Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan HASSAN and Alias ABDUL RAHMAN, Malaysia
Key words: 3D Cadastre, 3D Database
SUMMARY
The establishment of Malaysia cadastral system is to monitor matters of land especially the
land ownership. The system is setup to ensure consistency in cadastral information that comes
from survey and land registration. In Malaysia, the cadastre system is controlled by two main
agencies, namely, Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) and Land
Offices (L.O). The DSMM is responsible for the cadastral spatial in-formation, i.e. land parcel
boundaries. The mission is to enhance quality in surveying and mapping services along with
managing the geospatial data. On the other hand, Land Office is responsible for the cadastral
attribute information, i.e. legal rights that attached to the cadastral objects or plots. The
current system only involves with 2D maps and no effort towards 3D registration yet. This
paper discusses 3D cadastre in the aspect of property registration i.e. complex building and
overlapping properties on different land use. We also discuss the interoperability of the two
systems between the two different agencies. This 3D cadastre registration will serve as a first
attempt to develop a more complete Integrated Malaysian 3D Cadastre System. A complex
system needs a clear and concise method to show the representation of data, and here we
utilize Unified Modeling Language (UML) for the data modeling task as it has been
considered better technique for such real world data modeling like cadastre data compared to
the traditional entity relationship approach. Besides 3D registration, this paper also discusses
3D modeling, 3D geo databasing and 3D visualization. Malaysia could embark on this 3D
cadastre system since it has well established 2D cadastre framework. From the previous
research and discussion it can be realized that the hybrid approach certainly would be a good
approach for Malaysian 3D Cadastre System. The hybrid approach means preservation of 2D
cadastre and the integration of the registration of the situation in 3D by registering 3D
situations integrated and being part of the 2D cadastral geographical data set. Nevertheless it
is reasonable to believe that there are some irregularities and different information as both
systems operates separately. This situation shall trigger a good basis why there is a need for
the integration. The validation of logical model will be then encoded in the spatial database.
Spatial DBMS is the foundation for both GIS (presentation, analysis) and CAD (creating
models). It offers spatial data type in its data model structure and also in the query language
and it can interact with the spatial DBMS. This paper elaborates on the use of Oracle Spatial
and Autodesk Map 3D for an integrated 3D Cadastre. The 3D Cadastre database development
especially on the aspect of 3D objects registration form major contributions of the paper
towards the development of an integrated 3D Cadastre.
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity
Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
1/14
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan HASSAN and Alias ABDUL RAHMAN, Malaysia
1. INTRODUCTION
Traditionally, cadastral registration systems are parcel based systems and it is in 2D nature.
2D cadastre mapping is practiced in Malaysia and at the moment it provides vital land and
property information like ownerships of the parcels for most parts of the country. Obviously
current cadastral information serves most of the users need for decades. However in very near
future this 2D information may not be able to serve for more advanced situations for example
in large city centers (see Figure 1) because one way to deal with this situation is by having a
more advanced cadastral system like 3D cadastre. This means we need to extend the 2D
system into a three-dimensional (3D) (Abdul-Rahman et al. 2005b). The disadvantage of the
solutions to register 3D property units in current cadastral registration is that the 3D
information is not integrated in the spatial part of the cadastral database. Therefore it is
impossible to view the 3D situation interactively. Technical and institutional aspects have to
be considered before the implementations of 3D cadastre system for Malaysia can be
embarked.
Figure 1: Example of 3D situations in Kuala Lumpur
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
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Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
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Middle year of 2006, population of Malaysia increases to 26.64 million and it course the real
properties registered increase rapidly. The properties can be divided into two, which are
movable and immovable properties. However, the properties considered in this research are
only the immovable properties which are land and building registrations that fall in the
category of cadastral objects. The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM)
claimed to have a total of 6.4 million cadastral lots (immovable properties) nationwide
(Chong 2006).
This paper discusses the integration of 3D cadastre object with the current registration of the
2D cadastre parcel. Section 2 starts with the current situations in Malaysia where legal and
organization aspects are the issues to be discussed. Then, section 3 continues with the
solutions towards Malaysian 3D Cadastre based on the cadastral model. Section 4 proceeds
with the development of an integrated 3D Cadastre model and finally section 5 presenting the
conclusion of this paper.
2. NON-INTEGRATED CADADTRE SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA
Malaysia is a developing country with plenty of cities all over the country e.g. the city of
Kuala Lumpur. The high rise buildings have been built in order to optimize the limited space.
