MANZAR, 15(62), 70- 83 / Spring 2023
Persian translation of this paper entitled:
عناصر و ارزشها،بازشناسی مؤلفههای نظام بصری منظر شهری
.is also published in this issue of journal
DOI: 10.22034/MANZAR.2022.306979.2156
Original Research Article
Recognition of the Components of the Urban
Landscape Visual System Elements and Values*
Mitra Karimi
Ph.D. in Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Mohammad Reza Bemanian**
Professor, Faculty of Art, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Mojtaba Ansari
Professor, Faculty of Art, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Seyed Amir Mansouri
Associate Professor, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.
Received: 03/10/2021
Accepted: 13/01/2022
Available online: 21/03/2023
Abstract | Urban landscape, as the consequence of the human perception of diverse dimensions of
the city, the physical form, action, and meaning, is an objective-subjective phenomenon. Different
human senses, including sight, get information about the urban scene as a perceived reality. “Seeing”
is a large aspect of how humans get environmental information as part of their perceptual process.
Everything seen in space forms the visual system of the urban landscape which makes sense when
it is combined with information received through other senses and interplay with the subjective
aspect (one’s understanding based on experiences, memories, conditions, and personal-social
characteristics), and the urban landscape. Many studies on the visual system of the urban landscape
have focused on the “physical form,” its characteristics, and the way its components are organized,
rather than the “activity”, which is part of the urban environment as experienced by humans. As
a result, the function of activity in forming the visual system of the urban landscape should be
addressed. The present study aims to understand the notion of a visual system in the urban landscape
by describing its parts and the types of their correlations, which is accomplished through studying
the theoretical relationship between the idea of the urban landscape and its components, as well as
explaining perception by highlighting the information obtained through the sense of sight. The data
of this descriptive and interpretive study were analyzed using documentary and bibliographic analysis
and then were categorized and interpreted using logical reasoning. Findings demonstrate that the
components of the urban landscape visual system can be explained in terms of visual elements (such
as physical form and activity) and visual values (elements and their correlations quality, including the
nine qualities of naturalness, sociability, readability, vitality, and dynamism, beauty, coherence and
continuity, sense of identity, complexity, diversity, and contextualism) which are conducted through
the research.
Keywords | Urban Landscape, Visual System, Visual Elements, Visual Values.
Introduction| Urban landscape refers to the inhabitants’
knowledge of the city wherein they have lived throughout
history and have developed a semantic relationship with the
natural and artificial form of the environment, which plays an
essential role in the continuation of their rational existence.
**Corresponding author: +989121081534, bemanian@modares.ac.ir
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Although the urban landscape is founded on the semantic
dimension of the city’s originality, its functions, and physical
form are the city’s management and guidance instruments
(Mansouri, 2010). By definition, an urban landscape has
two aspects: objective and subjective. The focus of this
study is on the urban landscape, whose information is
being received and perceived through the sense of sight.
Recognition of the Components of the Urban Landscape Visual System Elements and Values
This element creates the urban landscape’s visual system,
which is combined with other environmental information
and the subjective dimension to create the urban landscape.
Seeing is how everyone initially encounters the urban
environment. The sense of sight is the most dominating
sense in humans, and it receives a lot of information from
the surroundings. As a result, the individual’s perception
and evaluation of the city and urban space is based on the
visual system of the urban landscape. The sense of sight is
used to determine the size and physical features of space,
as well as orientation, light quality, color, form and texture,
and other environmental aspects, such as the kind and
amount of people’s presence, communication, and activities.
Man’s three-dimensional vision of the environment gives
him access to data that he/she could not get any other
way. Natural elements, power and politics, the economy,
worldview, religion, and social and cultural aspects have
all had a role in constructing the urban environment
throughout history, and the urban landscape has served as
a symbol for understanding these situations of the society. A
“good” urban landscape may boost a city’s competitiveness
to attract the target community and increase its economic,
social, and environmental value (Golkar, 2008). Cities with
a desired visual environment have a significant impact
on people’s experiences of the environment, and studies
have shown that cities with a favorable or quality visual
environment can create a sense of contentment, tranquility,
attraction, place attachment, and pride (Shahinrad, Rafieian
& Pourjafar, 2015, 11). Acceptance as a system of “elements”
and “quality of components and their relationship” in the
city perceived by the individual is important in creating a
visual system. The question of the current study is: what are
the components of the urban landscape visual system, and
what roles do they play in the perception process? At first
glance, the idea of the urban image appears to be close to
the visual system of the urban landscape. If we regard the
aspects of the city’s design as representations of the objective
elements of the city that are inscribed in the mind (Pakzad,
2006, 25), the urban landscape contains a larger idea that
incorporates form, activity, and meaning. It can be a concept
similar to the image of the city if only the visible component
of the “physical” elements in the urban landscape is
emphasized. However, what is highlighted in this study is
the role and place of “form” and “activity” and their visible
aspect in shaping the visual system of the urban landscape.
