(PDF) In the Landscape and Between Worlds : Bronze Age Deposition Sites Around Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren in Sweden

The relative Bronze Age chronology for Scandinavia was established as early as 1885. It is traditionally divided into 6 periods (I–VI). Earlier attempts to make an absolute Bronze Age chronology for southern Scandinavia were derived from burials and settlements and were mainly based on radiocarbon-dated charcoal or carbonized cereals, often with undefined archaeological periods. Here, we present high-precision14C dating on burials with well-defined associated archaeological periods in order to improve the absolute chronology of the Danish Bronze Age. Our results are in broad agreement with the traditional absolute chronology of the Danish Bronze Age. However, our results do indicate that the onset of period III likely occurred earlier than previously thought.

This study deals with the landscape locations of Bronze Age deposition around Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren in Sweden, aiming at identifying regularities in the placement of the deposition sites, and at generalizing these observations to build a heuristic toolkit for field archaeologists working in the area.

Departing from two recently dated finds of human bones in wetlands from the area of Falbygden in western Sweden, this paper describes the finds in detail and sets them in a wider context of depositional practices in the south Scandinavian Early Neolithic. The two finds are both of girls in the age of 15-20 years, and in one of the cases it is probable that she was bound and possibly intentionally drowned in shallow water. The Falbygden finds have clear parallels in Denmark and in southern Sweden in the same period. The Danish material indicates that a particular segment of the population was treated in this way, primarily young individuals around 15-20 years. Some of them show signs of disease or deformations, many have signs of trauma, and a couple have been found with cords around the neck, suggesting violent deaths. In a number of cases, they were also found in pairs. One of the Falbygden finds, the so-called Hallonflickan, was also unusual in that her Sr isotope ratio indicates that the was born far away, probably in Scania in southern Sweden. Whether other finds of this kind were also long distance movers is not known. Direct bone datings show that this practice is established at the same time as the introduction of agriculture and of the Funnel Beaker culture in Scandinavia, around 4000 BC, and continues until ca 3000 BC after which it disappears for ca 1000 years. Deposition of humans in wetlands is paralleled by deposition of animals, pottery and stone tools, and we suggest that these form parts of a complex of ritual practices established over a large area at the time of the earliest Scandinavian agriculture.

In the Landscape and Between Worlds B ronze age settlements and burials in the Swedish provinces around Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren yield few bronze objects and fewer of the era’s fine stone battle axes. Instead, these things were found by people working on wetland reclamation and stream dredging for about a century up to the Second World War. Then the finds stopped because of changed agricultural practices. The objects themselves have received much study. Not so with the sites where they were deposited. This book reports on a wideranging landscape-archaeological survey of Bronze Age deposition sites, with the aim to seek general rules in the placement of sites. How did a person choose the appropriate site to deposit a socketed axe in 800 bc? The author has investigated known sites on foot and from his desk, using a wide range of archive materials, maps and shoreline displacement data that have only recently come on-line. Over 140 sites are identified closely enough to allow characterisation of their Bronze Age landscape contexts. Numerous recurring traits emerge, forming a basic predictive or heuristic model. Bronze Age deposition sites, the author argues, are a site category that could profitably be placed on contract archaeology’s agenda during infrastructure projects. Archaeology should seek these sites, not wait for others to report on finding them. martin rundkvist is an archaeologist who received his doctorate from Stockholm University in 2003. He has published research into all the major periods of Sweden’s post-glacial past. Rundkvist teaches prehistory at Umeå University, edits the journal Fornvännen and keeps the internationally popular Aardvarchaeology blog. cover image: detail of a rock-art panel at Hemsta in Boglösa, Uppland (site Raä 128). An axe with its characteristic s-shaped haft, an incomplete ship and two cupmarks. According to Johan Ling, the panel’s ship types and the level above the sea indicate a date in Per. II, about 1400 cal BC. The closest known Early Bronze Age deposition site is Hjältängarna at Grop-Norrby in Vårfrukyrka, about 14 km to the NNW. An axe was deposited there a century or two after the Hemsta carvings were made. Photograph by Sven-Gunnar Broström. Parishes with certain or potential Bronze Age depositions. Bold face denotes parishes with at least three depositions. Map by Lars Östlin. A RCH A EOLOGy A Nd EN V IRONM EN t 29 In the Landscape and Between Worlds Bronze Age deposition Sites Around Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren in Sweden Martin Rundkvist ARCHAEOLO Gy ANd ENVIRONMENt 29 © 2015 martin rundkvist iSBn 978-91-7601-213-0 iSSn 0281-5877 publisher department of historical, Philosophical and religious Studies, Umeå University design Bitte granlund / happy Book cover Bitte granlund, with a photograph by Sven-gunnar Broström PdF preprint version, march 2015 tA Ble oF con ten tS preface 7 1. introduction 9 Field of Study 9 goals and methods 11 Previous Work in other regions 12 Sacrifice? retrievable and irretrievable deposits 15 ritual and rationality 18 Artificial Scarcity and individual Agency 20 Site continuity vs. continuity of Site Selection criteria 22 deposit diversity 22 chronology and typological terminology 23 2. overview of the data in context 25 Scope and delimitation 25 Avoiding late neolithic Axes and daggers 26 overview of the database and data collection 27 Shoreline displacement, Site classification and Bronze Patina 28 3. grouping and characterising the sites 30 multi-episode Sites: Accumulated deposits 31 Single-episode river Sites 32 lake Sites 34 inlets of the Baltic Sea 38 Bronze Age Bogs/other Wetland 40 multi-trait locations 41 dry land: gravel ridges and Settlements 42 dry land: nondescript locations 43 Strong Place Features: Boulders, a cave, a Spring, rock crevices 44 What Was deposited Where And When? 47 deposition Sites in the Settled landscape 49 4. conclusions: a heuristic procedure for finding unknown deposition sites 51 Step 1. is this a productive parish? 51 Step 2. Where were the Bronze Age lakes and sea inlets? 52 Step 3. Where did the water do something interesting? 52 Step 4. is your candidate basin the right distance from Bronze Age settlement? 53 Step 5. Auger the basin, then machine strip while metal detecting 53 5. gazetteer: detailed information on a selection of interesting deposition sites 54 nä, Askersund, norra Algrena, mobergsudden 54 nä, glanshammar, hassle 54 nä, glanshammar, Storsicke 55 Sö, Bärbo, täckhammar bridge 55 Sö, eskilstuna, hyndevad and Kälby 56 Sö, helgesta, Frändesta, oxbroberget 58 Sö, huddinge, Balingsnäs 58 Sö, Spelvik, church hill 58 Sö, Svärta, Kråknäs/Kråkstugan 58 Sö, turinge, nykvarn, ekudden 59 Sö, vrena, dalby, vrenaån 59 5 Sö, vårdinge, hjortsberga, höglund 59 Sö, vårdinge, långbro 60 Up, Alsike, rickebasta 60 Up, Bred, eklunda, mossen 61 Up, härnevi, lilla härnevi 61 Up, lena church/vattholma 62 Up, lunda, Sigridsholm 62 Up, ramsta, Bragby, mönemossen 64 Up, rimbo, rimbo 64 Up, Skogs-tibble, ingla/vicarage 64 Up, Stavby, Sunnersbol (lake Bokaren) 64 Up, Söderbykarl, ekeby 65 6 Up, vårfrukyrka, grop-norrby, hjältängarna 65 Up, Österunda, domta vad 65 Up, Österunda, Pukberget cave 65 vs, dingtuna, Stora & lilla Jacksbo and Skerike, häljebo 66 vs, munktorp, Avhulta 66 6. bibliography 68 7. appendices 77 A. maps, field photographs and finds images 77 B. Site list: known locations 124 c. Finds list: poorly known locations 138 Pr eFAce i began work on this book in the autumn of 2009. After 15 years of mainly studying late iron Age elite burials and small finds, i wanted to do something new. The themes i decided to explore were the Bronze Age, landscape and wetlands. my choice of study area was dictated by where i live: in order to do landscape archaeology you need to wander about in the landscape, and i did not want to drive too far. i believe the main influences on my thinking have been work by richard Bradley and david Fontijn, though others will no doubt also be easy to spot. The project was made possible by generous financial support from the torsten Söderberg Foundation, the Johan & Jakob Söderberg Foundation, the Berit Wallenberg Foundation, the Åke Wiberg Foundation, the royal Swedish Academy of letters, the magnus Bergvall Foundation and Svenska Fornminnesföreningen. Thanks to Jane davis, Joakim goldhahn, John massey and Uwe Sperling for many insightful comments on the manuscript. Thanks to magdalena Forsgren, Patrik Johansson, rune & luz mary Johansson, Johan larsson, Kenth lärk, Samuel rundkvist messner and Svante tibell for skilled fieldwork labour, freely given. Thanks to tove Stjärna and lars Östlin for making all the fine maps. Thanks to Jan Apel, Wojciech Blajer, Sven-gunnar Broström, christina Fredengren, lise Frost, Bertil Jonsson, marcin maciejewski, caroline möllberg, Jonas Svensson hennius, hans Wigenfeldt and roger Wikell for valuable information. Thanks to matts enström, Pontus Printzsköld, Stefan Sellin, Jonas toresäter (Archdiocese of Uppsala) and carl Wachtmeister for access to land for fieldwork. Thanks to richard grönwall, margareta Backe and all the other archaeologists of the Stockholm county museum for fruitful and friendly collaboration. And thanks to Thomas B. larsson and Karin viklund for accepting this work into the fine monograph series that they edit. Martin Rundkvist Fisksätra, 9 January 2015 7 “For some time it has been obvious that metal detectorists have been extraordinarily fortunate in locating previously unrecorded hoards. The same people have found them on a number of different occasions. Discussions with the finders have made it clear that this did not happen by chance. Long before prehistorians had realized that the siting of hoards might follow topographic ‘rules’, metal detectorists had reached the same conclusion. Their ability to make new finds is the clearest indication of the usefulness of taking a fresh approach to this material.” (Yates & Bradley 2010a:30) “... hardly any