Hence, more complex buildings were being built to cater the needs of the people e.g.
businesses and residential (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: Shopping Mall (with building above road)
Major problems that will be addressed in this paper are about the integration of the 2D and 3D
cadastre object in a database developed using Oracle Spatial and also the data retrieve with
the visualization of the 3D cadastre objects using Map 3D together with the spatial and
attribute information.
Cadastre system is being used for some government agencies such as Local Authority and
Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (LHDNM) to support the valuation and taxes system. In
Malaysia, there are two organizations responsible on managing and maintaining the cadastre
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity
Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
3/14
system (Genggatharan 2005). The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM)
deals with the cadastral survey with high accuracy survey determine the location, dimension
and size of the properties.
DSMM with Cadastral Survey System is responsible for preparing, producing and managing
the spatial including the surveying and mapping of the cadastre parcels. The Land
Registration System, which is non-spatial data is being the responsibility of the Land Office
(i.e. the PTG). PTG deals with the ownership registration, whose owns what (3R; Right,
Responsible, Restric-tion). Both organizations have their own systems called CLRS
(Computerised Land Registration System) in PTG and CDMS (Cadastre Data Management
System) in DSMM. Unfortunately the systems work separately in each organization and is
still in 2D in nature (Chong, 2006). As far as Malaysia is concerned the needs for this research
output is clearly sought after by the Na-tional Mapping Agency (NMA), i.e. DSMM and the
Land Office (LO), i.e. The Land and Mines Office (PTG). With the rapid development of
technologies and technique, both systems could be integrated to cater the needs of 3D
properties registrations.
2.1 The Legal Aspect
The basic concept of land parcel (lot) in Malaysian land law is the infinite ownership space
defined as a cone down to the centre of earth, with boundaries on the surface extends
vertically upwards and downwards to an extent. Its adjudication consists of two parts, first the
ascertaining of the physically surface boundaries by surveyed boundary marks, then the
official ascertainment of rights in land via registration and issue of documents of title.
However, it should be noted that existing Malaysian Cadastre deals with properties located
not only on the surface, but also above and below the surface level. For all intents and
purposes, the rights and responsibilities of the proprietor of the surface parcel shall also apply
to the proprietor of the underground land.
There are also provisions to survey and issue title for strata and stratum. The parcel is defined
by the bounding floor, walls and ceiling. Individual parcels are then issued with strata title in
accordance to a strata registration. On the other hand, the cadastral map or Digital Cadastral
Database (DCDB) is only two-dimensional in nature. It contains neither altimetry information
nor detailed information of existing objects or structures within the parcel area. The vertical
dimensions are only available on the strata and stratum certified plans, as scanned images in
the image library.
2.2 The Organization Aspect
The cadastral system comprises a land registration system and a cadastral registration as key
components. Land registration is a state government responsibility while cadastral registration
is under federal responsibility.
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity
Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
4/14
According to Chong (2006), experiences in developed countries have shown that stand-alone
or isolated approaches where data and processes were maintained separately are not
sustainable. A non-unified land registry system is known to have the following shortcomings:
•
•
•
•
Legal administrative and cadastral mapping data integrity is not well maintained.
Work flow, data updating and data service are less efficient (incomplete DCDB and
patches of irregularities of CLRS and DCDB)
Quality and consistency of information are difficult to maintain due to parallel
registration and updating
Less cost effective (examples include overheads to deal with two separate government
departments for one land related transaction – one might be located at the state capital
but the other at district, or extra efforts to ensure data integrity during data exchange as
both set of records are inter-dependant)
3. SOLUTIONS TOWARDS MALAYSIAN 3D CADASTRE
Malaysia could embark on this 3D cadastre system since it has good 2D cadastre framework.
Solution towards 3D cadastre registration is to study possible solutions in adding 3D
component in current registration. Few 3D Cadastre Model and others developed model by
different countries has been study in this research, and as a result, two common 3D Cadastre
Models has been choose as the two models to be used to developed the 3D Cadastre Model
for Malaysia. The models are Core Cadastral Domain Model (CCDM) and Hybrid Cadastre
Data Model. These models have been used as a platform to suit with the Malaysian cadastre
system. From the research and discussion it can be realized that the hybrid approach certainly
would be a good to start with. This approach means preservation of 2D cadastre and the
integration of the registration of the situation in 3D by registering 3D situations integrated and
being part of the 2D cadastral geographical data set.
