International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation (IJLLT)
ISSN: 2617-0299 (Online); ISSN: 2708-0099 (Print)
DOI: 10.32996/ijllt
www.ijllt.org
Research Article
The Contributions of Systemic Functional Linguistics to Literary Text Analysis
Arsen Nahum Pasaribu1*, Erika Sinambela2 and Sondang Manik3
1
Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Languages and Arts, University of HKBP Nommensen, Medan, Indonesia
2
Senior Lecturer, Postgraduate Program, University of HKBP Nommensen, Medan, Indonesia
3
Professor, Postgraduate Program, University of HKBP Nommensen, Medan, Indonesia
Corresponding Author: Arsen Nahum Pasaribu, E-mail: arsen.pasaribu@uhn.ac.id
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article History
Received: August 12, 2020
Accepted: September 22, 2020
Volume: 3
Issue: 9
DOI: 10.32996/ijllt.2020.3.9.8
KEYWORDS
Discourse analysis, contributions,
literary text, SFL
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) refers to some kind of text analysis, including
an analysis of literary language. Some research has verified the study of the literary
text using this linguistic apparatus; however, the use of SFL in literary text analysis is
relatively rare. Therefore, this study investigated the contributions of SFL to literary
text analysis. The data of the study were 20 scientific articles focusing on literary
text analysis using SFL. The analysis used content analysis to expose the segments
of the story analyzed and the components of SFL to analyze them. The findings
showed that the method of analysis using SFL on the literary text has brought new
perspectives to the researchers, and provided some possible future studies in
literary works. Moreover, the study of literary texts is regarded not merely as
interpretative practices but as explanatory categories for each segment of a literary
text.
1. Introduction 1
Systemic Functional Linguistics is a linguistic approach, which examines language as a social semiotic system. It's influenced
the process of text analysis since the advent of SFL. From the SFL perspective, a text is viewed not merely as a unit of
sentence construction rule, but also as an entity that is inseparable from its social context in meaning-making. Martin, at. al.
(2010, p. 2) highlighted the main aim of SFL development to provide general grammar and text analysis interpretation,
including literary language. Furthermore, Eggins (2000, p. 309) stressed that SFL works not only to interpret the meaning of
literary works as the traditional method does but also to explain why the authors wrote the literary works as they are. SFL is
therefore of prime importance in literary analysis as it explores how language as a system works by using linguistic patterns
to create literary work, and reveals how and why the text means what it does to the reader or listener.
Some studies have confirmed some efforts in applying SFL to the literary text analysis. In literary analysis, Guo (2008)
suggested the use of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), an SFL grammar. Gallardo (2006) explored the genre's roles in
"Pygmalion" by examining linguistic resources used by the two main characters and the narrator. Lukin (2008) provided many
examples of ways SFG application in the study of literary text at school. By examining graphology, sound, experiential, and
textual patterns, he encouraged students to investigate poems. Lukin (2008, p. 85) argued that the literary text is treated like
any other text appropriate to the SFL approach as a linguistic object. Cunanan (2011) used Woolf's SFG analysis on "Old Mrs.
Grey" to explain the link between Woolf's word choice and the reader's intuition and impression. Besides, Slater and
McCrocklin (2006) provided the students with training on the approach to the literary analysis of the SFG. This evidence has
shown the rise in the use of SFL in literary analysis.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic Functional Linguistics is a language theory, initially introduced by Michael Halliday (1961; 1985). The focus of this
Hallidayan theory is on how language is used to construct three types of meanings. The types comprise of ideational
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The Contributions of Systemic Functional Linguistics to Literary Text Analysis
metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and textual metafunction. The Ideational or experiential metafunction is
concerned with the presentation of social realities. Interpersonal metafunction is the exchange of social communication to
establish the relationship. The category of organizing mode of communication is the textual metafunction. Following is a
further explanation of the metafunction.
