework of a particular jurisdiction. It aims to strike a balance between punishment and rehabilitation, protecting the rights of both victims and defendants while maintaining order and public safety. ♦ The concept of criminal justice refers to the system of laws, institutions, and practices that are designed to maintain social order, deter criminal behavior, and administer punishment for those who violate the established laws of a society. It encompasses the processes and mechanisms through which individuals accused of committing crimes are identified, apprehended, prosecuted, and either acquitted or punished.
2010 •
2023 •
Сукина Л.Б. Помянник князей и царей в Синодике переславского Троицкого Данилова монастыря 1672 г. // Комплексная археография Московского университета: сборник научных статей / Под ред. Е.В. Воронцовой, Д.А. Сундуковой. Труды исторического факультета МГУ. Вып. 208. Сер. II: Исторические исследования, 139. М.: Архив РАН, Археодоксiя, 2023. С. 226–234.
1. 1. 1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Tujuan Percobaan 1. Mengamati dan memahami peristiwa resornasi dari gelombang suara 2. Menentukan kecepatan merambat gelombang suara di udara 3. Menentukan frekuensi dari suatu garputala 1.2 Dasar Teori Bunyi ditimbulkan oleh getaran benda yang merambat melalui medium dengan kecepatan tertentu, detaran menimbulkan sederetan rapatan dan renggangan yang menjalar melalui udara. Getaran yang terjadi pada suatu benda disebabkan oleh adanya gangguan yang diberikan pada benda tersebut. Getaran bandul dan getaran benda pada pegas, gangguan tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya gaya luar (menggerakan bandul atau benda pada pegas). Sebenarnya terdapat banyak contoh getaran yang dapat kita jumpai dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. 1. Garputala bergetar ketika kita memberikan gangguan dengan cara memukul garputala tersebut. 2. Kendaraan akan bergetar ketika mesinnya dinyalakan, dalam hal ini kendaraan tersebut diberi gangguan. 3. Suara yang kita ucapkan tidak akan terdengar apabila pita suara kita tidak bergetar. 4. Seindah apapun alunan musik, jika loudspeaker yang berfungsi sebagai sumber bunyi dan gendang telinga kita sebagai penerima tidak bergetar, maka dapat dipastikan kita tidak akan pernah mendengar musik tersebut. 5. Ketika kita melempar batu ke dalam genangan air yang tenang, gangguan yang kita berikan menyebabkan partikel air bergetar alias berosilasi terhadap titik setimbangnya. Perambatan getaran pada air menyebabkan adanya gelombang pada genangan air tadi. 6. Jika kita menggetarkan ujung tali yang terentang maka gelombang akan merambat sepanjang tali tersebut. Gelombang tali dan gelombang air adalah dua contoh umum gelombang yang dengan mudah kita saksikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sebuah getaran akan berubah menjadi gelombang bunyi. Gelombang adalah getaran yang merambat. Di dalam perambatannya tidak diikuti oleh berpindahnya partikel-partikel perantaranya. Pada hakekatnya gelombang merupakan rambatan energi (energi getaran).Periode gelombang (T) adalah waktu yang diperlukan oleh gelombang untukmenempuh satu panjang gelombang penuh. Panjang gelombang (λ) adalah jarak yangditempuh dalam waktu satu periode. Frekuensi gelombang adalah banyaknyagelombang yang terjadi tiap satuan waktu. Cepat rambat 2. 2. 2 gelombang (v) adalah jarakyang ditempuh gelombang tiap satuan waktu. Jadi dapat dirumuskan bahwa: V = 0 3 B B f, ……(1) di mana: v = laju rambat gelombang [m/s] 0 3 B B = panjang gelombang [m] f = frekuensi [Hz] Bunyi tidak dapat merambat di runag hampa. Medium yang diperlukan bunyi untuk merambat dapat melalui zat udara, cair, dan padat. Syarat terjadinya bunyi: 1. Adanya sumber bunyi (benda yang bergetar). 2. Adanya zat antara (medium). 3. Adanya pendengar dalam jarak di daerah jangkauan bunyi. Resonansi adalah peristiwa ikut bergetarnya suatu benda karena ada benda lainyang bergetar dan memiliki frekuensi yang sama atau kelipatan bilangan bulat dari frekuensi itu. Resonansi berguna untuk mengukur kecepatan perambatan bunyi di udara. Peristiwa ini dapat diamati dengan menggunakan kolom udara. Kolom udara dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan tabung yang sebagian diisi air, sehingga kita dapat mengatur panjang kolom udara dengan menaik-turunkan pemukaan air pada tabung. Sistem fisis sumber adalah audio generator yang dapat menghasilkan gelombang bunyi dengan nilai frekuensi bervariasi, sedangkan sistem fisis yang ikut bergetar adalah molekul-molekul udara yang berada dalam kolom udara yang bergetar karena variasi tekanan. Gelombang yang terbentuk dalam kolom udara merupakan gelombang bunyi berdiri. Peristiwa resonansi terjadi saat frekuensi sumber nilainya sama dengan frekuensi gelombang bunyi pada kolom udara yang dicirikan dengan terdengarnya bunyi yang paling nyaring (amplitudo maksimum). Di dalam tabung resonansi terjadi gelombang longitudinal diam (stasioner), dengan sasarannya yaitu permukaan air sebagai simpul gelombang dan untuk mulut tabung sebagai perut gelombang. Sebenarnya letak perut berada di sedikit di atas tabung. Jaraknya kira-kira 0,3 kali diameter tabung. Resonansi terjadi jika frekuensi nada dasar atau nada atas dari kolom udara sama dengan frekuensi
Cette communication étudie l’intérêt de systèmes hybrides de production d’énergie électrique de faible puissance en site isolé, notamment pour des applications de télécommunication. L’élément principal de ces installations est un moteur thermique à apport de chaleur externe qui effectue la conversion de l’énergie solaire ou de la chaleur issue d'un combustible en électricité par voie thermodynamique. Nous évaluons les dimensions de différentes installations permettant de fournir 1 kWe en régime permanent, dans 5 localisations géographiques différentes.
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