Sustainable management of a tropical post-tin mining soil - Crop yields and heavy metal concentrations as affected by soil local amendments

Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2021

This research aimed to evaluate the residual Cu and Zn in tropical soil over 21 years after amendment with industrial waste, lime, and compost. Soil samples were collected from a well-maintained experimental field amended one time with industrial waste high in Cu and Zn set in 1998 at about 1.5–20 years after amendment. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with a metal-wares industrial waste at rates 0, 15, and 60 Mg·ha−1, lime at 0 and 5 Mg·ha−1, and compost at 0 and 5 Mg·ha−1. Soil samples were also taken vertically in the exact plot centers at depths of 0–75 cm of plots not amended with lime and compost and also from topsoils (0–15 cm) at 90 points with distances 50 cm between each other in each of the respective plots 21 years after amendment. Significant increases in Cu and Zn caused by waste were observed over 21 years. The increase in soil pH by lime was observed over 10 years but its effect in decreasing Cu and Zn was observed only at 1.5 years, particularly...

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Comparing metal bioaccumulation in crop types and consumable parts, between two growth periods, 2021

A high proportion of populations in most developing countries live below the poverty line and those near refuse grounds resort to dumpsite farming to grow food. Consequently, high levels of waste-derived contaminants are found in crops consumed by these people. This study investigates the extent to which crops cultivated on the Mbale dumpsite (Uganda) were contaminated by 11 metals and 2 non-metals: iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As). We investigated how element bioaccumulation in crops was influenced by the growth period (short-and long-term crop maturity). The short-term crops were Zea mays and Amaranthus cruentus, whereas the long-term crops were Manihot esculenta, Colocasia esculenta, Musa acuminata, Carica papaya, Coffea arabica, and Saccharum officinarum. Results showed that nine metals were present at concentrations above World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO) food safety recommendations and hence may pose health risks to consumers. In this study, leaves contained higher metal concentrations than other analyzed consumable parts. Pb and Co were found at higher concentrations in leaves of short-term crops than in long-term crops. Among short-term crops, only Z. mays seeds contained permissible metal concentrations by WHO/FAO standards. The growth period was also found to influence metal bioaccumulation in crop types. Pb, Co, Fe, Al, and Cu concentrations were significantly higher in the short-term crops than in long-term crops, while Mn, Ni, and Cr concentrations were higher in long-term crops than in short-term crops. Overall, public awareness about the health risks associated with consuming short-term leafy crops grown on dumpsites should be improved to reduce toxic metal exposure. While implementing such a campaign, the food supply of individuals whose survival depends on such crops should not be jeopardized. Therefore, farmers need alternative farming areas outside dumpsites. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;00:1-16.

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African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2015

The accumulation of heavy metals in soils especially in mining environments is of increasing concern to researchers in the Agricultural Industry. This is because the metals are biomagnified by plants. Accumulation of heavy and trace metals in plants occur by various sources but soil is considered the major one. Consumption of vegetables and fruits containing heavy metals is one of the main ways in which these elements enter the human body. Once in the body, heavy metals are deposited in bone and fat tissues, overlapping noble minerals and cause an array of diseases. The present study investigated the concentration of heavy metals that is, Cu, Zn, Cr, As and Pb in soil as well as mango (Mangifera indica L.) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) fruit samples collected from the Mokaba rehabilitated site in the Sierra Rutile environs, to evaluate the possible health risks to human body through food chain transfer. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to estimate the levels of these metals in the fruits and soil. Results showed that the concentrations of Pb and Cu in both soil and fruits are higher than the World health average values. However, Zn and Cr were found to be below the World health average values, whereas As was not detected. Translocation factors (TF) from soil to fruits were calculated from the data on levels of metals in both soil and fruits. The sampled plants showed high translocation factor values (TF > 1in almost all cases) implying that the plants could be labeled as accumulators of pollution. Pearson's product moment correlation showed a very strong relationship between soil and fruits. It can be concluded that the crops/plants grown in the rehabilitated lands in the Sierra Rutile environs absorb significant levels of some heavy metals from the polluted soil.

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European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences, 2020

The contamination of cereals by heavy metals due to illegal mining activities in most farming communities has been a major challenge to food production in Ghana. The research is thus to examine bio-accumulation of heavy metals (Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pd) and Zinc (Zn)) concentration in Maize and Millet grown near illegal mining sites at Poyentanga. The study area was divided into five farming zones (farm 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) and soil and crop samples were taken from each of the zones to the laboratory for analysis using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and the results compared to World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. The results indicated presence of the selected heavy metals in the cereals and soils sampled from the community. Cd, Pb and Fe concentrations in the cereals were found to be above the WHO permissible limits whereas As and Zn concentrations were below. The soil concentrations of all the five heavy metals were extremely below the WHO pe...