2.2. Ideational Metafunction
Ideational metafunction is the source that enables us to encode our mental image. It is the image of the real and imaginative
world. (Downing & Locke, 1992, p. 110). Ideational metafunction consists of the process, the participant noun, and the
circumstance. It is called "transitivity." The mechanism (center of a clause) defines the action or circumstance in which the
participants in a clause relate. There are six types of the process: material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioral, and
existential. The following is a list of such process forms (Thompson, 2014):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The material process is concerned with physical activity and makes use of transitive verbs such as driving, sweeping,
studying, writing, etc.
The mental process is the verbs that serve the mental image of our imaginary worlds, like: smile, see, imagine, etc.
The relational process refers to the process at the beginning of the clause relating to an object, followed by
attributives. This process indicates the object's relation to the attributes that followed.
The verbal process designates verbs which say, ask, tell, proclaim, etc.
The behavioral cycle refers to the process in which the verbs are the intermediary between mind and substance,
such as listening, laughing, crying, etc.
The existential process is indicated as the pseudo participant in a clause, using the 'there' method.
physical An analysis can be done using the ideational metafunction in a literary text. It functions to determine the types of actions that
action, the characters (participants) play in a story. Different characters in process types may lead to varying types of action in the
thoughts process analysis. Similarly, different genres can lead the writers to use different verbs too. Definition, for example, prefers to
emotion use "have" or "have," defined as a relational operation. At the same time, a recount is likely to use action verbs that are part
of a material or mental method. The study can concentrate on setting a story in terms of circumstances, where, when, and
how it took place.
material,mental and relational(role,motivation and
interaction of characters
2.2 Interpersonal Metafunction
Interpersonal metafunction refers to a social relationship that allows users of the language to interact, exhibit power, and
build solidarity (Thompson 2014). The interpersonal tools relating to the establishment of relations can be in exposure
through the study of speech function. Halliday (1994, p. 69) categorized speech function into four types: statement, offer,
question, and command that realized by mood to perform two roles, namely: give and demand. The following figure
demonstrates the types of speech roles and their realization in the mood.
Commodity
Role
Giving
Demanding
Information
Statement
Question
Goods & Services
Offer
Command
Mood
Declarative
Interrogative
0
Imperative
Figure1. Speech function & mood
The speech feature in Figure 1 shows that the speaker uses declarative mood to give information to others while seeking
information from others. The questioning type is in use. It is also possible to encode the provision of goods or services to
other participants using declarative, interrogative, or imperative clauses. An imperative clause codes the demanding goods or
services from others. Analysis of the speech's role in literary text focuses on the use of language through social interaction
between characters on the plot. Does an author build a character as a resourceful person to offer information to others, or as
a boss who has the power to give his workers an order, or as a helpful guy who is willing to provide other people products or
services?
Another resource of interpersonal metafunction relevant for the analysis of a literary text is modality. From the SFL
perspective, modality is a system of linguistic choices that allows the expression of the intentions of the speaker as well as
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IJLLT 3(9):81-86
the belief of the speaker as to whether the proposition expressed is true, obligatory, desirable, or real. According to
Thompson (2014), if the exchanged commodity is knowledge, the utterances are classified as a proposition. Modality relates
to how certain information is in the presentation of this matter. This type of modality is broken down into probability and
habituality. Probability refers to the probability of the information being true, whereas usuality refers to the frequency of the
information is true.
Conversely, if the exchanged commodity is goods or services, the utterance is termed a proposal. Modality, in this case, is
divided into duty and inclination. An obligation is about the action or command taking place. It includes permissible,
advisable, and mandatory elements. Inclination refers to the degree of the speaker 's willingness or inclination to deliver on
the offer. In this case, the speaker sends out my signal: ability, willingness, and determination (Thompson, 2014). The
following figure shows the function of speech and its modal realizations.