attention was paid to the find spots of hoards, and so a large portion of the hoards have no topographic context. The recontextualisation of hoards by means of archive studies, evaluation of old maps, site inspection and new image processing tools is an important contribution to the continued study of hoards.” (Hansen 2012:42, transl. MR) “Classifying reconstructed find spots into types and investigating their temporal and spatial distribution, as well as juxtaposing them with other aspects of the hoards, have given strong indications that the picture is at least partly determined by a patterned choice of deposition location. Thus it appears that not only the hoard contents but also their deposition sites display regularities.” (Scholz 2012:87, transl. MR) 1. Introduction this is a study of sites in their landscapes: places where Bronze Age metalwork and stone implements have been found in non-settlement, non-burial contexts. The study’s goals are a) to take inventory of these sites in the area around lakes mälaren and hjälmaren in Sweden, b) to investigate recurring traits in the siting of deposition, and thereby c) to develop a heuristic tool kit that may aid archaeologists in finding undisturbed Bronze Age deposition sites. Field of Study Archaeological sites are commonly sorted into three main categories: settlements, burials and deposits (e.g. malmer 2002). to these, the Bronze Age of southern Scandinavia adds abundant rock art sites and a far rarer class of hilltop sanctuaries. in the study area, all except the deposition sites and the hilltop enclosures are readily identified in the field when well preserved – and vegetation permitting. While the spatial relationship between settlements, burials and rock art has long been rather well understood (Kjellén & hyenstrand 1977; damell 1985; Wigren 1987; Johansen 1993), the depositions are harder to tie into the wider landscape context of the society that produced them. Several authors have published general province-wide overviews of Bronze Age settlement in the study area: • Uppland (Up) and västmanland (vs): Jensen 1986; 1987; 1989; Apel et al. 2007 • Södermanland (Sö): damell 1987; Wigren 1987 • närke (nä): Karlenby 2003 All but one of the main categories of Bronze Age site around lake mälaren and the adjoining province of Östergötland have received monographic treatment in recent decades: • Settlements: Ullén 1997; Borna-Ahlkvist 2002; Artursson et al. 2011; Karlenby 2011 • Burials: victor 2002; Thedéen 2004 • rock art: hauptman Wahlgren 2002; ling 2012 • hilltop sanctuaries: olausson 1995 The deposition sites form the exception. The bronzes themselves received solid study long ago 1. i n t ro dU c t i o n 9 (ekholm 1921; Baudou 1960; Bohlin 1968; oldeberg 1974–76; Willroth 1985; larsson 1986), and since hardly any new finds have been forthcoming, scholars have not pursued that avenue of research further. Sonja Wigren (1987:53–62) and Susanne Thedéen (2004:68–82) have however published brief overviews for Södermanland province. The empirical distinction between Bronze Age settlement sites, cemeteries and rock art sites has become somewhat blurred in recent years with the excavations of e.g. Sommaränge skog in viksta (Forsman & victor 2007), ryssgärdet in tensta (hjärthner-holdar 2008) and nibble in tillinge (Artursson et al. 2011; Karlenby 2011), all in Uppland. The B.A.W. is strong there: Bronze Age Weirdness (Price 2008). yet this blurring has not touched much on the site category under study here. The only real examples i have come across are an early Bronze Age sword pommel found in a small boggy patch at Sommaränge skog, between a cupmark boulder and the foundation of an apparently mundane coeval farmhouse, and possibly the 1902 hoard from lilla härnevi in härnevi (Up: see the gazetteer). As we shall see in the following, deposition concentrates emphatically in landscape locations where it would be difficult or impossible to either live or bury the dead. A 2001 preliminary study by John coles of the relationship between bronzes recovered from wetlands and Swedish rock art motifs of10 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S fers interesting avenues of research that have not yet been explored to any greater extent. The theme of christina Fredengren’s useful 2011 preliminary paper coincides more closely with that of this book, as it covers late Bronze Age wetland deposition in the lake mälaren area. The most important differences in our approaches to the material are her a priori concentration on wetlands rather than the landscape at large, and her emphasis on bones – human and animal – whose dating is ambiguous. Fredengren’s blanket statement that most late Bronze Age deposition sites “have connections with rivers or other waterways” (p. 113) appears to be an artefact of the map scale she works on. everything in the lake mälaren area is near water if you map the entire lake basin on a computer screen (as seen for instance in Fredengren’s characterisation of the härnevi hoard’s siting, pp. 115–117, which i believe to be mistaken). in any case, although we share considerable material, our goals differ. her paper aims to study a) “what role the link between depositions and the watery landscape would have had [during] the transition between the late Bronze Age and the early iron Age” but also (like this book) b) “in what type of water the various deposits were placed” (p. 110). research in this field is severely hampered by the facts that a) deposited objects are hardly ever found any longer, and b) during the period when they were found, scholars were hardly ever involved in their retrieval. This is because Swedish Bronze Age deposition sites are not identifiable on the surface: most are in bogs, lakes and streams, where few archaeologists have been able to do any directed large-scale fieldwork. Also the main era of wetland reclamation for agriculture in Sweden ended before World War ii (runefelt 2008). This happened about the time when tractors replaced horses, placing the farmer in front of the plough where he can no longer see what it turns out of the ground. Finally, Swedish law effectively prevents the growth of any significant metal-detector hobby (rundkvist 2008; Svensson 2014). to my knowledge, the last time a multiobject non-grave bronze deposit surfaced in the study area was in 1986 (at Sigridsholm in lunda, Up). Furthermore, data coverage is patchy, inconsistent and difficult to map. digging or dredging in various landscape situations can be seen as a kind of experiment as to whether a Bronze Age deposit will be found. yet we have information about only a small subset of the cases where something was in fact found, and none about the innumerable experiments that have turned out negative. goals and methods This book is intended as a piece of landscape archaeology, a field and practice that has been recognised under a name of its own since the 1970s in northern europe (Aston & rowley 1974) and thrives to this day (Wagstaff 1987; Ashmore & Knapp 1999; david & Thomas 2008; rippon 2012; see also the journals Landscape Research, 1976 onward; and Landscapes, 2000 onward). i seek knowledge on the landscape scale: not on the artefact level, not on the level of the province-wide distribution map, but on a scale of hundreds of metres, where you can see from one studied landscape feature to another and walk between them in an hour or two. rather than treating the find context as an attribute of each find, i view finds as attributes of the places under study. This means that i am primarily interested in finds with a reasonably detailed spatial provenance, those that can be tied securely to a place. And i aim beyond the anecdotal, to identify regularities, Bronze Age rules of landscape. Ultimately, i envisage a predictive model, being a set of analytical tools that would allow archaeologists to go out into the landscape like homing missiles, as it were, and find Bronze Age deposition sites without the aid of farmers, peat cutters or dredging crews. Then we could learn what sort of materials and structures those finders of great-grandfather’s generation left on site when they selected the objects they handed in to the authorities. And we could get a solid palaeoecological background for deposition events. With such knowledge, we would be in a much better position to say how Bronze Age deposition was performed. one of the most recently found major hoards from Sweden, 15 shields 1. i n t ro dU c t i o n 11 unearthed in 1985 at Fröslunda in västergötland province (hagberg 1988; hansson 1990), was lifted by archaeologists and turned out to have been deposited along with only some grass, if even that. But Fröslunda is just one find. reading debate pieces on methods in landscape studies, i have found myself siding with Andrew Fleming (1999; 2006; 2007) rather than christopher tilley (1994; 2010). Personal “phenomenological” impressions are a) impossible to communicate clearly, b) of indeterminate relevance to ancient personal impressions, and so should not in my opinion be afforded any central place in scientific discourse. But as Fleming and tilley both agree, this is not to say that a landscape archaeologist can stay indoors. in order to understand a landscape well enough to speak clearly about its characteristics and formulate testable hypotheses, an archaeologist must traverse it, preferably on foot. As we shall see further on, i have identified over 140 land parcels that have yielded relevant finds, and that can be visited. For reasons of time constraints, i have walked the landscape around only 18% of these, but that taught me a lot. in a sense, this is also a study of structured deposition. But as duncan garrow (2012) points out, that term is mainly used for the differential (and possibly meaningful) distribution of various find categories across settlements and monumental sites. garrow’s study (p. 94) sets Bronze Age metalwork deposition aside as a field of its 12 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S own, and i too avoid the term “structured deposition” here. So also with the expression “placed deposition”, which has a similar meaning but is redundant, deposition after all meaning “placement”. Previous Work in other regions northern europe’s metalwork hoards and single finds are in themselves perennial subjects of inquiry and publication, as are individual find spots and their regional or province-wide distribution. But the literature about their landscapelevel siting, as studied in this book, is of quite manageable size. The field can be said to open with Walter torbrügge’s seminal 1971 study of river finds in central and north-Western europe. he demonstrated that most of that area’s innumerable Bronze Age river finds must have been as intentionally placed as any find from a bog or a spring. one of his primary arguments was that certain widespread