Person
RegisterObject
object_id:
tmin: Date
tmax: Date
subject_id:
tmin: Date
tmax: Date
RRR
share: float
tmin: Date
tmax: Date
Figure 3: UML Class Diagram Concept of CCDM: Person, RRR (Right,
Restriction, and Responsibility) and RegisterObject,
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
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Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
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3.1 Core Cadastral Domain Model (CCDM)
Core Cadastral Domain Model (CCDM) has been introduced as a model for land registration
purposes. The development of this model is designed as a base for various land registration
practice in different countries. Two important goals of this model as listed in (van Oosterom
et. al 2006) are; (1) avoid reinventing and re-implementing the same functionality over and
over again, but provide a extensible basis for efficient and effective cadastral system
development based on a model driven architecture (MDA), and (2) enable involved parties,
both within one country and between different countries, to communicate based on the shared
ontology implied by the model. The UML class diagram of the CCDM is shown in Figure 3.
3.1.1
Malaysian Cadastre Data Model
CCDM is designed as the base for various land registration system. Therefore, it can also used
to describe Malaysia cadastre data model. The definition of these three core classes can be
derived from (Chong 2006). Table 1 shows the component of CCDM that follows with the
Malaysia Cadastre System. These categories are base from the CCDM classes and reflected in
the National Land Code 1965 and Strata Title Act 1985.
Table 1: Component of CCDM base on Malaysian Cadastre System
Persons (NLC: s.43)
RegisterObject
RRR
(Right, Restriction
and Responsibility)
Natural persons (excluding minors
less than 18 years old)
Corporations, sovereigns,
governments or organisations
Persons authorised to hold land under
the Diplomatic and Consular
Privileges Ordinance 1957
Bodies expressly empowered to hold
land (e.g. Trade union Ordinance
1957)
Lot (land parcel) (NLC: s.516)
Parcel (building parcel) (STA: s.4)
Stratum (underground volume)
(NLC: s.92A)
Rights (e.g. extent of general
disposal under NLC: s.44
Responsibilities (duty rent – e.g.
survey fees, premium, annual quit
rent etc.)
Restrictions (e.g. category of land,
express and implied condition etc.)
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity
Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
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3.2 Hybrid Cadastre Registration Model
Hybrid cadastre proposed by Stoter, 2004 is a good start towards implementation of 3D cadastre in Malaysia. The concept of hybrid cadastre is to preserve the current 2D registration
and add the 3D component in the registration system. There are two approaches to register 3D
object namely registration of right-volume and registration of 3D physical object. However,
the 3D representation of each approach is embedded in the CCDM base model.
4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED 3D CADASTRE MODEL
An integrated 3D Cadastre Model looks on how to add 3D component in the current cadastre
data model and make information is interoperable between the two involved organizations.
3D cadastre object e.g. apartment buildings is a real property that being built on the 2D land
parcel, which is the responsibility of DSMM. Adapting CCDM, the 3D spatial database being
design to make it interoperable with the current land registration database developed by the
LO, which is CLRS.
DSMM
Land Office (LO)
LandParcel
+2D geometry
RRR
share: float
tmin: Date
tmax: Date
RegisterObject
object_id:
tmin: Date
tmax: Date
3DParcel
Person
+2D geometry
+3D information
subject_id:
tmin: Date
tmax: Date
Figure 4: Adaptation of CCDM into Integrated 3D Cadastre Model for Malaysia where
LandParcel and 3DParcel is part of RegisterObject
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity
Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
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4.1 Integration of the cadastral databases (CLRS with DCDB)
DCDB and CLRS could be integrated electronically. Furthermore the integration of the spatial
database of DCDB with the textual database of CLRS is the prerequisite requirement for the
formation of a comprehensive land information system. Initial research was conducted by
Genggatharan (2005) proposed a mechanism to integrate these two databases. Nevertheless,
there are many hurdles to cross at current stage of practice. Genggatharan (2005) underlines
the following issues associated with the proposed integration:
•
•
•
•
•
Technological – compatibility of existing hardware and software
Data - data quality and integrity
Organizational - there is no mechanism for exchanging data among organization
Legal - data custodian and rights
Different working procedures and practice
3DParcel
LandParcel
+2D geometry
+3D information
Faces
face_id
+2D geometry
RegisterObject
object_id:
tmin: Date
tmax: Date
Node
coordinates
Boundary Line
+2D geometry
Boundary Marks
+2D geometry
Figure 5: The data model of LandParcel and 3DParcel as a registered object.
