February 2024 Proofs of Absolute Motion 2/3 (Links to part 1/3, 3/3) Antonio Leon Retired Professor. Independent researcher in the foundations of science. Links to other author’s works. Abstract.-Almost all celestial objects are subject to one or more motions of rotation which, for the reasons given in this article, must be absolute rotations around certain symmetry elements internal or external to the objects themselves. Keywords: Apparent rotations, simple rotations, compound rotations, absolute motion. 1 Absolute rotations us now consider the Earth as a whole, the Earth as a planet. The planet Earth, as a whole, now rotates in an elliptical orbit around the Sun (which occupies one of the two foci of the ellipse). That (so-called) translational motion of the Earth around the Sun also produces apparent motions in the rest of the cosmic objects. And although they are apparent, not real, appearances as such appearances are real: they are observable and measurable. And for the same reason as in the case of the points in the rotation of the Earth around its absolute internal axis of absolute rotation, the elliptical orbit of the Earth is also unique (although it is not stable and in time may oscillate with respect to certain equilibrium positions). So, also in this case, the rotation of the Earth around the Sun is a real and unique motion that can only be referred to the absolute geometrical elements of its unique absolute elliptical orbit. It is therefore a real and absolute motion. (In my opinion, it is more accurate to say that an object rotates around something, than to say that the object rotates with respect to something. However, in the literature, the latter expression is much more frequent. There is a clear decline in the use of the former expression. It seems to me more accurate to say that the Earth rotates around an internal axis than to say that it rotates with respect to the cosmic background of the fixed stars, as E. Mach would surely say.) Let us consider again each of the points of the planet Earth subjected to both motions, real and absolute, of rotation around two unique and absolute geometrical elements: its absolute rotation around its absolute center of rotation (on the Earth’s rotation axis), and the two foci of the absolute orbital ellipse of the Earth’s rotation around the Sun. The compound motion of these two real and absolute rotations will no longer be a rotation but a helical motion, also real and absolute but more complex, with two components: the absolute rotation of each point of the Earth around its absolute internal center of rotation, and the absolute rotation of the Earth (and therefore of each of its points), around the absolute Practically all objects in the observable universe are subject to complex motions that can be broken down into simpler ones, most of which are rotations around an internal axis. This is the case for all the planets in the solar system (and for the vast majority of cosmic objects). From each of these planets it is the Sun that seems to rotate around each of them. But obviously this is impossible: the Sun cannot rotate at the same time around different centers of rotation (the center of each of the planets). The rotation of the Sun around each planet is an apparent rotation, but as such appearance, the appearance is real, observable and measurable. From which we can deduce the reality of each of these rotations. To deduce the absolute nature of these rotations, we must consider some of the parts of the object subjected to this rotation. We will analyze the rotations of the Earth, although billions of other cosmic objects could serve. In the case of the Earth, the first rotation to be considered is its rotation around an internal axis (the Earth’s rotation axis). It is a real rotation because it produces observable and measurable effects: the apparent rotation of the Sun and the rest of the cosmic objects around the Earth. In each rotation of the Earth around its internal axis of rotation, each of its points describes a unique circle, with a unique center of rotation that will be a point on the Earth’s rotation axis. And since a point cannot rotate at the same time around two different centers of rotation, the motion of rotation of each of the points of the Earth around its corresponding center of rotation is unique and can only be referred to that center of rotation, which will therefore be an absolute center of absolute rotation. And this is true for every point of the planet. The rotation of the Earth around its internal axis of rotation is, therefore, a real and absolute rotation. Although, as we shall see, that absolute internal axis of absolute rotation is in turn rotating around other centers of absolute rotation external to the planet. Instead of considering the points of the Earth, let 1 Proofs of Absolute Motion 2/3 (Links to part 1/3, 3/3) foci of the described ellipse around the Sun. And each of these motions being real and absolute, its helical composition must also be a real and absolute motion of each of the points of our planet, a motion referred exclusively to unique and absolute geometrical elements: the absolute axis of internal rotation of the Earth, and the absolute foci of the absolute ellipse that follows the Earth around the Sun. But the kinetic history of the real and absolute rotations of the Earth and its points does not end here, although the logic followed by the new motions that will have to be considered is exactly the same above impeccable logic. Now we will have to consider the joint rotation of the solar system as a whole around the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Then the rotation of the Milky Way around the center of its Local Group of galaxies. Then the rotation of the Local Group around the Virgo (or Local) Cluster of galaxies. And then the rotation of the Virgo Cluster around the Virgo Supercluster. All of them real and absolute rotations, which can only be referred to real, absolute and unique centers of rotation, exactly for the same reasons as the first two rotations analyzed. At least 6 real and absolute rotations compose the motion of each of the points of our planet, and of each of the planets of the solar system. Therefore, this compound motion can only be real and absolute. Other motions of the Earth and its orbit (precession, nutation, Chandler’s wobble, perihelion precession) have been omitted because they do not affect the conclusions to be drawn about the existence of absolute motions in the uni- The General Science Journal 2 verse. The above arguments about simple and compound rotations allow us to draw the following conclusions: Conclusion 1 In the observable universe, there are objects with absolute rotation motion around a single internal axis of rotation. Conclusion 2 In the observable universe there are objects with absolute helical motions compound of absolute rotations each around an exclusive internal axis of rotation and around one or more exclusive centers of rotation. Conclusion 3 In the observable universe there are absolute rotations and absolute motions composed of two or more absolute rotations. Conclusion 4 Absolute motion exists in the observable universe. According to everything we know about the observable universe, the vast majority of the trillions upon trillions of cosmic objects move in accordance with the above conclusions. Therefore, the vast majority of cosmic objects in the observable universe move in absolute, not relative, terms. Although different absolute motions give rise to different relative motions, the only really observable ones, due to preinertia [1, pdf] (see also paper 3 in this series). Bibliographical References [1] Antonio León. The shame of physics. The General Science Journal, 2023. February 2024