So far, available studies on the visual system of the urban
landscape have focused more on its physical dimension and
the contribution of activities in space, which are a visible
part of the landscape, to this visual system has not been
addressed. The current study first examines the concept
of the urban landscape and its various dimensions, then
evaluates the subject of perception and shows how a sense
of sight affects the perception, then presents the research
framework, which provides a new look at the visual system
of the urban landscape. Ultimately, it results in generating
a visual elements-based model (urban components whose
information is obtained through the sense of sight, such as
“physical form” and “activity”) and visual values (quality
of elements and their correlations). To address the study
issue, the hypothesis is that the visual system of the urban
landscape consists of the visible portion of the components
of the urban landscape, which includes “physical form” and
“activity” as well as “element and correlation quality”.
Literature Review
Various publications and articles have examined the
concept of the urban landscape and its visual system. Cullen
addressed the issue of the urban landscape and its objective
aspects in a codified manner for the first time in The Concise
Townscape, emphasizing the physical form of the landscape
in the form of the theory of “Serial Visions” and a series of
visual spaces and sequences, which is placed in front of the
man with the movement of him in space (Cullen, 2013).
Turner’s book City as Landscape offers a distinct approach
to the city, seeing urban planning and urban landscape
design as two intertwined challenges, treating the city as a
landscape, and considering the most fundamental part of
the city to be something we term a landscape (Mansouri,
2010). Bell highlighted the point, line, surface, and volume
as the basic components of the landscape, and the qualities
of these elements, as well as their pattern of composition and
organization, as the physical dimensions of the landscape in
his book “Elements of Visual Design in the Landscape” (Bell,
2015). In his book “Introduction to Landscape Design”
Motloch discusses numerous aspects of landscape, such as
visual qualities, with a focus on light and color diversity.
Lynch explores the numerous subjective characteristics of
the urban environment in his book “A Theory of Good City
Form”, focusing on the variables that lead to the formation of a
good urban landscape. The notions of visual physical quality
of the city such as corridors of vision, cohesiveness, discipline,
and visual gates are discussed by Zakavat (2006) in his
paper “Strategic Framework of Visual Urban Management.”
In their paper “Recognizing the ideas of the visual system
in the obsolescent urban textures,” Ansari, Pourjafar,
Sadeghi & Haghighatbin (2009) focused on the many
features of the urban landscape that are impacted by visual
physical elements and the quality of relationships between
these elements. The complexity, coherence, disturbance,
stewardship, imageability, visual scale, naturalness,
historicity, and ephemera are proposed as useful indicators
in visual evaluation by Ode Sang et al. (Ode Sang, Tveit &
Fry, 2008). In addition, Hemmati and Sabounchi (2021)
studied numerous ideas and acknowledged the landscape
as a perceptual relationship, as well as the relationship
between the three notions of the perceiver, perceived, and
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the outcome of this relationship. Furthermore, Eiter (2010)
explored the impact of the type of activity and use of space in
audiences’ evaluations of the urban landscape. Researchers
like Förster et al. have investigated the notion of landscape
in several multidisciplinary fields (Förster, Großmann,
Iwe & Kinkel, 2012) due to the semantic diversity of the
concept of the urban landscape (which should be addressed
to describe its visual system). However, the necessity to
consider the presence and role of humans as the primary
factor in the development and perception of the landscape is
something that all of these notions have in common. Gerber
and Hess used a phenomenological approach to landscape,
examining the theoretical underpinnings of the concept of
landscape values and achieving three elements of landscape
use, existence, and intrinsic values (Gerber & Hess, 2017).
Research Method
The present study is qualitative and examines the concept
of the urban landscape and the sense of sight as one of the
senses through which information is received from the
environment to accomplish the components of the urban
landscape visual system. In line with the research objectives,
views and approaches related to these concepts were
collected and analyzed using content analysis. The visual
components of the urban landscape, comprising aspects
and attributes in the urban landscape (whose information is
gained through the sense of sight), were described by logical
Fig. 1. Research model. Source: Authors.
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reasoning through a descriptive-interpretive investigation
(Fig. 1).
Theoretical Foundations
••Urban landscape
The landscape is a spatial entity that exists as human
habitation and is the outcome of human interactions
with the environment, human communities, and culture
(Seyedkalal & Pourdeihimi, 2012, 22). The urban landscape
defines a city’s form and character, as well as its sense of
place, by aesthetic and functional aspects, and can serve as a
divider or connector between various uses and activities in
a neighborhood and city (Memlük, 2012, 282). The urban
landscape examines citizens’ fluid perceptions of symbols
and physical instances regarding the historical and social
events, and in a realistic view, it regards the functions and
form of the city as a tool to manage and steer the landscape of
the city, acknowledging the hierarchy of perceptual realms of
space in connection to the social, historical, and functional
life of the city (Mansouri, 2010, 32). It also contains human
perception of the city, which is revealed via experience and
through man-environment interactions. The notion of city
landscapes is a typical occurrence among bodies, events, and
people’s attitudes (Majidi, Mansouri, Sabernejad & Bartai,
2019). The urban landscape is an “objective-subjective”
and “human-physical” phenomenon as well as a “sociospatial” structure (Zakavat, 2006) that is perceived by people
Recognition of the Components of the Urban Landscape Visual System Elements and Values
according to the definition of the European Landscape
Convention, and its nature is the result of interaction
between the natural and human factors. Cullen argues
that the sense of sight, sense of place, and substance of the
environment in which the individual is located impact each
person’s experience of the urban landscape (Mahmoudi,
2002, 59-65). The landscape is a type of place and outcome
of human-environment interaction in public places, as well
as a result of human experience in space and middle arenas,
and the interface between architectural and natural space.