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity
Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
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From the issues as listed above (bullets), technological and the data aspect will be the major
concern of having the integration 3D cadastre. The organizational aspect, legal aspect and also
different working procedures and practice will be discussed. Adaptation of CCDM into
integrated 3D cadastre model for Malaysia can be seen in Figure 4. It is clearly defined that
the owner (represent a Person in the diagram) and the RRR (Right, Restriction,
Responsibility) are under responsibility of the LO while the properties or registered objects
(RegisterObject) are under responsibility of DSMM. The integration between these two
databases is made on the linkage of RegisterObject and the RRR in the Integrated 3D Cadastre
Model for Malaysia. In this model, both LandParcel and 3DParcel are registered as an object
in current registration system.
The LandParcel is represented as a 2D geometry. This object is inherited from the current 2D
registration system. Figure 5 shows the data model of land parcel as a registered object.
LandParcel i.e. cadastral lot consists of boundary lines and boundary marks. The 3DParcel is
considered as 3D physical object based on the hybrid solution by (Stoter, 2004). 3DParcel is
formed with 2D geometry and 3D information. The 3DParcel is projected with the 3D
bounded space with list of coordinate that form flat faces and later form a 3D object which so
called 3D cadastre object. The data model of 3DParcel is also illustrated in figure 5.
4.2 Logical Model for registration of 3D Cadastre object
4.2.1
Spatial Data Model
The spatial data model of LandParcel and 3DParcel are stored in the Oracle DBMS.
The table recording 3DParcel include the following items:
• Owner_no: the ownership number of the particular building
• Area: the floor area of the building parcel
• Geometry: the list of coordinates which form the 3D spatial objects
The table recording the LandParcel includes the following items:
• No_lot: Lot number of the mother parcel for buildings registered
• Area: the area of the main parcel for the buildings
• Geometry: List of coordinates that form the 2D Parcel
4.2.2
Administrative Data Model
The administrative component is created to show the attributes for registered 3D cadastre
object. The attributes shows the information as in Table 2.
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity
Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
9/14
Table 2: Physical Development of 3D Cadastre Registration Database
Entity
Name
Geometry
Type
Owner
3DParcel
LandParcel
Polygon
Polygon
Field Name
Description
Data Type
Width
Key
Owner_No
Ownership no.
Varchar
25
PK
Name
Name of land propriter
Varchar
25
IC_No
IC mo
Varchar
15
State
Name of state
Varchar
10
Mukim
Name of mukim
Varchar
10
District
Name of District
Varchar
10
Type_owner
Type of ownership
Varchar
10
Owner_No
Ownership no.
Varchar
25
Area
Area of parcel
Number
10
Geometry
Column of geometry
Mdsys.sdo.geometry
LotNo.
Lot Number
Varchar
10
FK
LotNo.
Lot Number
Varchar
10
PK
Area
Area of parcel
Number
10
Geometry
Column of geometry
Mdsys.sdo.geometry
PK
The table recording table Owner include with the following items:
Owner_No. : the ownership number of particular registered object
Name
: the name of the person who hold rights on the registered parcel
IC_No. : the identification number of the land owner.
State
: description name of the state for the registered objects
Mukim : the name of the mukim of the registered objects
District: the name of district of the registered objects
Type_owner : type of ownership referring to registered object
4.3 Association of the Components Elements in DBMS
Table 2 show the physical development of the registration for 3D cadastre object. There are
three main entities that are owner, 3DParcel and LandParcel.
The 3D cadastre registration system is developed to show registration of 3D spatial objects
and combine with the land attributes. The linkage of these tables is base on owner_no (field
name) that being set as primary key (PK). The 3D Parcel is located in the primary land of 2D
parcel. Therefore, the linkage between these tables is based on the lot no.
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
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4.4 The Linkage of DBMS and CAD
Figure 6: Sample building for the experiment.
The sample data of building as shown in Figure 6 has been chosen for the experimental
purposes. In the experiment, we have chosen Autodesk Map 3D and Oracle database to
visualize the spatial objects. The interoperability of Map 3D and Oracle is developed based on
the schema that helps to connect the software. The specification of the schema need to be
fulfilled before the connection can be done.
Figure 7: Visualization of 3DParcel in CAD
The visualization of 3D cadastre object is conducted via the Map 3D schema administration.
Here, the Map 3D requires user to login the Oracle database login name, password and the
service name. Later, the interested table in the Oracle database will be selected to visualize in
the Map 3D. The visualization of the 3D cadastre objects are shown in Figure 7. The
registered coordinates in the Oracle DBMS can be listed base on the primary key of the table.
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
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Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
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Figure 8: 3D model extracted from Oracle Spatial
The developed 3D spatial database in oracle spatial software can be viewed using few
different software, however in this paper we used Autodesk Map 3D 2007 as a viewing tools.