object types concentrate in certain river stretches in a manner that chance losses cannot. torbrügge argued in terms of Deponierungsregeln, “rules of deposition”, although on the regional scale rather than on the landscape scale pursued here. Still, he was fully aware of “motive[s] for deposition that must be understood with reference to the qualities of the site” (p. 21). he commented at length on springs, river mouths, islands, fords and bridges (pp. 61 –71), and more briefly on off-river deposition sites including wells, ponds, lakes, sea inlets, bogs and various dry site types (pp. 77–90). Wolf Kubach (1983; 1985) looked at the landscape siting of find spots in lower Saxony, Westphalia and hesse, again largely in or near rivers. he found (1985) that in some periods the composition of hoards is more consistent than their siting, and argued that regardless of siting the deposition custom has a “non-secular, in the widest sense religious or magical background” (1983:149). Kubach (1985) also notably suggested that the interesting divide in his study area is not between the single find and the multiple-object hoard, but between finds of one to three complete objects on one hand, and large scrap metal depositions on the other, particularly considering that every stray single object in the museum collections may originally have been deposited along with a few additional ones. in his influential 2002 book on the southern netherlands and northern Belgium (summarised in Fontijn 2008), david Fontijn documents the various kinds of mainly wet deposition site (p. 212) in that area, and studies what sort of objects were deposited where and when (p. 216 ff). he finds that while swords and foreign jewellery is found only in the main rivers away from settlement, local jewellery is found at the settlement sites themselves. heiko Scholz (2012) offers a classification scheme for deposition sites in mecklenburg- vorpommern, mainly covering various types of wet location, and studies the different emphases on the various site categories over the periods of the Bronze Age. For instance, hoards of Per. iv are particularly frequent in post-glacial kettle holes and other small bogs. regine maraszek (2012) examines the landscape situation of late Bronze Age hoards in Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. She agrees (p. 114) with Kubach that deposits of single and multiple objects must be viewed in the same context. The find spots include wet environments, banked enclosures and settlements, but no clear rules of deposition have as yet been identified. denmark’s various landscapes are very different from the study area in terms of the topography and shoreline displacement. Karl-heinz Willroth’s 1985 study of early Bronze Age deposits on the danish isles and in Sweden south of Svealand (an area adjacent to the present one) mainly operates on a high, regional scale level. But Willroth also looked at a simple classification of find spots, documenting the varying proportions of grave finds, wetland finds and dryland deposits across time and space. one local landscape parameter that he looked at briefly was the (generally rather large) distance between deposition sites and burial mounds (e.g. p. 98). All later relevant work regarding denmark that i have found deals with northern Jutland. lise Frost (2008a), taking her inspiration from the same writers as myself, Bradley and Fontijn, 1. i n t ro dU c t i o n 13 has blazed a trail here with her studies of late Bronze Age deposition sites on the local level. She demonstrates that they are generally dispersed in wet environments but also form concentrations in certain parts of river systems, large bogs or clusters of small bogs. no generally applicable landscape rules emerged from Frost’s work. But see her comments on landscape in papers on individual hoards (Frost 2003; 2008b; 2010). Boddum et al. 2011 provide an anthology of similar case studies. in england and elsewhere, richard Bradley’s 1990 book The Passage of Arms (2nd ed. 1998) has proved influential with scholars thinking about deposition and landscape, even though it operates primarily on a high, europe-wide scale level. looking at south-east england, david yates & richard Bradley (2010a) find that the deposition sites cluster along watercourses and near settlement indicated by lithics scatters (cf. dunkin 2001). in another paper (2010b) they look at the Fenland in cambridgeshire, noting that just like in the netherlands many whole weapons were deposited in rivers while fragmented ones are found singly on dry land. here, hoards are often found in wetlands away from the rivers. deposition is particularly dense near coeval settlements along the fens’ edges and the causeways across them to the isle of ely. in Poland, Wojciech Blajer has documented (2001) and re-tested with newer data (2008) the variation across time and space of wetland met14 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S alwork deposition. it is particularly common in northern Poland from the 16th century Bc onward. marcin maciejewski (2013) has researched and analysed the find spots of north Polish hoards from the 13th century and onwards in greater detail. he notes a tendency for them to occur on the edges of settlement clusters, about a kilometre from the nearest known coeval settlement. he thus interprets the deposition sites as boundary markers. in Scotland, trevor cowie (2004) has looked at the find spots of flat and flanged axes. Unlike the Scandinavian sites, the Scottish ones are attracted by mountaintops, with many depositions made on or next to spots with a commanding view of the surrounding landscape. in ireland, Katharina Becker (2013) has looked at landscape siting as one facet of a wideranging study of metalwork deposition. She finds that wet contexts predominate, with i.a. the weaponry particularly favouring rivers. in line with the aims of this book, she concludes that “type-specific depositional patterns reflect rules that were in place for different types of object” (p. 31). As for other more nearby regions in Sweden and its neighbouring countries norway and Finland, i have not found any published studies of this kind. For central norway, merete moe henriksen (2014:152–153) comments only briefly on landscape location. in Finland bronze is just generally rare in the period under study. Sacrifice? retrievable and irretrievable deposits Until now, i have spoken only of “deposits”, avoiding the word “sacrifice”. Scholars have long distinguished retrievable deposits, “hoards”, from irretrievable permanent deposits, “sacrificial/votive offerings” (see Berggren 2009; 2010 ch. 2 for overviews). The idea is that dry-land hoards are buried secretly and temporarily for mundane functionalist reasons, while wetland offerings are disposed of permanently to communicate with the gods and often for reasons of ostentatious display. (rychner 2001 and needham 2001:290–291 offer a caveat regarding deposition in shallow water whence objects could be retrieved.) While this dichotomy is an empirical reality (levy 1982:17–25, 43–44), it is doubtful if the two classes of find should really be seen as exponents of two different modes of thought when we are dealing with a pre-monetary prestige economy and a pre-scientific world-view (Karsten 1994:30–31; Bradley 2005:145–164; rundkvist 2011a:61–62). in other words: it is true that some of these finds could have been retrieved, and it is true that we often see different object types in those contexts than we do in bogs and rivers, but it is uncertain (and possibly untestable) whether the two classes of find were really deposited for very different reasons. As Katharina Becker (2013:32) puts it, “it is only by breaking through the artificial boundary between the profane and ritual concepts that a coherent interpretation of the [type-specific deposition] practice in general … becomes possible.” As the following study will show, dry-land deposition was rare in the area we are dealing with here, which makes the issue of retrievability less interesting. nevertheless pursuing that point, i have yet to see a convincing argument for why we should interpret a given retrievable pre-monetary, pre-state-society metal hoard as mundane from a modern perspective. hansJürgen hundt (1955) argued extensively against the idea. Bradley (1987) compared late Bronze Age and viking Period metal deposition customs and found them to be largely similar. he did not touch upon people’s motivations for depositing metal in either period, but emphasised that during its use life an object could play a number of different roles in both periods, indicated particularly by find combinations and degree of fragmentation. making the same interperiod comparison, christoph huth (2009) agrees that the two periods’ metal depositions are similar in most respects but points out that they have been interpreted quite differently. huth hints that he favours a mercantile interpretation for the use and deposition of both classes of finds (cf. huth 1996). i disagree when it comes to the deposition, and thus i take what is in fact the long-accepted position on the issue in Scandinavian archaeology (Worsaae 1866:313 ff; Will1. i n t ro dU c t i o n 15 roth 1985:219–243; Bradley 1998:15–16). little metal – Bronze Age or viking Period – was buried for mundane reasons, and even less was allowed to remain underground for such reasons. For instance, the fact that every single farmer on 11th century gotland seems to have left silver under the floor boards (Östergren 1989) cannot be explained with reference to sudden death or senile dementia in the owners. hiding silver and never retrieving it was a cultural norm on the island. Klavs randsborg (2002) points out that precious metal was quite often cached in wet contexts in denmark during the wars of the 17th century, and obviously for reasons that had nothing to do with the supernatural. to my mind however this milieu – a monetised protocapitalist state ravaged by repeated large-scale military invasion – is too different from e.g. Bronze Age Svealand for any comparison to be very illuminating. if we learn how to find undisturbed deposition sites, then the debate over sacrifice versus mundane safe-keeping may one day become transformed by detailed information on how people placed these things. As Stuart needham (1989:232) has noted, the few cases where information survives about bronze objects placed in intricate arrangements, and sometimes along with other less collectible materials, suggest “that deposition was not only deliberate, but intended to be permanent”. 