Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

Academia.eduAcademia.edu
UPCommons Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC http://upcommons.upc.edu/e-prints Daniel Aranguren, Jesús López, Joan Montanyà, Horacio Torres. (2018) Natural observatories for lightning research in Colombia. 20th International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, Sept. 10 - 14, 2018: IEEE, 2018. Pp. 279-283 Doi: 10.1109/ICEAA.2018.8520371. © 2018 IEEE. Es permet l'ús personal d'aquest material. S’ha de demanar permís a l’IEEE per a qualsevol altre ús, incloent la reimpressió/reedició amb fins publicitaris o promocionals, la creació de noves obres col·lectives per a la revenda o redistribució en servidors o llistes o la reutilització de parts d’aquest treball amb drets d'autor en altres treballs. Daniel Aranguren, Jesús López, Joan Montanyà, Horacio Torres. (2018) Natural observatories for lightning research in Colombia. 20th International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, Sept. 10 - 14, 2018: IEEE, 2018. Pp. 279-283 Doi: 10.1109/ICEAA.2018.8520371. © 2018 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works. 1DWXUDO2EVHUYDWRULHVIRU/LJKWQLQJ5HVHDUFKLQ &RORPELD  'DQLHO$UDQJXUHQ .HUDXQRV6$6DQG 5HVHDUFK*URXSRI$FTXLVLWLRQDQG $QDO\VLVRI6LJQDOV3$$6 1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\RI&RORPELDDQG %RJRWi&RORPELD GDUDQJXUHQ#NHUDXQRVFR  -HVXV/ySH] /LJKWQLQJ5HVHDUFK*URXS/5* 7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI&DWDORQLD 7HUUDVVD %DUFHORQH 6SDLQ MHVXVDOEHUWRORSH]#XSFHGX -RDQ0RQWDQ\j /LJKWQLQJ5HVHDUFK*URXS/5* 7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI&DWDORQLD 7HUUDVVD %DUFHORQH 6SDLQ PRQWDQ\D#HHXSFHGX  +RUDFLR7RUUHV .HUDXQRV6$6DQG 5HVHDUFK*URXSRI$FTXLVLWLRQDQG $QDO\VLVRI6LJQDOV3$$6 1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\RI&RORPELDDQG %RJRWi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bstract— This paper presents a selected, not exhaustive, description of lightning research in Colombia over time, based on natural observatories for experimentation and measurement; and introduces the DABEIBA Lightning Research Center as a new institutional cooperation to concentrate several instruments such as Lightning Mapping Array - LMA, high speed cameras, high energy detectors, by different scientific parties in a single area for tropical lightning research. Keywords—Lightning research center, tropical zone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±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‹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±%DVLF ,QVXODWLRQ/HYHO 7KHLPSURYHGFRQVWUXFWLRQZDVGHVLJQHGE\ WKH3$$6JURXSDQGWKHWUDQVIRUPHUSURWRW\SHVZHUHEXLOWE\ WKHFRPSDQ\6,(0(16>@7KLVLQLWLDOWHVWGHSOR\PHQWLV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  LQ WKH ORFDWLRQ 7RSDLSt ZKHUH WKH *URXQG )ODVK'HQVLW\*)'LVFORVHWRIODVKHVNP\HDU$IWHUIRXU \HDUVWKHOLJKWQLQJORFDWLRQV\VWHPWKDWZDVRSHUDWLQJDWWKDW WLPH EDVHGRQ/3$76WHFKQRORJ\ GHWHFWHGPRUHWKDQ &*IODVKHVDWGLVWDQFHVFORVHUWKDQPWRWKHH[SHULPHQWDO V\VWHPDQGRQO\WZRIDLOXUHFDVHVZHUHUHSRUWHG 7KLV LQLWLDO H[SHULHQFH ZDV XVHG WR GHYHORS RWKHU H[SHULPHQWDO V\VWHPV VXFK DV LQ 6DPDQi LQ  )LJ   ZKHUHQHZSURWRW\SHVRISRZHUWUDQVIRUPHUVZHUHWHVWHG LQDUHDOPHGLXPYROWDJHRYHUKHDGV\VWHPXQGHUDUHJLPHRI SURJUDP ZDV VWRSSHG XQIRUWXQDWHO\ QRW HQRXJK WR EH FRQVLGHUHGDVVWDWLVWLFDOO\UHSUHVHQWDWLYH *)'DURXQGIODVKHVNP\HDU,QDOOFDVHVWKHOLIHF\FOHV ZHUHH[WHQGHGWRPRUHWKDQ\HDUV0RUHGHWDLOVDERXWWKH PRGHOLQJQHZGHVLJQVDQGH[SHULPHQWVDUHJLYHQE\7RUUHV >@ 7KH PRUH SUHFLVH DQG HIILFLHQW //6V RI WRGD\ DOORZ REVHUYLQJPRUHVSHFLILFORFDOOLJKWQLQJKRWVSRWVHYHQLQVLGH RQHRIWKHKLJKHVWOLJKWQLQJKRWVSRWVLQWKHZRUOGDV6DPDQi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xperience with instrumented towers ,Q  7RUUHV > @ LQVWDOOHG D P LQVWUXPHQWHG WRZHULQ6DPDQi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easurement Tower (60 m) Shelter of measurement and acquisition systems  )LJ 0HDVXUHPHQWLQVWUXPHQWGHSOR\PHQWVLQ&RORPELDDVQDWXUDO OLJKWQLQJODERUDEDWRULHV B. Measurement of lightning induced overvoltages 7KHRUHWLFDO VWXGLHV RQ OLJKWQLQJ LQGXFHG RYHUYROWDJHV ZHUHVWDUWHGLQ&RORPELDLQ>@$ILUVWH[SHULPHQWDO GHSOR\PHQW ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ  E\ 6DOJDGR >@ ZKR EXLOWDQGLQVWDOOHGWKUHHWUDQVLHQWRYHUYROWDJHPHWHUVLQD NP UHDO PHGLXP YROWDJH QHWZRUN LQ 6DPDQi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—V ZLWK PD[LPXP YDOXHV XS WR —V 7KH NQRZOHGJH GHYHORSHG LQ WKH GHVFULEHG H[SHULPHQWV KDYH FRQWULEXWHG WR SURJUDP VSHFLDOL]HG VLPXODWLRQ WRROV ZKLFKDUHXVHGWRGD\IRUVWXG\LQJWKHUHOLDELOLW\OHYHOVRIODUJH SRZHU GLVWULEXWLRQ V\VWHPV LQ WKH RUGHU RI WKRXVDQGV RI NLORPHWHUVRIOHQJWK 3HUH]HWDO>@   Capacitive high voltage divider Power supply (solar unit)  2YHUYROWDJHPHDVXUHPHQW FRQQHFWLRQ Signal acquisition, time stamp and remote control.  2YHUYROWDJHPHDVXUHPHQWFRPSRQHQWV C. Measurement of atmospheric electrostatic field 6RPHGHSOR\PHQWVRIHOHFWULFILHOGPLOOVZHUHGHYHORSHG IRU H[SHULPHQWDO FDPSDLJQV LQ %RJRWi   %RJRWi 0HGHOOtQDQG0DQL]DOHV  /D3DOPD  DQGRWKHUV (OHFWULFILHOGPLOOVLQ/D3DOPD )LJ ZHUHORFDWHGULJKWLQ WKH DUHD ZKHUH OLJKWQLQJ LQGXFHG RYHUYROWDJH PHWHUV KDYH EHHQLQVWDOOHG$OOXVHGGHYLFHVZHUHEDVHGRQWKHSURWRW\SH EXLOW E\ $UDQJXUHQ LQ  DQG LWV LPSURYHPHQWV LQ WKH IROORZLQJ\HDUV>@%DVHGRQWKHVHV\VWHPV$UDQJXUHQHWDO >@VWXGLHGWKHHOHFWULFDOVWUXFWXUHVRIWKXQGHUVWRUPV$ ELSRODU FKDUJH VROXWLRQ ZDV IRXQG LQ %RJRWi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± 83& .HUDXQRV 6$6 VSLQRII FRPSDQ\OLQNHGWRWKH1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\RI&RORPELD DQG 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0DJGDOHQD LQVWDOOHG WKH ILUVW /LJKWQLQJ 0DSSLQJ $UUD\  /0$ QHWZRUN LQ WKH WURSLFV 7KLV V\VWHP ZDV LPSOHPHQWHG ZLWK