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Plants

The capability of native plant species grown in polluted post-mining soils to accumulate metals was evaluated in view of their possible suitability for phytoremediation. The study areas included two environmental liabilities in the Cajamarca region in the Peruvian Andes. The content of As, Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn was determined in individual plant organs and correlated with soil characteristics. The degree of the pollution depended on the metal with results ranging from uncontaminated (Cd) to moderately (Zn), strongly (As, Cu), and extremely contaminated (Pb, Ag) soils. The metals were mainly present in the fractions with limited metal mobility. The bioaccumulation of the metals in plants as well the translocation into overground organs was determined. Out of the 21 plants evaluated, Pernettya prostrata and Gaultheria glomerate were suitable for Zn, and Gaultheria glomerata and Festuca sp. for Cd, phytostabilization. The native species applicable for Cd phytoremediation were Ageratin...

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The study was conducted to determine the heavy metal concentration in the soils and cassava (Manihot esculentus) leaves within the vicinity of a cement factory in North Central, Nigeria. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) technique. Samples of soil and cassava leaves were collected from sites located at a maximum 0.5-1 km from the factory while control samples were collected on sites located 3 km from the factory. Mean Cd contents in the soil and control soil samples were 1.22 ± 0.34 and 0.78 ± 0.16 µg/ g respectively. Mean values for Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in the soil samples were 3.42 ± 0.70, 0.07 ± 0.02, 8.40 ± 2.48 and 0.04 ± 0.01µg/ g respectively while for the control sites, the mean values were 0.72 ± 0.09, 0.02 ± 0.07, 0.91 ± 0.04 and 0.02 ± 0.01respectively. Mean values for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations in the cassava leaves were 0.02± 0.01, 0.93 ± 0.02, 0.39 ± 0.10, 0.30 ± 0.36 and 0.05 ± 0.02 µg/ g respectively while for the cassava leaves from the control site, the mean values were 0.01 ± 0.01, 0.02 ± 0.01, 0.36± 0.10, 0.02 ± 0.01 and 0.02 ± 0.01 µg/ g for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentration respectively. With the exception of Ni and Pb, there were positive correlations between the soil and plant samples for all the metals in the investigated area. These relations were only significant for Ni which showed a negative correlation (r =-0.78) (p< 0.05). Metal levels in both soil and cassava leaf samples were below the WHO/ FAO recommended limits.

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International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2013

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Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture

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Shape of H-1997 is the leaf of Skt. (lex.) kumudā-G. arborea; Ta. kumir̤ knob (as of wooden sandals), stud, pommel, hump of an ox; kumir̤ i boss, knob (as of wooden sandals); kuppi ferrule (e.g. on scabbard, horn of ox). Ma. kumir̤ knob, pommel; mushroom; Ta. kumir̤ coomb teak, small cashmere tree; kūmpal coomb teak, Gmelina arborea. Ma. kumir̤ , kumpiḷ G. asiatica. Ka. (Lush.) kumuḷe, kumbuḍi, kūḷe G. arborea. Koḍ. kummi, kumbïḷi id. Te. (Lush.) gummuḍu, gumuḍu G. arborea and asiatica; (Inscr.) kumaḍu G. arborea. (DEDR 1742, 1743) kumuda 'gmelina arborea leaf' rebus: kumuda 'silver' Pirak seal Pk-26-silver work; precursor of punch-marked symbol Harappa tablet H-1997-Daybook of Meluhha metalwork wealth Leaf of kumudā-Gmelina arborea Rebus: kumuda 'silver' Pk-26. Three kumir̤ 'mushroom' shafts emerging from centre rebus: kumuda 'silver' + three sets of joined round pebbles. (गोटा) gōṭā Spherical or spheroidal, pebble-form. (Marathi) rebus: goṭa 'laterite ferrite ore, goṭi 'silver' + dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metalcasting'.

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Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, 2007

This review outlines innovative methods for garlic breeding improvement and discusses the techniques used to increase variation like mutagenesis and in vitro techniques, as well as the current developments in florogenesis, sexual hybridization, genetic transformation and mass propagation. Sexual sterility of garlic reduces its potential for improvement of desired traits. Restoring fertility in this crop, which has been vegetatively propagated for millenia, provides new genetic possibilities for breeding purposes and/or genetic studies. In this context the recent developments on the manipulation of garlic florogenesis are discussed and it is shown that specific environmental conditions might allow for fertility restoration and seed production in bolting garlic. Furthermore the introduction of Agrobacteriummediated and biolistic gene transfer systems in garlic, a species known for its recalcitrant behaviour in in vitro culture, are reviewed. Attention is paid to the development of a high quality callus year-round production method for transformation. Also the first garlic transgenics resistant to beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and herbicides will be introduced. Garlic friable embryogenic calluses are of pivotal importance for the establishment of cell suspension cultures needed for rapid multiplication of elite garlic genotypes. The development of these suspension cultures are discussed in this review. It is shown that a large number of somatic embryos (potentially 8 x 10 9 to 10 11) can be produced annually, from a single clove, for each current variety and that the conversion into plantlets amounts approximately 50%.

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