16 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S it is in any case important to keep separate the interpretation of why hoards were assembled and why they were ultimately buried or sunk into water. This distinction is not to my knowledge ever made in the literature. Following on a long debate about “founder’s hoards”, Bradley (1998:118) believes that the casting jets and fragments of slag found in certain hoards would most likely not have been accumulated for sacrificial purposes. And indeed i see no reason to question the idea that scrap metal was collected for recasting. But bear in mind that much of the collected scrap did demonstrably become recast, as seen from the alloy composition of Bronze Age metalwork (northover et al. 2001; Bray & Pollard 2012). Bronze Age people probably did not associate scrap metal primarily with holes in the ground. This means that the buried scrapmetal hoards that we know of are ones that received unusual treatment and were not allowed to take the normal path of their kind. Scrap metal was one kind of valuable that one might part with to communicate with supernatural powers. The owner of an unremarkable, haphazardly put together bag of scrap might just one day decide to sacrifice it. But perhaps scrap for deposition was sometimes in fact carefully selected. Scrap metal hoards by definition contain many fragmented objects, but the pieces rarely add up to complete artefacts. needham (2001:288) argues that this may be due to a custom similar to one known from ancient greece, where an animal was sacrificed and only certain parts that make poor eating were burnt as offerings to a god (a sleight of hand taught to humanity by Prometheus the trickster). Perhaps most scrap metal hoards from northern europe contain the gods’ share of a much larger collection of objects that were recast for renewed use. And Svend hansen (2012:27) agrees, pointing out that at greek sanctuaries of the geometric period (9th and 8th centuries Bc), tripod cauldrons dedicated to the divinity were often re-cast, with only a few selected cut-off pieces taken aside and deposited in sacrificial wells or middens (Kyrieleis 2006:97). Though this sacral metal recycling is not mentioned in greek writing, the ideas behind the animal sacrifice that took place at the same sites are well documented in coeval written sources. The Per. vi hoard from hassle in glanshammar (nä) was housed in a tripod cauldron from the Pontic greek area, thus documenting contact at least through intermediaries between the very milieu hansen refers to and our present study area. But although several of our hoards contain a few incomplete objects among the complete ones, none is dominated by scrap. Then we have the unfinished objects, often found as collections of identical pieces and seen by scholars as stock parked temporarily by the bronze workers themselves. Anja endrigkeit (2010:93) notes that the objects’ unfinished status actually need not indicate that they were depos- ited temporarily for mundane reasons. She does however (echoing the founder’s hoard concept) believe that no casting moulds, metal bars or casting jets were parted with for supernatural reasons. And there i disagree. either way, the study area’s deposition sites have not to my knowledge yielded any unfinished objects, although quite a few are in mint condition. Joanna Brück (2001:157) suggests that the dry-land deposits represent metal given to the earth in return for goods taken from the earth, including grain. Whether or not the earth was envisaged as a personified deity here would be difficult to tell. Joakim goldhahn (2010) offers a similar interpretation where metalwork would have been deposited to compensate for the taking of clay to make pots and casting moulds. This may be so. note, however, that in Scandinavia it cannot have been evident to most people that metal had subterranean origins. Bronze came from the packs of seafarers, not from the earth like clay and grain did. on the continent there are interesting object types that must be seen as specialised votive forms of a common depositional item, such as the geistingen type of socketed axe that is too thin-walled for use and often impossible to fit with a haft (Fontijn 2002:160–161). Fontijn suggests that their introduction means that ideas about the proper use history of an object for deposition have changed: no longer must the axe thrown into the lake come with memories at1. i n t ro dU c t i o n 17 tached. i would go further: such finds can be taken to mean that our currently fashionable ideas about artefact biography were never really that important in those cultural contexts. Perhaps the important thing was always simply to deposit a (commoditised) axe. We should reserve interpretations about the importance of use histories for cases where we can document a strong correlation between geographical origin and the state of wear of an object type on the one hand, and the manner and location of its deposition on the other. Finally, on the subject of sacrifice, i do not observe the distinction made by henri hubert and marcel mauss ([1898] 1964:11–12) between that term and “offering”. here sacrifice is simply “the act of giving up something valued for the sake of something else more important or worthy”, to quote the Concise Oxford Dictionary (1990). Ritual and Rationality The debate about retrievable and irretrievable deposits is intimately connected to the distinction between ritual and functionalist or mundane or domestic behaviour. As richard Bradley has argued at length (2005), these terms are not very helpful when dealing with prehistoric societies. one may easily think that “ritual” equals “irrational” and thus “functionally inexplicable”. conversely, “domestic” would then equal “functionalist”. But it is impossible to be more rational 18 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S than your level of knowledge about the world allows. This has nothing to do with the oncefashionable epistemological relativism where there was talk of “different ways of knowing”. Simply put, in the pre-scientific era that makes up almost the entire history of human culture, people did not know very well what was real and not. it was – and to some extent still is – extremely difficult for us to determine what sort of actions will produce reliable effects. most likely, people during prehistory believed that everything they did was functional. (Joanna Brück 1999 offers a fuller treatment of this issue that is oddly hostile to rationalism but nevertheless reaches similar practical conclusions for scholars.) if everyone believes in the lady of the lake and atheism is unheard of, then it will appear entirely rational to make sacrifices to her. in fact, doing so may produce solidly beneficial effects – not thanks to any divine intervention, but because it impresses the neighbours. This view coexists easily with some level of modern-style economic rationality where rare imported goods such as bronze would be valuable and prestigious and thus appropriate as sacrificial gifts. And conversely, it means that when we see evidence of people acting in mundane, sensible ways that we can easily explain from a modern functionalist perspective, then we are nevertheless probably not dealing with behaviour that prehistoric people saw as belonging to any separate category of its own. if you really believe in gods, then sacrificing to them looks as sensible and/or ritual as digging deep post-holes to keep your house from collapsing. With the exception of people clinging to old belief systems, every age acts upon its best available knowledge. my own interpretation of why the deposits were made and left in place is that all were certainly left for reasons that appeared rational to people at the time. But very few were left for reasons that would make any functional sense to someone with a scientific world view. A belief in the supernatural was clearly involved, and so the deposits may rather blithely be termed “sacrificial”. We will most likely never know whether modern scholars would classify the fictional entities to which the sacrifices were directed as gods, demons, spirits or ancestors. Thus hansen (2012) speaks simply of “gifts to the imaginary powers”. Accepting an argument by Knut Stjerna based on old norse literature and adding an interpretation of recent folklore about elves, gunnar ekholm (1916) was emphatically convinced that the deposits were intended as gifts to the ancestors. he believed that objects were deposited in wetlands because the mists there were seen as shades of the dead. hundt (1955) was similarly convinced that many deposits in mecklenburg are Totenschätze, “treasures of the dead”; that is, basically grave goods deposited elsewhere than with the bodies of their owners. Although hundt documented that graves became poorly equipped in his study area at the same time as deposition sites became rich, i am not as convinced by this interpretation as either ekholm or hundt. But tacitus tells us that people believed in gods in 1st century Ad northern europe, and the mediterranean written evidence for godly beliefs at the time of the Scandinavian Bronze Age is extensive indeed. Several scholars have in fact argued recently that Bronze Age depositions in the area were directed to gods known from the norse pantheon of the late iron Age and/or surviving theophoric place names (Zachrisson 2004; Forsgren 2008; 2010; Fredengren 2011). i am more skeptical about oral tradition’s ability to maintain divine characters with recognisable traits over such a long time span. i believe that Bronze Age gods were worshipped in Scandinavia but that Snorri would not have recognised them. note that “ritual” does not mean “random”. rituals, while irrational to someone with a scientific world-view, are in fact anything but random. it is part of the term’s definition that a ritual is structured, even scripted, and proceeds according to rules that allows it to be repeated in a recognisable form that the participants and audience accept as traditional (cf. papers in Kyriakidis 2007). And for this reason, archaeologists should not dispense with the concept of ritual action. As i have argued above, almost all human 1. i n t ro dU c t i o n 19 action during prehistory was very likely perceived as rational in its time. But much of it is nevertheless likely to have been ritualised. in any case, for the purposes of this study, the rationale behind the deposition of metalwork and stone implements is not a central issue. The custom began long before our period and ended long after it. indeed, at a few sites within the area of study (such as hyndevad on river eskilstunaån, Sö) we have continuity of deposition from the neolithic though the Bronze Age and on afterwards. yet none of the continental written sources from the end of the deposition era comment on the custom, even though it was current in Spain and italy (Bianco Peroni 1980; ruizgálvez-Priego 1995; van rossenberg 2003 w. refs) as well as across northern europe. The ubiquity and longevity of the custom stand as a silent conundrum. in all likelihood though, people did not think about deposition in