WKH PDLQ REMHFW WR FRQWULEXWH WR WKH (XURSHDQ $6,0 SURMHFW >@ 7KH &2//0$ QHWZRUN LV FRPSRVHGE\VL[9+)GHWHFWRUVZLWKDEDVHOLQHIURPWR NP7KHDUHDRILQWHUHVWFRYHUHGDVPDOOOLWWRUDO]RQHRIWKH &DULEEHDQ6HDWKH6DQWD0DUWDFLW\DQGWKHZHVWHUQIRRWKLOOV RI WKH 6LHUUD 1HYDGD GH 6DQWD 0DUWD PRXQWDLQ WKH KLJKHVW FRDVWOLQHPRXQWDLQLQWKHZRUOG)LJJLYHVDQH[DPSOHRI OLJKWQLQJOHDGHUPDSSLQJLQDSHULRGRIPLQXWHVZKHQDW OHDVW ILYH &ORXGWR*URXQG IODVKHV DUH LGHQWLILHG &* GHWHFWLRQ SURYLGHG E\ WKH &RORPELDQ 7RWDO /LJKWQLQJ 'HWHFWLRQ6\VWHP&7/'6>@ JLYHDV;LQ)LJ H[SRVHG DYHU\JRRGFRUUHODWLRQLQVSDFHDQGWLPH$VVKRZQLQ)LJ WKHHPLVVLRQVDUHGHWHFWHGDWDOWLWXGHVXSWRNP&RQWLQXRXV PHDVXUHPHQWV IURP  WR  DOORZHG FKHFNLQJ WKDW OLJKWQLQJOHDGHUVUHDFKKLJKDOWLWXGHVLQWURSLFDOWKXQGHUVWRUPV IDYRULQJWKHSURGXFWLRQRI7UDQVLHQW*DPPD)ODVKHV±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±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lectric field mill LMA Radar LINET sensor Magdalena River 7KHILUVWH[SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGWRILQGVROXWLRQV IRU D FULWLFDO SUREOHP RI GDPDJHV RI SRZHU GLVWULEXWLRQ WUDQVIRUPHUV PRWLYDWHG WKH GHSOR\PHQW RI PRUH VSHFLDOL]HG DQG FRPSOH[ PHDVXUHPHQWV LQ LQVWUXPHQWHG WDOO WRZHUV DQG LQVWUXPHQWHGRYHUKHDGSRZHUOLQHV)RXQGLQJOLPLWDWLRQVDQG RWKHU ORFDO IDFWRUV GLG QRW DOORZ FRQGXFWLQJ ORQJWHUP H[SHULPHQWV DQG UHODWLYH VKRUW DQG PHGLXP SHULRGV RI PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH ILQDOO\ DYDLODEOH 7KH QXPEHU RI H[SHULPHQWDOGHSOR\PHQWVLQYHU\KLJKOLJKWQLQJDFWLYHDUHDV LVQRWDEOH Barrancabermeja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±GRL%$06' >@ -/ySH]-0RQWDQ\j2YDQGHU9HOGH'5RPHUR'$UDQJXUHQ+ 7RUUHV - 7DERUGD )LUVW GDWD RI WKH &RORPELD /LJKWQLQJ 0DSSLQJ $UUD\±&2/0$,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ/LJKWQLQJ3URWHFWLRQ  ,&/3(VWRULO3RUWXJDO >@ +HUUHUD - 3pUH] ( <RXQHV & $QiOLVLV GH 0RGHORV 0DWHPiWLFRV SDUDHO&iOFXORGHWHQVLRQHVLQGXFLGDVHQ5HGHV$iUHDVGH'LVWULEXFLyQ GH (QHUJtD (OpFWULFD 7HVLV GH 3UHJUDGR 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH &RORPELD%RJRWi >@ 0 6DOJDGR 7HQVLRQHV ,QGXFLGDV SRU 'HVFDUJDV (OHFWULFDV $WPRVIHULFDVHQ5HGHV$HUHDVGH'LVWULEXFLyQ(OpFWULFD 6LVWHPDGH 0HGLFLyQ  7HVLV GH 0DHVWUtD 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH &RORPELD  >@ +7RUUHVHWDO$FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ7KHRUHWLFDODQG([SHULPHQWDO /LJKWQLQJ ,QGXFHG 9ROWDJHV LQ 7URSLFDO =RQH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ *URXQGLQJ DQG (DUWKLQJ *5281'¶ %HOR +RUL]RQWH%UD]LO >@ (3HUH]+7RUUHV&<RXQHV-+HUUHUD'$UDQJXUHQ-0RQWDxD 3$$6 JURXS FRQWULEXWLRQV WR NQRZOHGJH DERXW WKH SKHQRPHQRQ RI OLJKWQLQJ SDUW , /LJKWQLQJ LQGXFHG RYHUYROWDJHV   :RUOG 0HHWLQJRQ/LJKWQLQJ :20(/ &DUWDJHQD&RORPELD >@ '$UDQJXUHQ³(VWXGLRGHODVWRUPHQWDVHOpFWULFDVDWUDYpVGHOFDPSR HOpFWULFR DPELHQWDO´ 7HVLV GH 0DHVWULD 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO GH &RORPELD >@ ' $UDQJXUHQ + 7RUUHV 7KXQGHUVWRUPV UHVHDUFK LQ &RORPELD ,QVWUXPHQWV SK\VLFV DQG OLJKWQLQJ ZDUQLQJ V\VWHPV  :RUOG 0HHWLQJRQ/LJKWQLQJ :20(/ &DUWDJHQD&RORPELD >@ ' $UDQJXUHQ - /ySH] - ,QDPSXpV + 7RUUHV + %HW] 0DWWKLDV 0RHKUOHLQ ³(OHFWURVWDWLF )LHOG DQG /LJKWQLQJ 'HWHFWLRQ DSSOLHG WR 7KXQGHUVWRUPV 1RZFDVWLQJ LQ &RORPELD´ 6,3'$ ;,, ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXPRQ/LJKWQLQ3URWHFWLRQ%UD]LO >@ ' $UDQJXUHQ - ,QDPSXHV - /ySH] + 7RUUHV + %HW] &ORXG WR JURXQG OLJKWQLQJ DFWLYLW\ LQ &RORPELD DQG WKH LQIOXHQFH RI 7RSRJUDSK\ -RXUQDO RI $WPRVSKHULF DQG 6RODU7HUUHVWULDO 3K\VLFV KWWSVG[GRLRUJMMDVWS  >@ + 7RUUHV ³(VSDFLR \ 7LHPSR HQ ORV 3DUiPHWURV GHO 5D\R (QVD\R VREUH XQD KLSyWHVLV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ´ 8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQOD GH &RORPELD >@ + 7RUUHV ³(O UD\R 0LWRV /H\HQGDV &LHQFLD \ 7HFQRORJtD´ 8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD81,%,%/26 >@ + 7RUUHV / %DUUHWR 0XOWLSOH 7LPH 6HULHV LQ 7URSLFDO /LJKWQLQJ 5HVHDUFK3URFHHGLQJ,&/36HS%XGDSHVW+XQJDU\ >@ -/ySH]-0RQWDQ\j2YDQGHU9HOGH'5RPHUR'$UDQJXUHQ+ 7RUUHV - 7DERUGD ³)LUVW GDWD RI WKH &RORPELD /LJKWQLQJ 0DSSLQJ $UUD\ ± &2/0$´ UG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ /LJKWQLQJ 3URWHFWLRQ,&/3(VWRULO3RUWXJDO >@ +7RUUHV³9DULDWLRQVRIOLJKWQLQJSDUDPHWHUVPDJQLWXGHVZLWKLQVSDFH DQG WLPH´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ /LJKWQLQJ 3URWHFWLRQ ,&/3 %LUPLQJKDP8. >@ +7RUUHV³0HWRGRORJtDSDUDODVROXFLyQGHXQJUDQUHWRWHFQROyJLFR ODVIDOODVGHWUDQVIRUPDGRUHVGHGLVWULEXFLyQ´((%ILQDOUHSRUW >@ )5RPiQ-$ULDV$QiOLVLVGH6REUHWHQVLRQHV\(QHUJtD'LVLSDGDHQ ORV'HVFDUJDGRUHVGH6REUHWHQVLyQHQXQD/tQHDGH3UXHED'HELGRD 9ROWDMHV ,QGXFLGRV SRU 'HVFDUJDV 6XEVHFXHQWHV GHO 5D\R LQ 9 -RUQDGDV /DWLQRDPHULFDQDV \ ,, ,EHURDPHULFDQDV HQ $OWD 7HQVLyQ \ $LVODPLHQWR(OpFWULFR$/7$( >@ '$UDQJXUHQ(3pUH]-+HUUHUD+7RUUHV-,QDPSXpV(2ODUWH ,6DQWR\R06DOJDGR**XHUUHUR0*DU]yQ)LUVW0HDVXUHPHQWV RI /LJKWQLQJ ,QGXFHG 2YHUYROWDJHV LQ WKH 1DWXUDO /DERUDWRU\ LQ /D 3DOPD &RORPELD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ *URXQGLQJ DQG (DUWKLQJ  WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ /LJKWQLQJ 3K\VLFV DQG (IIHFWV6DOYDGRU±%UD]LO >@ ' -LPpQH] 0 &DPDUJR ( 2ODUWH , 6DQWR\R ' $UDQJXUHQ - +HUUHUD(3pUH]+7RUUHV³'HYHORSPHQWRIWKH1DWXUDO/DERUDWRU\ IRU/LJKWQLQJ,QGXFHG9ROWDJHVDQG$WPRVSKHULF(OHFWULFLW\6WXG\LQ /D 3DOPD ± &RORPELD´ ;  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ /LJKWQLQJ 3URWHFWLRQWKWK&XULWLED%UD]LO1RYHPEHU >@ (3pUH]³$YDQFHVHQHOPRGHODPLHQWR\H[SHULPHQWDFLRQGHWHQVLRQHV LQGXFLGDV´3K'7KHVLV1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\RI&RORPELD >@ + 7RUUHV HW DO $QDO\VLV RI R QRQLGHQWLI\LQJ /LJKWQLQJ 6WURNH 3RODULW\ PHDVXUHG LQ D 1DWXUDO /LJKWQLQJ ([SHULPHQWDO 6WDWLRQ LQ &RORPELD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ *URXQGLQJ DQG (DUWKLQJ *5281'¶%HOR+RUL]RQWH%UD]LO  283