The landscape has been generated through the interaction
of man and the environment throughout history by society
and within the context of natural and historical conditions.
The landscape is the macrocosm of human existence in the
natural world (Mansouri, 2010). Physical features, activity,
and meaning are three fundamental parts of place identity
in human interaction, which can range from a tiny room
to a continent, according to Edward Relph (Relph, 1976).
It views the physical setting and its activities as objective,
and meaning as a significant aspect in their correlation
(Heidari, Motalebi & Nekoeimehr, 2014, 16), (Fig. 2). David
Canter (1977) proposed the place model, which views the
urban environment as a place made up of three linked
dimensions: physical form, activity, and images (Fig. 3).
Other environmental specialists have provided numerous
narrations of the model influenced or altered by Relph and
Canter’s models due to its efficiency. The “Ralph-Panter
sense of place” model is based on physical form, activity,
and meaning, whereas the “Canter- Montgomery’s” place
model is based on the form, activity, and images (Kavoshnia,
Bandarabad & Modiri, 2017) (Fig. 3).
Augustin Berque considers the environment and the
landscape to be two distinct dimensions of place, with
the environment referring to the physical and actual
dimensions of space and the landscape to the interpretation
of these physical and real dimensions. Also, he considers
landscape to be a phenomenological, sensory, and symbolic
component of the environment since these two dimensions
are indistinguishable (Gerber & Hess, 2017). The landscape
is a type of correlation with the environment and a location
whose existence is dependent on the subject’s relation and
the living thing’s subjective aspects. Reality is the outcome
of combining objectivity with a condition that reveals that
objectivity is in its true form (Mansouri & Shafia, 2019).
Tudor considers landscape as a blend of natural, cultural,
social, and perceptual-aesthetic characteristics in his
Landscape Character Assessment study (Tudor, 2014),
(Fig. 4). Descartes introduced phenomena objectivism
and subjectivism in the 17th century, and a distinction
was made between the soul and the body of value, as
well as between objective and subjective reality, which
has continued to be the source of many objective and
subjective attitudes (Mokhtari & Nazari, 2010, 56).
Fig. 2. Place components based on Ralph and Panter theory.
Source: Montgomery, 1998.
Fig. 3. Creating a sense of place based on Montgomery theory.
Source: Montgomery, 1998.
Fig. 4. The concept of landscape. Source: Tudor, 2014.
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The atomistic attitude arises from the discretization of
perceptual and palpable components, as evidenced by
cases in which attention is focused solely on the form
while the social components serve a complementary role.
However, what is now recognized regarding landscape
is a holistic approach to the nature of the landscape,
explaining the model of continuous perception, which
states that the subject and object of perception are
always interacting, and views landscape as a reciprocal
and continuous objectivity-subjectivity relationship.
Recognizing the product of the relationship of landscape
as an objective-subjective phenomenon implies that space
is construed as a spatial phenomenon that has not only
external dimensions, but also subjective aspects that
are created in the audience’s perceptual system, and the
landscape appears not in one of the two but its continuous
and dynamic relation (Hemmati & Saboonchi, 2021). The
perception of city residents is based on signals delivered
and received by all senses, as well as their processing and
analysis with an attitude toward experience and individual
and socio-cultural qualities. Humans are constantly faced
with the urban landscape, which is a mix of the city’s form
and its activities, as well as recognizing, assessing, judging,
and eventually the audience’s impression of it, through
being present in the city and the urban spaces. The urban
landscape, which has two “simultaneous” objective and
subjective components, makes meaning through gaining
information from physical factors in the city and human
activities through their senses, as well as repeating and
generating memories, highlighting identity, culture, and
human experiences.
••Receivable Information by the Senses
The objective and subjective features of the urban
landscape include spatial characteristics and urban
place (objective), as well as a unique form of the spatial
and functional arrangement of nature and urban culture
(subjective which is made by the presence of man in space
and his beliefs and culture) (Aminzadeh, 2016). The
urban landscape is the result of the interplay between its
constituent elements and is made up of two perceptible
objective and subjective elements of the environment.
The notion of the urban landscape is formed by three
simultaneous components with the interaction of form,
activity, and meaning, according to Relph and Panter’s
model. The landscape is created by the continual interaction
between the components of the environment and the
human mind, as well as their interplay. The landscape,
according to Olwig (2002), is a historical document that
provides indications of a protracted interactive process
between civilization and its physical environment (Eiter,
2010, 340). The urban landscape is the consequence of
witnessing and interpreting the different and concrete
expressions of the city, encompassing buildings, spaces,
activities, sounds, and odors, while a person experiences
the phenomena of the city (Salehinia & Niroomand, 2018).