As a result, the CAD drawing which are in the drawing (dwg) format have been translate into
Oracle Spatial database and Figure 8 show the 3D spatial model which are extracted from the
oracle spatial database and viewed in Autodesk MAP 3D. Finally, the linkage between the
spatial and the attribute information of the 3D model (see Figure 11) allow us to do some
simple queries for the administrative purposes.
Figure 11: 3D database developed for Malaysian 3D Cadastre purposes.
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
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5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The idea of having hybrid model for Malaysian integrated 3D cadastre system is to maintain
the existing 2D cadastre system. The integrated 3D Cadastre Model introduced in this paper
which is basically expanded from the CCDM model can be realized on the big scale of 3D
cadastre object registration for Malaysia. Three main classes in CCDM namely
RegisterObject, Person and RRR have been transformed to suit with Malaysian cadastre
system. In the proposed registration model, new class namely 3D parcel has been derived
from RegisterObject to hold 3D objects. The 3D parcel spatial is bound within 2D geometry
and 3D information. The registration of 3D objects is validated in the geo-DBMS (Oracle
Spatial). The 3D object registered in the Oracle Spatial DBMS then queried using the simple
interface and the both spatial and attribute information were displayed using Map 3D software
also a simple data updating function has been developed (query tool). The result of this
experiment shows that the integrated Malaysian 3D Cadastre could be fully developed. We
will look into the overlapping rights within cross-boundary situations with a proper prototype
for our very near future work.
REFERENCES
Abdul-Rahman,
A. and Stoter, J. E. (2005a). 3D Cadaster in Malaysia – how to realize it?
7th. Surveyors Congress, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abdul-Rahman, A. and J. E. Stoter, A.F. Nordin (2005b). Towards 3D Cadaster in Malaysia.
International Symposium and Exhibition on Geoinformation (ISG 2005). Penang, Malaysia.
Chong, C. S. (2006). Toward a 3D Cadastre in Malaysia - An Implementation Evaluation.
Delft, Delft University of Technology: 110
FIG (1995). The FIG Statement on the Cadastre. Technical Report Publication 11, Federation
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Genggatharan, M. (2005). Conceptual Model for Integration of Cadastral Data Management
System (CDMS) and Computer Land Registration System (CLRS). MSc. Thesis, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia. (In Malay)
Imzan Hassan, M., A. A. Rahman, et al. (2006). "Developing Malaysian 3D cadastre system :
preliminary findings." In: Innovations in 3D geo information systems : selected papers from
the 1st international workshop on 3D geoinformation science and engineering, 7-8 August
2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia / ed. by A.A. Rahman, S. Zlatanova, V. Coors. Berlin :
Springer, 2006. ISBN 3-540-36997-X. pp. 519-533
JUPEM, Manual Pengguna Sistem Pengurusan Pangkalan Data Kadaster. Department of
Survey and Mapping Malaysia. (In Malay)
KPTG (1997). Manual Sistem Pendaftaran Tanah Berkomputer: Latihan kepada Pendaftar.
Department of Director General of Lands and Mines. (In Malay)
KPTG, Manual Sistem Pendaftaran Tanah Berkomputer: Bidang Liputan SPTB. Department
of Director General of Lands and Mines. (In Malay)
National Land Code (1965).
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
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Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
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Nordin, A. F. (2001). Institutional Issues In The Implementation Of The Coordinated
Cadastral System For Peninsular Malaysia: A Study On The Legal And Organisation
Aspects. Geomatic. Skudai, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Omar, A.H. (2003). The development of Coordinated cadastral System for Peninsular
Malaysia. MSc. Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Stoter, J.E., M.A. Salzmann, P.J.M. van Oosterom and P. van der Molen (2002), Towards a
3D Cadastre, FIG XXII/ACSM-ASPRS, 19 - 26 April, 2002, Washington, USA.
Stoter, J.E (2004), 3D Cadastre, PhD Thesis, International Institute for GeoInformation Science and Earth Observation (ITC), the Netherlands.
CONTACTS
Muhammad Imzan Hassan
Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Skudai
Johor Bahru, Johor
MALAYSIA
Tel. +607 5530844
Fax + 607 5566163
Email: imzan@utm.my
Web site: http://www.fksg.utm.my/geoinformatic/CVStaff/muhammadimzan.htm
TS 5A - Development of 3D Cadastre
Muhammad Imzan Hassan and Alias Abdul Rahman
Malaysian Integrated 3D Cadastre Registration System
FIG Congress 2010
Facing the Challenges – Building the Capacity
Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010
14/14