exactly the same way over those millennia or indeed over the twelve centuries of the Scandinavian Bronze Age. nor across the geographical range of the South Scandinavian Bronze Age culture, at any given time. As indicated by this book’s title, however, i tend to see the deposits as remains of acts intended as communication with another world. Whether this interpretation holds is not actually an important issue here given my landscapearchaeological heuristic goal. [An aside: as mentioned before, the earliest narrative writers in europe, homer and hesiod 20 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S and their immediate successors in greek literature, appear unaware of the idea of wetland sacrifice. But at about the same time, King Sennacherib of Assyria is making occasional sacrifices in water and commenting on them in cuneiform inscriptions (dalley 2013:99–101). in c. 688 Bc, the king inaugurates a major set of canals and aqueducts designed to bring mountain-stream water to niniveh. in the project’s main commemorative rock inscription at the source near Bavian he describes offering precious stones, gold figurines of stream-living animals and perfumes to ea and enkidu, the two appropriate gods. And once while on campaign in the marshes of southern mesopotamia, Sennacherib suddenly finds his army’s camp disastrously flooded. he responds by sacrificing a boat, a crab and a fish of gold to ea by way of dropping them into the water, as his annals record. note that the king mentions neither tools, weaponry nor jewellery, which makes the Assyrian custom a poor parallel to what we see in Scandinavia. But it does document that during Per. vi there was a mesopotamian belief that the gods of water could usefully be interacted with though sacrifice in water.] Artificial Scarcity and individual Agency colin Burgess (1979:275–276) suggested that the many hoards from the end of england’s Bronze Age are a symptom of low demand for bronze after the adoption of iron working. “The only sensible thing for a bronze-worker to do with his stock would be to bury it until it was needed or demand picked up.” regarding the last peak of bronze-sword deposition in english rivers, he argued that “For craftsmen struggling to cope with the collapse of the bronze market, this [bronze swords made mainly for display and votive purposes] would have been one way of staying in business and using some of their massive bronze surplus.” (1979:278). At about the same time a similarly economic mode of thought led michael rowlands (1980:44) and Kristian Kristiansen (1981:245) to suggest a more general model for such peaks in bronze deposition, involving the concept of artificial scarcity. The Bronze Age elite’s social position very likely rested on control of trade (be it mercantile or prestige gift-based) in scarce commodities, notably bronze. The artificial scarcity model notes that the system would break down and the elite lose their advantage if bronze became easy to come by. And so it suggests that permanent deposition in graves and hoards was a way to keep the bronze supply down and ensure the continued scarcity – and value – of bronze. Thus rowlands (1980:44; 1998:176), “Burying large quantities of it [bronze] may have been the only means of maintaining some kind of scarcity value”, and Kristiansen (1981:245), “By removing scarce and prestigious goods from circulation their value could be regulated and controlled ...”, and Kristiansen again (1998:79), who suggests that it could be that “hoarding represented a ritualised way of getting rid of seasonal overproduction, to prevent inflation ...”. i find this model lacking in explanatory power. irretrievable deposition in lakes and rivers did of course have the described effect on the economic system to some extent, though it is difficult to gauge what percentage of the available metal left circulation in such a manner. But it is in my opinion out of the question that people had that goal in mind when they deposited bronze. to the individual aristocrat who controlled bronze, scarcity was only desirable when it happened to somebody else. no-one would ever let go of their own bronze for the common abstract good of the aristocratic system. Bradley (1998:38) offers similar criticism. it is not clear from my reading whether rowlands and Kristiansen believed that this systemhygienic effect was consciously intended or just emerged somehow. Bradley (1982; 1984:105) suggested that people’s motivation was in fact potlatch-like competitive destruction of wealth. And Kristiansen agrees: on the subject of certain huge late Bronze Age axe deposits in France, for example, he writes (1998:150), “This destruction of wealth is so remarkable that we must assume overproduction and inflation, leading to a spiral of desperate internal competition and ritual destruction.” to paraphrase, then, people sacrificed 1. i n t ro dU c t i o n 21 many axes because axes had become common and it no longer impressed the neighbours much if you only sacrificed a few. This is a marxist perspective where a society’s economy lives a life of its own and people are cogs in the machinery. But the artificial scarcity model cannot explain the conscious reasons that people chose to deposit bronze in the first place (Fontijn 2002:278). if we asked Bronze Age people why they made sacrifices, they would not reply “to make bronze scarcer” or “to impress the neighbours”. i believe that the most common answer would in all likelihood be something along the lines of “Because it pleases the lady of the lake”. Site continuity vs. continuity of Site Selection criteria david Fontijn (2002:260) points out that repeated deposition in the same bog or stretch of river over centuries presents something of a conundrum since the deposits would not have left any visible traces to attract subsequent groups of ritual celebrants. he argues that the explanation would be oral traditions about deposition sites: they may not have looked like much, but people told and re-told stories about what had once happened there. With Stijn Arnoldussen, Fontijn has later suggested another explanation that appears more likely given the long periods involved: the traditions may not have conveyed 22 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S specific memories of individual sites, but instead transmitted general landscape rules governing deposition (Arnoldussen & Fontijn 2006; cf. Fontijn 2007). These are what this study seeks to identify. in this view, a person who sought an appropriate place to deposit objects might not know whether or not anyone had done so before at a given site, but might find that it fulfilled traditional ritual demands. The idea might not be “This is a known place where the lady of the lake has been contacted before”, but “This is the kind of place where She may be contacted”. Such a perspective might explain the pattern Fontijn (2002:260–263; 2012) sees in limburg, where Bronze Age deposits are found in unspecific and rather extensive zones in the landscape, not at discrete places. if the landscape rules of deposition are not strongly determinant, then deposits will tend to spread out. But as Fontijn points out (2002:275), the rule cannot have been as simple as “Any wet place will do”. And as i argue below, in the landscape of the study area there were apparently a few long-lived attractors, notably river rapids, that received repeated depositions. deposit diversity Beyond the baseline wetland theme Bronze Age deposition sites in the study area are highly diverse. We cannot make general statements about all Bronze Age deposition sites. There are many kinds, and it is highly likely that they follow different landscape rules (cf. Bradley 2000:53; Fontijn 2002). The study area is not very rich in finds of this kind compared for example to denmark and Scania, and so we cannot operate with too many categories. But the following distinctions are in my opinion indispensable. Single vs. multiple episodes of deposition. Accumulated finds represent sites that have attracted deposits repeatedly. i view them as key to the issue at hand. Single vs. multiple objects. As a rule, the finds that mark the sites under study are single objects. multi-object single-episode deposits are rare and tend to contain unusual object types. Chronology. The Swedish Bronze Age lasted for almost twelve centuries. We must allow for change over this time span and make good use of the typo-chronology established by earlier research. Functional and material categories. Weaponry, jewellery, tools and metalworking debris; bronze and stone. chronology and typological terminology The chronological backbone of this study is oscar montelius’s 1885 division of the Scandinavian Bronze Age into six periods (cf. montelius 1917; Åström 1985), as later elaborated by evert Baudou (1960) and Andreas oldeberg (1974–76) for the study area. As with most archaeological chronology, the relative sequence of types and periods established in the 19th century still stands with small corrections, while the absolute dates have become much clearer thanks to radiocarbon dating. i accept the dates suggested by Karen margrethe hornstrup et al. in a 2012 paper (tab. 1:1), based on a Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates for cremated bone and dendro dates for danish oak log coffins. Period shifts may have occurred somewhat later in the relatively peripheral study area than in denmark, but this is probably on the scale of decades, not quarter centuries. to aid comprehension, tab. 1:2 offers a glossary of the most common artefact types involved. 1. i n t ro dU c t i o n 23 Table 1:1. Bronze Age absolute chronology according to Hornstrup et al. 2012 Early Bronze Age (EBA). 1700–1100 cal BC (600 years) Per I. 1700–1500 (200 years) Per. II. 1500–1330 (170 years) Per. III. 1330–1100 (230 years) Late Bronze Age (LBA). 