When information is received from the environment, it is
processed subjectively and viewed by the individual based
on personal and social qualities, memories, feelings, and
experiences. The five senses acquire information about
the urban scene, and sight receives a significant portion of
it. The physical form and activities that are observed owing
to the existence of the material body and the presence of
people, as well as their interaction in space, are what exists
in the external reality in the urban area, and a significant
portion of its information is obtained by human beings
through seeing (Table 1). In some circumstances, activity
takes precedence over the physical form in terms of seeing
it, and it becomes the most significant factor in the visual
system and human sense of space; The stronger the action
in space, the bigger the visual impression on humans.
Figs. 5- 8 depict the impact of activity (caused by human
presence in space) on the perception of the landscape.
••The Role of “Seeing” in the Urban Landscape
Perception Process
Landscape visual quality is a wide notion that allows
a general evaluation of the public perception-based
landscape (Watmann, Frick, Kienast & Hunziker, 2021).
Perception is an active and deliberate process in which
information is obtained from the human environment. It
is a point when cognition and reality collide (Lang, 2007,
97). According to Lynch, the city is defined by its residents’
lives and the idea they have about the city, in addition to its
physical structure. The city is made up of people and their
activities, which are the moving parts of the city, as well as
the stationary elements. People’s perceptions and mental
images of the city are influenced by its visual features
and their impact on mental representation. Legibility
and clarification, along with other variables such as the
feeling that colors, shapes, mobility, and variety of light
generate for the eyes, smell, sound, and sense of touch
contribute to recognizing and detecting the environment
and nonverbal communication with it, are very important
Table 1. The dimensions and components of the urban landscape. Source: Vahdat, Sajjadzadeh & Karimi Moshaver, 2015.
Dimensions and components of the urban landscape
Objective factors
Aesthetic components (objective-subjective)
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Subjective factors
Functional-activity component
Semantic-perceptual component
Recognition of the Components of the Urban Landscape Visual System Elements and Values
Fig. 5. Hefdah Shahrivar walkway, Tehran. Source: www.mehrbox.ir.
Fig. 6. Hefdah Shahrivar walkway, Tehran. Source: www.mehrnews.com.
in understanding the city, generally cause the observer
to form an image of the surroundings in his or her
mind (Lynch, 1997). Arnold Berlint (1998) argues that
when a person is in the environment with his body and
moves in it, the environment stimulates all of his sensory
faculties; in contrast to art, where just part of the human
senses is aroused. The environment is a heterogeneous
concept, and man is a sociocultural entity. He argues
that the physical-cultural domain, in which individuals
participate in activities, is responsible for the entire fabric
of human life, including its historical and social patterns
(Nishimura, 2019, 114). Perception is the physiological
and psychological process of getting information from the
environment (Lang, 2007, 89; Porteous, 2012), and it is
an indispensable component of the urban landscape, with
most of the basic information produced by the human
senses (the most important factor in establishing manenvironment interaction) readily available. In Table 2, the
hypotheses connected to perception are displayed.
Almost all of the senses of sight, hearing, smell, and touch
are influenced by urban living in urban areas. Humans
receive the most information through their senses of sight.
Sight is the sense whereby a person thinks, and the other
senses fulfill the observations and validate or strengthen
the message’s reception. The sense of sight receives 87%
of human information from the surroundings (Bell,
2001). The sense of sight receives the visual features
of the landscape directly, and the sensory impulses are
turned into subjective natures. Individual emotions will
influence perception in this multi-stage process, creating
a relationship between hidden information in the viewer’s
mind and other components of the surroundings that
will result in a three-dimensional and spatial experience
of the landscape (Shakibi, 2011). As a result, the majority
of research in environmental perception, as well as
landscape evaluations, concentrates on the visual aspect
of the perception process (Kaymaz, 2012, 253), (Fig. 9).
••Urban Landscape Visual System
Fig. 7. Esteqlal walkway, Istanbul. Source: www.topinturkey.com.
Fig. 8. Tarbiat walkway, Tabriz. Source: www.touristgah.com.
In their study, Hemmati and Saboonchi (2021) examined
the perspectives of many philosophers on the elements
of the perceiver, perceived, and their interaction, as well
as the phenomenon’s result and stressed the simultaneity
of all components using a holistic approach, and
regarded landscape as a perceptual interaction between
man as a perceiver, environment as a perceived with a
continuous relationship, and a product with an objectivesubjective character. Landscape perception is a sensorybased process that occurs without the need for any
mediators (Mansouri., 2004). In this study, we regard
the visual system as “visible aspects and characteristics”
of the perceived phenomena (environment), which
interacts with the perceiver (human) continually and
simultaneously, resulting in the perception of landscape as
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Table 2. The perception-related theories based on the conducted research. Source: Authors.
Theorist
Theory
Description
Kevin Lynch
Citizens’
mental image
of the city
Humans’ mental images of the city influence a significant portion of the city’s visual quality.
Developing a mental image of the city using both moving (people and their activities) and
stable components (the physical form of the city)
People are not only observers of, but also participants in, the city’s landscape.
James Gibson
Ecology and
environmental
efficiencies
The environment is viewed in terms of the capacity it provides for humans, which leads to
utility.