Commodity
Role
Giving
Demanding
Information
Statement
Question
Goods & Services
Offer
Command
Proposition
Proposal
Modalization
Modulation
Modality
Figure2. Modality as the realization of the speech function
Figure 2 shows how modality turns the speech function. Giving information (in a statement) and requesting information (in
question) will lead to a proposal and will be classified as modalization. On the other hand, the offering and demanding for
goods and services will result in a proposal and will be categorized as the modulation. The table below shows the
modalization and modulation degree values.
Table1: The degree value of modality
Degree
High
Medium
Low
Probability
Certain
probably
possibly
Modalization
Be
Usuality
Must be
always
Will be
usually
May be
sometimes
Obligation
required
supposed
allowed
Modulation
Do
Inclination
Must do determined
Will do
able
May do willing
The modality degree value, Table 1, shows the degree of modalization in probability and usuality, and the degree of
modulation in obligation and inclination with the modal verbs used.
The literary modality analysis can be in the concentration on the assurance of the proposition and the frequency of the acts in
a story. The analysis may also illuminate the actions or characters that are involved in a story. What kind of person it
describes in the story? Modulation can highlight the types of statements that speakers use in conversation, whether they
take the obligation or the inclination into account. For example, an employer's compulsory order may reveal the character as
a determined boss, or who has control or the social status level in literary work.
Appraisal analysis, another method of interpersonal metafunction, is a semantic framework developed by White (1998) for
emotional reaction (affect), aesthetic appraisal (appreciation), and a tool for engaging and amplifying these assessments
(judgment). It is a sentimental linguistic theory: emotion, ethics, and aesthetics. It may provide more insights into the
positions of speakers, how the language speakers can convey themselves. This linguistic framework, in terms of literary study,
can be counted on investigating how writers convey their emotions through the characters they construct in stories.
2.4 Textual Metafunction
Textual metafunction refers to organizing interactions within a text. The textual metafunction functions to examine aspects
of language. They can only be fully comprehensible through their contexts (Thompson, 2014). Besides, he states that textual
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The Contributions of Systemic Functional Linguistics to Literary Text Analysis
meanings can be built in three ways: repetition, conjunction, and thematization. Collerson (1994) suggested the cohesion
analysis in a text to show the significant repeated references to a single theme. The achievement of this type of analysis is
possible by constructing lexical chains, such as repetition of a word or phrase, use of pronouns, use of synonyms, hyponyms,broader
part or and meronyms, and collocation in the document.
category,
member
Themetization is considered necessary in literary analysis as one of the resources of a textual metafunction. It includes theme
as the departure point of the message, and Rheme as the new information about the theme in every single clause (Halliday
and Matthiessen, (2014), which comes immediately after the theme. In other words, theme is the first element that occurs in
a clause, whereas Rheme is the recall clause. Gerot and Wignell (1994) divided Theme-Rheme into three categories:
ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Typically, but not always, the first nominal category in the clause is the ideational or
topical unit. It can be a complex of nominal groups, an adverbial group, and pre-positional sentences or embedded clauses. A
nominal group as the topic is classified as a topical topic unmarked. If the nominal group is not in the position as the subject
of the clause, the topic will be considered a topical theme marked. "Mark" is a word that is used because it sounds stunning.
It's not what we normally expect to find because it's catching attention. The interpersonal theme is a type of theme if first in
clause construction modal adjuncts, vocatives, finites, or WH-questions occur. Eventually, if the conjunctions or adjuncts in
clause construction come first, they are categorized as the Textual Theme.
directly address a person,
The theme-rheme analysis of literary analysis will concentrate on the trends of the literary texts in the Theme-Rheme. Finding
the types of themes dominating a text will lead to the discovery of how the author organized a story. Does the author tend to
use the normal (unmarked-theme) or "unusual" (marked-theme) theme dominantly? In addition, the study of theme-rheme
is effectively used to examine the translation of literary texts, such as short stories, novels, whether the original literary texts
have the same number or pattern of Theme-Rheme with their translated ones. This point can indicate whether the translated
literary texts are good or bad.