1100–530/20 cal BC (575 years) Per. IV. 1100–950/20 (165 years) Per. V. 950/20–800 (135 years) Per. VI. 800–530/20 (275 years) Table 1:2. Glossary of the most common artefact categories EngLIsh swEdIsh swEdIsh 19th C. gErmAn dAtE Flanged axe Kantyxa skaftcelt randbeil Per. I shaft-hole axe skafthålsyxa skafthålsyxa schaftlochbeil Per. I–II Palstave Avsatsyxa Pålstav Absatzbeil Per. II socketed axe holkyxa hålcelt tüllenbeil Per. II–VI sloping-butt stone axe nackböjd yxa Orthogonal stone axe rhomboid stone axe reverse-twisted torque rombyxa wendelring wendelring 24 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S nackengebogene steinaxt LBA rechtwinklige steinaxt Per. IV–V rhombische steinaxt Per. V–VI wendelring Per. VI 2. Overview of the Data in Context Scope and delimitation As we have seen, deposits form a slightly fuzzy category that is at heart defined in negative terms: not found in graves, not found in culture layers formed by daily life at settlement sites. Thus here too: this study treats specialised deposition sites, not depositions made at settlements (cf. Borna-Ahlkvist 2002:91–98), at grave monuments or at hilltop enclosures. When known more specifically, the environment tends to be wet; often lakes, streams, bogs and damp meadows. These sites deserve separate treatment as they stand out from other contexts through the types and quality of the objects found here, suggesting that Bronze Age people saw the deposition sites as a distinct category of place – or as several. data collection required that i face the problem of stray finds. most Bronze Age items in the museum stores retain only the names of a hamlet and a parish to identify where they were found. They cannot be disregarded. And so i have followed a simple rule. i only study object categories that have been found in a wet context or a multi-object hoard in the study area. Thus, for instance, i do not comment on stray bronze tweezers or razors, whose find contexts when documented are exclusively dry and almost exclusively graves. But i do keep track of late Bronze Age stone axes despite the fact that most are stray finds. As Kubach (1985:179) put it, and i translate: “if for instance certain find categories occur only as single finds or predominantly in watery contexts, it seems reasonable in cases where no other information is at hand to classify all finds of these categories as depositions.” And as hundt (1955:97) noted, if we study stray finds “... it is possible that a few inadvertently lost pieces will incorrectly be classified as deposits, but this would skew the general picture of deposits in bogs and on dry land less than if all single finds were set aside” (my translation). given these criteria and the need for secure Bronze Age dates, i have covered only objects made of bronze and stone, with an additional few gold and tin finds. Pottery, quartz and quern rubbers mainly feature at settlement sites. Svengunnar Broström and roger Wikell have pointed out three sites to me in Södermanland where great numbers of quern rubbers have been collected next to settlements on the edges of 2 . ov e rv i e W o F t h e dAtA i n c o n t e x t 25 drained wetland (at Söderby in Salem, hässlingby in Österhaninge and gärtuna in Östertälje). But i have not pursued that find category more closely. As for geography, we are dealing with four of Sweden’s medieval landskap provinces: Uppland (where Uppsala is), västmanland (where västerås is), närke (where Örebro is) and Södermanland (where eskilstuna and Södertälje are). The country’s capital Stockholm sits on the border between Uppland and Södermanland. This study area equals the current län provinces of Uppsala, Stockholm, västmanland, Örebro and Södermanland. excluding a few outliers, the sites i have been able to pinpoint for the purpose of landscape study are all within a 175 km (W–e) by 160 km (n–S) rectangle. Avoiding late neolithic Axes and daggers The late neolithic’s characteristic flint daggers and stone shaft-hole axes may have survived for some time into the early Bronze Age. no distinct type of stone axe in the late neolithic tradition has so far been assigned a firm, exclusive and widely accepted Bronze Age date, though many scholars have tried. Following Per lekberg (2002:85–86), i have disregarded such axes here. As for the daggers, Jan-elof Forssander’s (1936) and ebbe lomborg’s (1975) type vi is a fairly good Bronze Age candidate. But apart 26 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S from early Bronze Age find combinations it also has several secure combinations with dagger type v which is diagnostic of the later late neolithic. torsten madsen (1978) placed most of type vi’s production in the late neolithic as well. Jan Apel (e-mail 11 october 2012) on the other hand places the type entirely in the early Bronze Age (cf. Apel 2001, where this is left somewhat ambiguous). The present study area was peripheral both to the dagger production centres and to the bronze sources and so can be expected to have lagged behind denmark and Scania in the type repertoire. Thus following Apel i have placed type vi flint daggers in Per. i–ii of the Bronze Age. Apel has kindly given me a copy of his dagger database. i rely entirely on his classification. he lists 55 daggers from the study area. none is in a closed find combination with any Bronze Age object. The only stone implements reported to have been found in closed deposition contexts with Bronze Age metalwork in the study area are a flint sickle in a Per. ii hoard from oskarsborg in Ärentuna (Up), and, oddly enough, a middle neolithic battle axe found with a Per. i flanged bronze axe under a boulder at Frommesta in ekeby (nä). There is little information about find contexts for the 55 flint daggers. 40 are in the Swedish history museum’s online inventory database. 34 of the 40 retain no context information whatsoever beyond the names of the hamlet and parish. As flint is not reliably changed by a wet environment, we cannot know if those daggers are relevant to us here. But five retain information about having been found on reclaimed wetland or lake beds, one from grindstugan in ludgo (Sö) “at a depth of 4–5 feet, where there were also black oak trunks”. This shows that flint daggers were in fact deposited in the area during the early Bronze Age, and so i have used the six Shm daggers with context information in this study. overview of the database and data collection i have disregarded finds recorded no closer than to province or parish. This left me with about 370 named hamlets or crofts that have each yielded at least one relevant documented find. These properties have produced 143 finds that are recorded at least to the level of a land parcel within a hamlet, forming the core material of the study. 73 finds are from Uppland, 41 from Södermanland, 17 from västmanland and 12 from närke. of these 143 finds, finally, 51 have recorded find spots within a land parcel to an accuracy of a few tens of metres or better. 87% of the finds with hamlet-level or better provenance are comprised of only one object, usually a socketed axe, usually from the late Bronze Age. There are only 30 hoards of more than two objects, plus six accumulated multiepisode sites, mainly river rapids. most of the find provenances used in this study come down to the present day as names of hamlets in parishes, and occasionally land parcels in hamlets. A crucial requisite for the work, and probably an important part of the explanation why such a study has not been undertaken decades ago, is the recent availability of online databases with scanned and digitised archive materials. Until recently, it would have taken a scholar days of travel between archives in different cities just to pinpoint a single find spot for an early museum acquisition. moving on from there to locate relevant nearby rock art etc. and place that single find spot in relation to shoreline displacement would have taken additional days. And this presupposes that we were dealing with the era of the photocopier, when scholars can easily bring map copies with them from archive to archive. in the age before that technology’s widespread availability, the task would have been even more difficult. i have been able to do most of the data collection from my desk, which allowed me to pinpoint and classify several sites a day. i have used the following online resources, and my gratitude goes out to the people who have created the sites, update them and keep them online. • The Swedish history museum’s inventory. mis.historiska.se/mis/sok/sok.asp • The heritage Board’s sites and monuments register. www.fmis.raa.se 2 . ov e rv i e W o F t h e dAtA i n c o n t e x t 27 • The (now sadly defunct) nationwide shared map engine of the county Administrations. www.gis.lst.se/lanskartor • The Survey office’s historical maps. lantmateriet.se/Kartor-och-geografisk-information/ historiska-kartor/ • The Survey office’s current place-name map engine. kso.lantmateriet.se/kartsok/kos/index.html • The geological Survey’s shoreline displacement and deglaciation map engine. maps2. sgu.se/kartgenerator/maporder_en.html • The institute for language and Folklore’s place name archive. www.sofi.se/ortnamnsregistret • Swedish Wikipedia. sv.wikipedia.org • eniro telephone directory. eniro.se • google. Surprising things can be learned simply by googling the name of the parish and hamlet where something was found. www.google.com in addition i have travelled to museum stores in Uppsala and hallstahammar to read off-line inventory ledgers and card files. Staff at museums in Örebro, västerås, enköping, Uppsala, Stockholm, Södertälje and nyköping have kindly answered e-mail queries. Several local historical societies (Sw. hembygdsförening) have also been very helpful in locating places whose names are in the museum ledgers but not on the maps. 28 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Shoreline displacement, Site classification and Bronze Patina Since deglaciation about 8000 cal Bc, the entire study area has risen continuously due to rebound of the dent formed by the weight of the inland ice. The rate of this rise has not been uniform but has decreased over time. And the north-west edge of the study area rises faster than the south-east edge, because it is closer to the centre of gravity of the inland ice. Thus the whole area is tilting slowly to the south-east over the centuries. meanwhile, the sea level fluctuates independently of the land’s behaviour. The sum of these motions is a rather intricate history of shoreline displacement that forms a classic field of study within quaternary geology (recently, Plikk 2010; Sund 2010; risberg & Alm 2011; Katrantsiotis 2013). rather than attempting an amateur landscape reconstruction for each site in the various periods of the Bronze Age, i have used three of the Swedish geological Survey (SgU)’s detailed online nationwide ancient shoreline maps to characterise them. These maps deal not only with the sea but also with the likely behaviour of inland basins (modern lakes, bogs and river valleys) as the land has risen and tilted. during the Bronze Age, lake mälaren was an inlet of the Baltic Sea filled with a dense inland archipelago. lake hjälmaren was already a lake, as it remains today. The geological Survey offers maps with 1000-year intervals. For Per. i (1700–1500 cal Bc), i have used the SgU map for 2050 cal Bc. For Per. ii–vi (1500–520), i have used the map for 1050 cal Bc. And for Per. vi, i have additionally looked at the map for 50 cal Bc in cases where i have needed to gauge whether or not a given basin is likely to have become isolated from the sea at that time. The online maps do not supply a perfect overall reflection of the research consensus in Swedish quaternary geology (Jan risberg, e-mail 11 August 2014), being better in some areas and worse in others. But they are the only viable access point for an archaeologist who needs to understand over a hundred sites in relation to the seashore and lakes of their time and cannot himself become a quaternary geologist. When classifying the landscape location of a site, i have paid little attention to whether the finds look as if they have spent a lot of time under water or peat, and much more to how far the find spot was from water at the time of deposi- tion. most sites are in Bronze Age water or so close to the shore that it is difficult to tell. And though the vertical distance between the deposition site and the water’s surface was in a few cases considerable – e.g. at oxbroberget in helgesta (Sö) and marielund in Funbo (Up) – i have classified these as lake sites rather than setting them apart as a small class of lakeshore hilltop site. Bronzes that retain a metallic sheen with black or brown staining are known to have been in a low-oxygen wetland environment from deposition until recovery. But the corroded green ones cannot be seen as indicating dry-land deposition with such certainty. This is because a) shoreline displacement drained many wet sites after deposition, b) people in the study area began draining and ploughing wetlands on a large scale in the 19th century, giving verdigris ample time to form on previously pristine bronzes in the ground before recovery. 