The focus is on the perceived performance instead of its form.
Different perceptions between individuals from a phenomenon’s potential
Egon Brunswick
Probabilistic
Functional
Model
Analysis of sensory information received from the environment in a proactive manner
Obtaining and recombining dispersed inputs from the environment
Stephen and Rachel
Kaplan
Information
processing
Information extraction from the environment
To comprehend the environment, two variables of coherence and readability should be present,
as well as two situations of complexity and mystery to discover it.
Wolfgang Kohler
Gestalt
The whole is bigger than the sum of the parts in visual perception.
Perceptual patterns and the blending of shapes and experiences of environmental perception
with the nervous system’s creation in people
The rules of closeness, resemblance, dependence, optimum continuity, closure, surface, and
symmetry
Jan Gehl
Activities in
the public
arena
One of the characteristics of the public arena is the presence of people, activities, and events.
Activities that are necessary, selective, or social
Potential of affecting the structure and volume of activity in city public places by structuring
the physical environment
Lewis Mumford
Attending
spaces
The presence of individuals and groups in the urban area is a requirement for the success of
urban space and a better sense of the city.
Jörg Kurt Grütter
Architectural
aesthetics
There are two layers of information on phenomena:
Aesthetic information with an emotional component that affects emotions
Simon Bell
Visual design
elements in the
landscape
.The transfer of information and messages is known as semantic information
Physical components of sensory perception, as well as intuitive aesthetic quality recognition
The mind’s capacity to correlate sensory input to information received.
Basic physical elements, features, and patterns of landscape organization
Fig. 9. The place of the sense of sight in the process of perceiving urban landscape. Source: Authors.
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Recognition of the Components of the Urban Landscape Visual System Elements and Values
an objective-subjective notion. The term “system” refers
to an organization, device, or rule, as well as a collection
of components and interactions that are linked or united
by particular traits to form a whole (Ashrafi, 2018, 91).
The visual system as a whole is made up of two main
ideas: visual elements (components) and the quality of
interaction between them, and it can be thought of as
the correlation, order, and consistency that governs the
elements and various parts of urban physical-visual areas
that are “seen” by humans. The visual system determines
the visual relationship between urban components and
organs, the clarification and existence of visual qualities
that generate identity in the urban landscape, as well as
the study of the visual system, recognizing capabilities,
identity, and visual qualities in the city (Ansari et al., 2009,
Zekavat, 2006). The most essential aspect of environmental
attributes that promote or diminish people’s sense of place
and connection to their surroundings is visual values
(Shakibi, 2011), (Fig. 10).
Discussion
Cullen emphasizes the objective element of the urban
landscape, citing order, variety, and intricacy, as well as
the creation of surprise and spatial sequence, as the key
characteristics of a desirable urban environment (Cullen,
2013). Furthermore, successive vision (serial of visions),
the feeling of place, and content (unique qualities of
each area) are the three components of how the urban
environment is perceived (Chapman, 2014, 192). Visual
patterns, according to Bell, are the outcome of arranging
the components of the fundamental elements (point, line,
surface, and volume), which have formal features and
diverse patterns of structure and arrangement (Bell, 2015).
Drawing upon the theory of “the evaluative image of the
city”, Nasr evaluates the qualities of the visual environment
and their effect on people’s emotions and inferences and
recommends molding and reshaping of the city based on
a “visual plan” (Nasar, 1990, 50). Kaplans have one of the
most important theories about landscape visual quality:
“The perception process includes the individual’s retrieval
Fig. 10. The general pattern of the urban landscape visual system.
Source: Authors.
of information from the environment” and introduces
four predictor variables, including two coherence and
readability variables (to help understand the environment)
and two complexity and mystique variables (to discover
it). In Appleton’s theory of perspective and refuge, seeing
without being seen leads to a preference for landscape
in situations where hunting or hiding is advantageous.
He concluded that aesthetics is preferable to complexity
(Lothian, 2000, 54). The use of classical theories of
aesthetics (ibid.) to the theory of biological evolution
(Appleton, 1975), psychology (Bourassa, 1999), and
information processing theories are relevant to the visual
appraisal of the landscape (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989). Much
research has been conducted on analyzing the landscape
and its correlation with the characteristics of the sender
of information (perceived) or receiver’s interpretation
among the approaches related to the visual qualities of
the landscape. The Landscape Characteristic Assessment
(LCA) is a pioneering landscape assessment framework
that has been used in the UK since the 1980s and has
since been adopted by many countries aiming at changing
symbolic landscape descriptions to general landscape
descriptions and achieving features that distinguish a
landscape from its surroundings (Fairclough, Sarlöv
Herlin, & Swanwick, 2018). Individual experiences in
acquiring landscape information through many senses are
emphasized in the LCA standards (Tudor, 2014).