3. Methodology
The study was qualitative content analysis. The data consists of 20 scientific articles using Systemic Functional Linguistics as
the theoretical base of the literary text analysis. The analysis was focused on the topics and objectives of the articles analysis.
The categorization of the analysis was to expose how SFL was used to find out the answers to the social phenomenon in
literary work.
4. Results and Discussion
Based on the explanations, the following is the results of the uses of SFL on 20 literary text analysis. The contributions are
divided into three main areas: ideational or experiential metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and textual metafunction.
Table 2 shows the main characteristics of literary text analysis using SFL.
Table 2: The scheme of SFL on literary text analysis
Metafunction
Sub-metafunction
1.
Ideational/
experiential
Metafunction
Transitivity analysis:
Process, participants,
circumstance
&
2.
3.
1.
Speech Function
2.
1.
Interpersonal
Metafunction
SFL/SFG
84
Modality
2.
3.
Literary Text Analysis
The types of actions, and the
characters in a story
Types of genre
Story setting (where and how the
story takes place.)
Types of characters in the story, an
informative or a determined one.
Social status of characters, a
powerful person or an ordinary one
The certainty of the proposition and
the frequency of the actions in a
story
Clarify the kinds of actions or
characters involved in a story
The types of statements of the
speakers use in conversation
whether they are obligation or
inclination
IJLLT 3(9):81-86
Appraisal Analysis
Cohesion
Textual
Metafunction
Theme-Rheme
1. The way an author expresses
his/her emotion through the
characters he/she creates in stories
2. The degree of emotion, the
relationship among the characters
1. Whether the organization of a story
is cohesive by the author, the
degree of cohesiveness of a text will
influence the degree of coherence
of the text.
1. Types of theme, and the dominant
type of theme will show how the
author organizes the story.
2. If the translated literary texts have
the same theme patterns as the
original ones
Table 2 shows a literary text analysis using SFL. Analysis of transitivity on a literary text may reveal the types of actions and
characters performed in a story. It also explains the genre types and the setting of a story. Interpersonal metafunction can be
carried out in the analysis of speech function, modality, and assessment. Analysis of the voice feature functions to figure out
types of characters in stories, the social status of characters, be they extraordinary or ordinary. Analysis of modality can
identify the certainty of the proposition and the frequency of the actions in a story, clarify the types of actions or characters
involved in a story, and examine the kinds of statements used by the speakers in conversation whether they belong to the
obligation or inclination. Appraisal analysis can be used to analyze how an author communicates his / her emotion through
the characters he/she creates in a novel. It is applicable in finding the degree of emotion and the relationship between the
characters.
The textual metafunction analysis of cohesion can function to examine the cohesiveness of a text. Moreover, Theme-rheme
can be used to explore the types of theme patterns developed by the author in a story. In translation studies, Theme-rheme
is used to find out the equality of theme patters between the original literary texts and their translations.
5. Conclusion
The study aimed at exploring the contributions of Systemic Functional Linguistics in the literary text analysis. The
contributions of SFL can be obtained after analyzing 20 articles of literary texts. The analysis was focused on the metafunction
of literary language: ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and textual metafunction. The study has positively
confirmed that the SFL, as a tool of analysis, can function to reveal the types of transitivity, speech function, modality,
cohesion, and theme-rheme of a text. In other words, the types of characters, gendre, thematic structure, coherence and the
settings of a story can be uncovered by using SFL. Therefore, SFL application in the literary text analysis has brought a new
perspective in discourse analysis. However, the SFL literary text analysis may cover a broad range of literary aspects, such as
the purpose and sentiment of the writers, character descriptions, and social interaction among the characters in a story, text
organization, and many more. Therefore, wide range of aspects and more data of literary text analysis using SFL still needs to
be explored to show further contributions of SFL in literary text analysis.
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