2 . ov e rv i e W o F t h e dAtA i n c o n t e x t 29 3. Grouping and Characterising the Sites studying the landscape locations of the area’s Bronze Age deposition sites, it soon becomes apparent that the most common class of landscape feature involved is water in all its forms: still and flowing, fresh and brackish. This emerges particularly clearly if we look at the Bronze Age state of things rather than the modern, uplifted and drained landscape. Beyond that, my studies have convinced me that the second-most important attractor in the landscape is simply settled spaces, as seen in the distribution of burnt mounds and rock art. not all settlement sites of the time have any preserved burnt mounds, and some of the mound sites may have been reserved for rituals, not everyday settlement. nor does all the rock art seem to mark places where people actually lived. But these caveats are unimportant to the present study. Burnt mounds and rock art are restricted to the settled parts of the landscape more generally, and so they serve well to help us understand the relationship between deposition sites and settlement, when the houses that people lived in have left no traces above ground. early in my work (rundkvist 2011b; in press) i saw an affinity among the deposition sites for 30 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S sublime and dramatic landscape locations. This tendency in a small sample of particularly rich find spots has not been borne out by study of the whole material. Some locations are indeed dramatic, but most are not, and the dramatic ones conform to the general placement pattern. So seek the bronze axe in the watery parts of the settled Bronze Age landscape. But before delving into details, let us orientate ourselves at the opening of this chapter with a summary of its main results (tab. 3:1). note three things. a. 59% of the find spots are in or on the shores of Bronze Age lakes or sea inlets. This may be a low estimate if some of the apparent bogs were in fact lakes at the time. b. The 13% that are dry-land locations probably include several unrecognised burial and settlement sites; that is, deposition events that are not really relevant to the study’s theme. c. Thus the figure of 87% wet locations represents a minimum. Tab. 3:1. Location types for Bronze Age deposition, by frequency. Location no of sites % 47 33% In/at Bronze Age lake In/at Bronze Age sea inlet 37 26% In/at Bronze Age river/stream 23 16% dry land 19 13% In Bronze Age bog 11 8% multi-trait, wet 5 4% sum total 142 100% sum wet 123 87% sum dry 19 13% multi-episode Sites: Accumulated deposits let us begin our close look at the landscape preferences of the people involved with sites that have yielded accumulated deposits. This term refers to a series of deposition events, not to hoards whose contents have accumulated over time and then been buried in a single event. When a site has proved attractive enough that people have returned to it, then it is particularly important for us to study its characteristics here. i am aware of only six multi-episode sites (tab. 3:2). All were wet locations in settled areas, 1–4 kilometres from registered burnt mounds and rock art. These, as we shall see, are common traits among the deposition sites under study. Four of the six locations share some further important traits. during the Bronze Age, each was in or next to a river at the point where it entered and/or exited major bodies of water. At least three sites were whitewater gorges with rapids or waterfalls. This offers an explanation for how people could stage so many deposition events so accurately at these same sites over so long a time. Three of the six sites saw deposition starting in the middle or late neolithic. i have argued above that the constant here is not any oral tradition about previous deposition events, but a long-lived set of rules for where deposition is appropriate. A stretch of river rapids is dramatic to the senses, easy to find, small in its dimensions and long-lived (prior to modern hydraulic engineering). This, i believe, is why the whitewater sites are so over-represented among the accumulated deposits in comparison to e.g. the Bronze Age lakes. A stretch of rapids is always there and always attractive, even if the celebrants of each event through the centuries believe that they are the first ever to carry out deposition there. conversely, even though certain Bronze Age lakes may have been seen as appropriate for deposition for centuries, there was no similarly distinctive point on most lakeshores that could steer the depositions, allowing an identifiable accumulation of objects to form. When modern-day archaeology becomes aware of depositions in such a lake, it is usually a question of only one object, while we see the deposition made 150 years previously across the lake as a separate site, if indeed we are aware of it at all. 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 31 Table 3:2 Bronze Age landscape situation Date range Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) nä, glanshammar, storsicke multi-trait: wetland on peninsula next to the mouth of river Äverstaån on Lake hjälmaren – gorge? Per. I, II, LBA 2.6 3.8 sö, Bärbo, täckhammarsbro river: in whitewater gorge, beginning of rapids between Lake Långhalsen and the sea (river nyköpingsån) mnEO, LnEO, Per. I, II, IV, and later 2.6 1.3 sö, Eskilstuna, hyndevads dammar river: in whitewater gorge where Lake hjälmaren emptied into the sea (river Eskilstunaån) LnEO, Per. I, II, IV-V, V, VI, and later 1.3 1.4 sö, Vrena, Vrenaån river: in whitewater gorge between Lakes hallbosjön and Långhalsen Per. I, IV-V 1.6 1.5 Up, skogs-tibble, Ingla/Vicarage Lake: in/at inland lake Per. IV, VI c. 0.1 c. 1.0 Up, Vårfrukyrka, gropnorrby river: in/at short stream between coastal lakes LnEO, Per. III c. 0.8 c. 0.1 Single-episode river Sites The characteristics of the multi-episode sites lead us to river sites where we know of only one object or hoard, or finds of only one Bronze Age period that may have been deposited at a single event. i am aware of 19 such sites (tab. 3:3). All or none of them may in fact be as rich and longlived as the multi-episode sites treated above: we know only what finders have told us. As to the landscape character of these sites, note that even the largest rivers in the area are little more than streams a few tens of metres across. This is reflected in the names of the water courses with 32 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S deposition sites, all but one of which are Sw. åar, which are not large. At one or two sites we are actually dealing with little streamlets, bäckar. Some finds made in modern rivers turn out to originate in ancient lakes or sea inlets when checked against the geological Survey’s landscape history model, and are dealt with in the following sections. And conversely, a few other basins probably held Bronze Age streams where there are now bogs. Table 3:3 River/stream, Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Dis tance from rock art (km) nä, Edsberg, Löten In Fjugestaån/ruggebäcken, a small tributary of svartån, inland Per. V-VI Axe >5 3.3 nä, glanshammar, hassle In Äverstaån, short river stretch between small lakes, 3.8 km upstream from river mouth at storsicke Per. VI mixed hoard 2.9 0.2 nä, Karlskoga In svartälven where the river emptied into Lake möckeln Per. V-VI Axe >5 >5 nä, Kumla, Blacksta near ralaån, close to its confluence with Kumlaån, inland Per. III Axe >5 >5 nä, Örebro, skebäck In svartån where the river emptied into Lake hjälmaren Per. V-VI 2 axes City City sö, Barva, Bjurkärrsäng In/at small stream Per. III 3 axes >5 c. 2.5 sö, helgona, Kristineholm In nyköpingsån: whitewater gorge, end of rapids between Lake Långhalsen and the sea, 1.4 km downstream from täckhammar bridge Per. IV-V Axe 1.2 1.0 sö, Lid, Lilla Lundby In/at stream that drains Lake Lagerlundssjön Per. II-III Axe c. 0.4 c. 0.4 sö, näshulta, Kråksten In/at sjöängsrändeln stream near where it emptied into Lake näshultasjön Per. IV-V stone axe >5 >5 sö, torsåker, harlinge At mouth of short stream between lakes Per. I spear 3.9 2.6 Up, Altuna, drävle In short stream near where it emptied into coastal lake Per. I Axe 2.2 2.7 Up, simtuna/torstuna, Forsby bridge In Örsundaån, short river stretch with rapids between a lake and another lake or inlet of the sea LBA stone axe 0.5 1.2 Up, skogs-tibble, Lillsjön/ stensmyran In/at short stream between an inland lake and a lake or sea inlet, currently stensmyran bog Per. I Axe 0.9 1.8 Up, skogs-tibble, Ulvansvad In/at short stream between lake and sea, currently sävaån Per. I-II Flint dagger c. 0.3 c. 3.6 Up, Ärentuna, gammelängen near Lissån, under boulder next to end of short stream between inland lakes Per. II spear 3.0 3.0 Up, Österunda, täppdammen In/at short tributary of skattmansöån ? spear c. 1.1 c. 1.5 Vs, Arboga, Kråkdiket/Vinbäcken In Kråkdiket/Vinbäcken where it emptied into the sea LBA stone axe c. 1.9 >5 Vs, tortuna, Fors In rapids where a lake system emptied into the sea, currently tillbergaån/Lillån Per. I 2 axes 1.0 0.1 Vs, Västerås, tunby In/at short stream between lake and sea Per. II Axe, 3 sickles 0.1 0.4 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 33 The accumulated finds treated above demonstrate that rapids were important. And so we might begin our study of the river sites by noting that two are at hamlets named something including fors, denoting rapids: Forsby in torstuna (Up) and Fors in tortuna (vs) (the two parish names, though similar, are not in