“Environment,” according to Augustin Berque (2000), is
the area that surrounds society, in which society operates
and is affected by it. The environment is “a physical and
phenomenological interaction that connects society
with space and nature” (Gerber & Hess, 2017), and it is
changed as much by human activity as it is by human
conduct (Antrop, 2005). Many human activities should
express in space, and it is the essential face and aspect
of every natural or man-made location; yet, individual
components and elements, as well as human activities,
can give space character and soul (Parsi, 2002). Various
researchers have emphasized the need to increase activity
and vitality in urban spaces to improve their quality, and
this issue grew in importance after the emergence of postmodernism, to the point where one of the most important
functions of urban open spaces today is the ability to
establish social interactions among citizens. With the
presence of human beings in any location, the sense of
sight receives information and visual signals of “activity,”
and the type and degree of activity in urban space, as well
as how people interact with one another, can influence the
physical aspects. The presence of other people in the place,
according to Whyte, is the most appealing aspect of urban
space (Mansouri & Jahanbakhsh, 2013, 93), believing that
people use their presence to share their feelings about
the space’s quality and satisfaction (Qalambor Dezfuli &
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Naqhzadeh, 2014, 18). Streets, squares, parks, and other
urban public spaces, according to Stephen Carr, can be
“a scene in which the play of collective life is revealed.”
The purpose of public places is to provide a forum for
social contact and active social involvement with others,
as well as a place for people to learn about other views
and opinions (Mehta, 2014, 56). The presence of people,
activities, and events is one of the aspects of public
venues, according to Jan Gehl, who divides public space
activities into necessary, selected, and social categories.
Furthermore, only if the external environment is
favorable, he examines the circumstances for greater and
more fulfillment of selected and social activities (Gehl,
2018). Amos Rapaport perceives physical environment
differences as a consequence of cultural diversity,
considering meaning as a result of functional and physical
qualities, and urban space as a culture-based social
environment that offers a platform for communication
and engagement. Additionally, identifying urban space
is the outcome of recognizing its physical shape as
well as the type and volume of social communication
that occurs there (Rapaport, 2013). He differentiates
perception and association as two complementary forms
of perceiving the constructed environment in his theory
of nonverbal communication, and what people perceive
of the environment is a mixture of what they perceive of
the external world at a certain moment (objectivity) and
the associations that are formed for them based on their
experiences with the physical world and other people
(subjectivity). Accordingly, physical components (visual,
olfactory, and auditory), social (people, activities, and
uses), and temporal distinctions make up the artificial
environment (Shahinrad et al., 2015).
Jacobs stressed the function of urban public spaces in
fostering social connections in her 1961 book The Life
and Death of American Metropolitans, claiming that
what comes to mind more than a city are its public spaces,
particularly its streets and sidewalks. She argues that the
city’s correct design and shape are due to the complexity
and vibrancy of the land uses. The city’s streets and
spaces include major visual sceneries, and the activities
and details associated with them also provide substantial
visual information to the individual (Jacobs, 2013). This
shows how seeing the physical form and human activities
interacts with the perception of the urban landscape.
More activity in urban spaces, he argued, may not only
be a sign of the environment’s quality but also results
in its improvement. Successful urban places, according
to Jacobs and Gelh, are shaped mostly by street life and
diverse types of activity within and between buildings,
and should have high quality in the three basic aspects
of physical space, activity, and sensory experience
(Montgomery, 1998, 95). The landscape should be
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No. 62 Spring 2023
evaluated by taking into account the particular individual
and social values of users and stakeholders, which include
sensory (visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, taste) and
emotional perceptions of the environment, as well as
recognizing the diversity and historical and cultural
qualities that are essential for honoring and enriching the
individual and societal identities (COE, 2008). Perception
through bodily experience can be more clearly linked
to an understanding of landscape as an area of activity,
in contrast to an understanding as a picture or scenery.
Therefore, purely visual (bodily) approaches cannot be
considered sufficient in a study that regards landscape as
a field of human activity, practice, or habitus (Eiter, 2010)
and Heffernan et al. found a relationship between the
quality of an active urban street and users’ perceptions.
Besides, users see the place as secure, comfortable,
dynamic, sociable, pleasant, fun, and appealing as the
level of activity improves (Heffernan, Heffernan &
Pan, 2014). Therefore, the information of the perceived
phenomena of the urban landscape (environment) is
received by multiple human senses, and it is holistically
perceived by human beings in incessant and simultaneous
interaction with its subjective aspect. The most important
human sense is “seeing,” and it is through this sense that
most environmental information is received. What will be
important in the visual system of urban landscape will be
“visible elements of the urban landscape,” which includes
the physical form and activities in space, as well as their
qualities. If we consider all of the effective components
in the urban landscape that an individual may perceive
into three categories: physical, activity, and semantic,
the visible parts of the “urban landscape visual system”
are which can be displayed based on “physical form”
and “activity” coupled with visual values (qualities) and
depending on the ideas investigated (Table 3). As a result,
getting messages and information from the information
of the seen occurrence in the urban landscape is the basis
for the perception of the urban landscape (environment
including physical form and activity), and shape the
urban landscape’s subjectivity based on individual and
societal features, emotions, memories, and experiences,
and find meaning in continuous and simultaneous
communication, leading to perception.
••Components of the urban landscape visual system
Many contemporary studies of the visual system of the
urban landscape have focused solely on physical features,
their qualities, and their kind of structure, and have paid
little attention to the element of “activity” that is generated
by the presence of the physical form and human presence
(as one of the physical elements). The visual qualities of
the set of “physical form” and “activity” in urban space
are highlighted in this study. The visual representation of
three-dimensional shapes and their relationship to outer
Recognition of the Components of the Urban Landscape Visual System Elements and Values
Table 3. The visible components in urban space based on the conducted studies. Source: Authors.
Theoretician
Physical form
Activity
Camillo Sitte
Visual beauty, enclosure, monuments, and visual continuity
-
Gordon Cullen
order, variation, and complexity, serial vision,
-
Edward Lozano
Orientation, diversity
Activity diversity
Ian Bentley
Permeation, diversity, legibility, flexibility, visual proportions,
cleanliness, and Sensory richness
Flexibility, efficiency, color belonging
DPM1
Purity, availability, beauty, inclusivity, safety, distinctiveness,
and recognition
Comfort, vibrancy and dynamism, high efficiency,
and safety
Herzog
Coherence, complexity, antiquity
Rob Krier
Visual beauty
The elements and activities of public space
Lewis Mumford
The city’s structure as well as its order, beauty, and unity
Mental health, design collaboration with humans
Hannah Arendt
-
Social interactions, kind of activity
Jan Gehl
Protection, convenience, and cleanliness
Interaction and social life, spatial activity, and a
sense of safety
Stephen Carr
Interaction with the environment, comfort, and convenience
Social interactions, democratic and responsive to
demands in a culture of active involvement
Suzanne H.
Crowhurst Lennard
and Henry Lennard
-
Responding to various groups, the potential of
continuous usage of various groups, instilling a
feeling of wonder, establishing a spatial experience,
enabling activities, and instilling a sense of belonging
Oscar Newman
-
Security provision
Porta and Rene
Human scale, spatial cohesiveness, naturalism, and vegetation
An appropriate activity
Edward Relph
Determine the geographic location, indigenous aspects, and
context.
People’s interactions with one another, traditions, and
the opportunity to gather spatial experience
Simon Bell
Variety and complexity, consistency and harmony, mystery, and scale
-
-
Edward T. Hall
Kevin A. Lynch
Readability, direction, landscape element quality, fitting and
compatibility with the surroundings, accessibility, and spatial
identification
People’s interaction, as well as behavioral setting
Human interaction with the environment, comfort,
efficiency, justice
Mathew Carmona
Visual quality and perspectives, urban shape, space restriction,
comfort and light, quality of surrounding architecture,
availability, safety, and monument
Space security, public art, mixing usage, and allencompassing space
Amos Rapoport
-
Culture and cultural values
Christopher
Alexander
-
Urban vitality
Francis Tibbalds
Contextualism, Human Scale, Comfort, Complexity, Happiness,
and Visual Pleasure
-
Green
Spatial relevance, climatic ease, clarity, coherence, balance,
scale, and identity
Type of operation, security, activity appeal, and
group formation
PPS
Access and communication, comfort
Land uses and type of activity, sociability
Christian NorbergSchulz
The distinctive personality of space
Interaction and communication with others
Appleton
Aesthetics, environmental awareness, and human survival
Life experience
Kaplans
Coherence, intricacy, visual richness, readability, and mystery
-
Jane Jacobs
Variety, permeability, and spatial diversity
Social relationships, suitable activity, mixed usage,
social mixing, spatial flexibility for various activities,
and economic variety
Jack Nasar
Readability, naturalness, maintenance, openness, order, a wide
range of perspectives and confinement, historicity
-
William H. Whyte
-
The social role of urban space, the presence of
people in space, and social life
Jon Lang
Designing details
Social interaction patterns, as well as the balance
between privacy and social engagement
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M. Karimi et al.
space that is indicated by its structural system (such as
balance, stress, rhythm, ratio, scale) and the principles of
order (such as axis, symmetry, series) is part of what may
be perceived through the landscape (Nijhuis, 2011, 109).
Furthermore, by stressing the ideas and investigations
under consideration, the activity that occurs in the urban
realm becomes apparent to the audience and plays a part
in the perception process. The urban landscape visual
system will incorporate aspects and values (quality) of
the visual urban landscape, as well as any information
connected to the physical form and activities that may be
obtained through seeing.
The quality or value of the visual elements is just as
significant as the visual components themselves. The
impression of the landscape is influenced by a variety
of factors. The study of values that influence landscape
perception can aid in policy development and strategic
planning, as well as the development of several indicators
(Cassatella, 2011). The visual quality of cities refers to
their ability to provoke positive (satisfaction and interest)
or negative (dissatisfaction, disgust, and distance) feelings
in people and construct a feeling based on the perception
of the city environment’s qualities and the mental image
produced (Shahinrad et al., 2015, 11). The visual qualities
(values) of physical form and activity in the landscape
are classified in Table 4 based on the content analysis
of theories and investigations. Naturalness, sociability,
readability, beauty, vitality and dynamism, identity,
coherence and continuity, complexity and diversity, and
lastly contextualism are among the nine criteria.
Conclusion
The information of “physical form” and “activity” created
in the urban landscape is perceived by the human
senses, gain meaning, and produces the urban landscape
concurrently. The sense of sight, which constitutes the
visual system of the urban landscape, receives a significant
amount of information. What exists in the external
reality in the urban area, and a significant portion of its
information is received by humans, contains both the
material body and activities that are attributable to the
body’s existence and the presence of man (which itself has
a material and physical dimension and operates in urban
space). It is produced in space, seen by the audience,
and perceived with the meaning, to the point where,
even while observing human activity in space, it takes
on a more prominent role than the physical form and
is the most significant element in the visual system and
human perception of space. The more powerful activity
in the space, the larger the visual impact on people, the
more influence it will have on the perception process,
especially when combined with the subjective aspect of
the urban landscape. The relationship between human
beings, objects, and components in urban space is the
activity meaning that, when it is considered in isolation,
has a form, but their interaction with one other in urban
space or their situation generates activity. Physical form
and activity information is received through a variety
of senses, including vision, and is simultaneously
meaningful and perceived through the subjective aspect
of the urban landscape; and the visual qualities of urban
spaces proposed in this study under the title “visual values
of the urban landscape” can be explained. Fig. 11 depicts
the framework of the urban landscape visual system
components, which consists of visual elements and their
values.
Table 4. Visual values of the physical form and activity in the urban landscape. Source: Authors.
80
Theorist
Visual Value
Nasar (1998), Lynch (1960), Bentley (1990), Carmona (1991), Aminzadeh (2016), McHarg, PPS,
Porta & Rene, Lozano
Naturalness
Donald Appleyard & Allan Jacobs (1987), Tibbalds, PPS, Alexander, Rapoport, Krier, Mumford,
Jacobs, Whyte, Porta & Rene, Stephan Carr, Lenard & Lenard, Hall, Lang, Gehl, Lynch
Sociability
Lynch, Appleyard, Kaplan (1979), Herzog (1992), Tibbalds, PPS, Bentley, Nasar
Readability
Herzog, Nasar, Lynch, Tibbalds, PPS, Bentley, Sitte, Bentley, Carmona, Krier, Aminzadeh
beauty
Donald Appleyard & Allan Jacobs, Lynch, Alexander
Vitality and dynamism
Carmona, Donald Appleyard & Allan Jacobs, Rapoport, Lenard & Lenard, Aminzadeh
Identity
Herzog, Kaplan, Cullen, Carmona, PPS, Bell, Nasar, Lynch
Coherence and continuity
Nasar, Herzog, Kaplan, Cullen, Tibbalds, Bentley, Bell, Krier, Lenard & Lenard
Complexity and diversity
Tibbalds, PPS, Nasar, Herzog, Alexander, Lozano, Bentley, Carmona, McHarg, Aminzadeh
Contextualism
No. 62 Spring 2023
Recognition of the Components of the Urban Landscape Visual System Elements and Values
Masses form
Scale
monuments
Size
Symmetry and rythm
Building
Materials
Vision corridors
Spatial oppness
Skyline
Color
Type of space use
Activity diversity
Space proportions
Enclosures and walls
Tablatures
Riding or walking
Space usage
Body
Activity
Population density
Activity intensity
amount
Furniture
Spatial layout
Type of plant
Type and amount of
activity
Plant density
Water and vegetation
Activity type
Duration of people
presence
Open spaces and paths
serial visions
Flooring
People’s interaction
Urban landscape
visual system
Plant layout
Spatial diversity
Visual elements
Users’ group
Symbol and sign
Cleanliness
Water existence
Special element size
Special element form
Special element scale
Organisms
Vegetation
Skyline
Size
Spatial hierarchy
Beauty
Naturalness
Spaces coordination
with climate
Water existence
Cleanliness
Coherence and
continuity
Unity and integrity
Naturalness features
Visual values
Proportions
Spatial and visual
sequence
Order in the
relationship between
the lemenets
Security and safety
Diversity and contrast
between the elements
Quality of serial visions
Coordination with the historical, social, cultural and
temporal context,
Attendance
Identity
Preserving historical
elemnets
Complexity and
diversity
Contextualism
Establishing social;
interactions
Access
Sociability
Historical continuity
Memorization
Historiosity
Natural elements
Elements balance and
order
Direction
Readability
Image
Symbol and monuments
Vitality and
dynamism
Social life
Flexibility
Fig. 11. The framework of the urban landscape visual system. Source: Authors.
Endnote
* This paper is taken from Mitra Karimi’s doctoral dissertation entitled “Urban landscape and quality of life; visual system of open urban
spaces in obsolescence neighborhoods in the southern regions of Tehran” in Art faculty of Tarbiat Modares University, completed in 2022
under the supervision of Dr. Mohammad Reza Bemanian along with Dr. Mojtaba Ansari and Dr. Seyed Amir Mansouri as the counsellors.
1. The Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom office
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M. Karimi et al.
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HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Karimi, M., Bemanian, M., Ansari, M. & Mansouri, S.A. (2023). Recognition of the Components of the
Urban Landscape Visual System Elements and Values. MANZAR, 15(62), 70-83.
DOI: 10.22034/MANZAR.2022.306979.2156
URL: http://www.manzar-sj.com/article_149837_en.html
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