fact cognate). And more generally, the rule seems to be that river deposition was seen as appropriate at sites where a river changes state. only a few finds have been made where the river apparently just flowed past and did nothing in particular. most sites are where rivers entered or exited bodies of still water, often with rapids. As Fredengren (2011:116) puts it, “... metalwork depositions were placed at exits of waters such as river mouths and the confluence (meetings) of different waters, sweet and salt”. note though that the meeting of fresh water and the brackish Baltic does not in fact seem to have been very important when seen in the light of my larger sample. All sites except three are in the settled landscape near registered burnt mounds or rock art. 34 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S lake Sites many of the river sites are near the lakes these watercourses drain or replenish. And deposits were made in the lakes as well – in fact, overwhelmingly commonly. identifying Bronze Age lakes is largely contingent on the geological Survey’s model, as the situation is in many cases very different today. many of the era’s lake basins have • silted up into bogs • dried out through land uplift, becoming river valleys • recently been artificially drained and cultivated And conversely, many current lakes were inlets of the sea during the Bronze Age. But any current body of open water was open water during the Bronze Age too, though often at a higher level in relation to its basin. As it turns out, Bronze Age lakeshores and lakes form the most common category of deposition site of all: i am aware of 47 (tab. 3:4) including one of the multiepisode sites discussed above. Table 3:4 Lake, Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) nä province In Lake hjälmaren, south-west part Per. I Axe ? ? nä, Asker, Bystad In/at Lake sottern, on island or peninsula, near mouth of stream on north-facing shore Per. IV-V Axe >5 >5 nä, Ekeby, mosjön In Lake mosjön, south-east part Per. I-II Flint dagger >5 >5 nä, glanshammar, sticksjö In Lake hjälmaren among small islands Per. I-II Flint dagger >5 c. 4.4 nä, Lännäs, tunäs/vicarage In Lake hjälmaren next to the mouth of river täljeån on east-facing shore Per. II spear >5 >5 nä, Lännäs, djursnäs In/at Lake hjälmaren next to a stream mouth on north-facing shore Per. V-VI spear, knife >5 >5 sö, Björkvik, Edeby In/at Lake Yngaren on south-facing shore of island Per. I Axe 0.6 0.7 sö, Frustuna, hållsta In coastal lake or sea inlet, currently the drained Lake Igelsjön Per. I Axe 1.4 0.3 sö, Frustuna, hällesta In/at lake, currently drained farmland Per. II Axe sö, helgesta, Frändesta, Oxbroberget On high promontory on south-facing shore of island above narrows in Lake Båven Per. III spear 1.9 1.7 c. 0.5 >5 sö, huddinge, solgård On hillside above stream’s entry point into west end of long narrow lake, under boulder Per. V dagger >5 1.1 sö, husby-Oppunda, tärnö In Lake Långhalsen among small islands Per. II Axe 3.7 3.2 sö, husby-rekarne, Årby In small inland lake Per. IV-V Axe c. 0.6 c. 1.0 sö, Kila, Villa solbacken In Lake Bålsjön Per. II Axe >5 >5 sö, Lista, Vingsleör In Lake Apalsjön Per. I-II Flint dagger c. 1.5 c. 3.7 sö, torsåker, torsnäset In/at Lake sillen, below high promontory Per. III-IV Axe c. 0.5 c. 1.7 sö, torsåker, tuna In Lake sillen ?LBA Axe 0.8 1.1 sö, turinge, Ekudden In/at Lake norra Yngern, on south-west-facing shore of promontory Per. III mixed hoard 0.2 >5 sö, tveta, rophäll In Lake Långsjön Per. IV-V Axe 2.9 1.5 sö, Vårdinge, nådhammar In Lake Långsjön Per. III Axe c. 0.2 c. 1.4 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 35 Table 3:4 Lake, Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) sö, Västerhaninge, Prästängen In/at inland lake, on west-facing shore Per. IV-V Axe >5 c. 3.4 sö, Österåker, maren In/at Lake hjälmaren near the mouth of river Forsån, “rapids stream”, on west-facing shore Per. IV-V stone axe >5 >5 Up, Björklinge, Kambo In/at Lake Långsjön, on west-facing shore Per. V Axe c. 2.3 c. 2.8 Up, Fasterna, grindtorpet In Lake skedviken near mouth of stream on north-east-facing shore Per. V-VI Axe c. 1.1 c. 4.4 Up, Funbo, marielund On high promontory on south-east-facing shore of Lake trehörningen Per. V Belt dome 0.8 5.0 Up, Järfälla, säby In Lake säbysjön, located on an island in the sea Per. IV neck ring, 2 gold spirals 1.0 0.8 Up, Knutby psh In Lake Långsjön, located on an island in the sea Per. VI weapon hoard c. 1.9 c. 4.4 Up, Kårsta, Lilla sunnarby In lake on island in dense archipelago, currently mysingsån stream Per. IV neck ring 1.8 2.3 Up, Lunda, sigridsholm In coastal lake or sea inlet, currently Lake sigridsholmssjön Per. VI mixed hoard 3.9 4.8 Up, Läby, håmö, Frosshögarna In Lake Läbyträsk LBA stone axe c. 0.7 c. 0.8 Up, nysätra psh In/at Lake hålsjön Per. V-VI Axe c. 3.2 c. 4.1 Up, rasbo, Västerberga In coastal lake Per. IV-V Axe c. 1.1 c. 0.7 Up, rasbokil, Årby In/at lake, currently Årbymyran bog Per. IV-V Axe c. 2.1 c. 2.2 Up, ramsta, Bragby In small lake on island in sea Per. I sword c. 0.6 c. 1.5 Up, skogs-tibble, between Vrå and church In coastal lake or sea inlet, currently river sävaån Per. I Axe 0.9 0.5 Up, skogs-tibble, Ingla-Långmyran In inland lake, currently Långmyran drained bog Per. IV-V Axe c. 1.2 c. 2.0 Up, skogs-tibble, Långmyran In inland lake, currently Långmyran drained bog Per. II-III Axe c. 2.2 c. 2.6 Up, Vendel, holvarbogärde In/at small inland lake Per. V Axe >5 c. 1.7 36 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Table 3:4 Lake, Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) Up, Vittinge, Ösby In/at small inland lake Per. III-IV Axe >5 c. 4.1 Up, Vänge, Bärby In Lake rönningen, at narrows Per. V-VI Axe 1.7 3.2 Up, Vänge, Bärby Up, Österunda, domta vad In lake, currently river sävaån LBA stone axe 0.6 c. 1.3 In lake, currently bog Per. V Belt domes, rings >5 2,1 Up, Österunda, Oxsjön In/at Lake Oxsjön Per. II-III sword chape 2.3 3.5 Up, Österunda, Pukberget At narrows in inland lake, in cave Per. V-VI spear >5 2.5 Vs, Björksta, Vida/högtorp In/at inland lake on south-west-facing shore Per. III Axe c. 0.2 c. 0.3 Vs, Fellingsbro, Eke In Lake sällingsjön Per. III dagger >5 >5 lakes named långsjön, “the long lake”, have yielded many finds. it would be difficult to calculate the percentage of the area’s Bronze Age lakes that currently bear this common name. But they do appear over-represented among the deposition sites, which would suggest that Bronze Age people were attracted to relatively long and narrow waters when depositing objects – as we have already seen from the many river finds. note also the two finds from the långmyran former bog (“the long bog”) in Skogs-tibble (Up), and the many locations at long narrow sea inlets as documented below. narrows in lakes are clearly attractive too. Perhaps we are seeing something similar to how people behaved around rivers and streams: lake deposition was deemed particularly appropriate at spots where the lake did something. in a few other cases, lakes have been selected that were on islands in the sea at the time of deposition, demanding that people travel across brackish water with the objects in order to reach the freshwater lake for the deposition event. People do not seem to have favoured any particular facing for deposition on or just off the lakeshores. As argued above, the reason that so few lake sites have yielded accumulated finds attesting to multiple deposition episodes is probably as follows. even if a group of people agree for many generations that a certain lake is appropriate for 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 37 depositions, then they will only rarely happen to select the same spot along the lakeshore for such events more than once. This is because they have no written record of where the last deposition event was enacted, and the lake itself offers no hint. inlets of the Baltic Sea Some finds from current lakes are difficult to date in relation to each lake basin’s isolation from the Baltic Sea. They may have been deposited in brackish sea water with all its communicative potential, before the isolation phase, or in fresh water after it. There are however many sites without this ambiguity, where objects have clearly been deposited in or at inlets of the sea. i know of 38. An association with islands is far more common here than among the lake locations. This is because of the mälaren basin’s topography: a great deal of its surface area was (and is) taken up by islands rather than by water. in order to deposit an object in the open sea far from any island, a person would have to travel quite a long way from settled parts, which we have seen that they usually did not do for that purpose. Also, an object deposited in the deep sea would be highly unlikely to come to our attention. in any case, it appears that for most kinds of object, the distinction between the freshwater of lakes and rivers and the brackish water of the Baltic was not decisive for whether a given location was acceptable as a deposition site. As we have seen though, in a few cases a freshwater lake located on an island in the sea was chosen. With the sea inlet sites, there is a clear 5:2 preference for deposition near south-facing shores over north-facing ones. Table 3:5 Sea, Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) sö, Brännkyrka, Årsta On/at north-facing shore near narrow mouth of inlet Per. II Axe City c. 1.7 sö, Eskilstuna, tunavallen On/at north-facing shore next to the mouth of river Eskilstunaån Per. IV-V Axe 2.0 2.5 sö, grödinge, sibble On south-facing shore of an island Per. III 4 sickles c. 0.1 c. 0.9 sö, sorunda, Fituna, mörkarfjärden In an inlet, between the södertörn mainland and a small island Per. IV-V stone axe >5 c. 1.8 sö, spelvik, church hill On/at south-facing shore of sheltered inlet, under a boulder Per. VI mixed hoard 0.6 0.5 sö, strängnäs, sundby At inlet on south-facing shore of an island, under a boulder Per. VI Jewellery hoard >5 c. 2.4 38 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Table 3:5 Sea, Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) sö, tunaberg, Bråten At south-facing shore, inner end of protected inlet Per. II Axe c. 4.5 c. 0.8 Up, Alsike, Krusenberg south-facing shore of major island in dense archipelago Per. V-VI Axe >5 c. 3.7 Up, Bromma, norra Ängby In a narrow inlet off a west-facing promontory between two islands Per. II Axe 4.1 0.7 Up, Börje, Brunnby In an inlet among small islands Per. I Axe c. 0.4 c. 0.9 Up, Ekerö, skärvik south-facing shore of island Per. V-VI stone axe c. 3.4 c. 1.3 Up, Fröslunda, noppsgärde Off south-west-facing shore of an island Per. I spear 1.6 0.1 Up, gryta, säva south-facing shore of small island in dense archipelago Per. I Axe c. 0.3 c. 1.1 Up, gryta, grängesberg/ Eningsberg At north-facing shore, inner end of protected inlet Per. I Axe c. 0.2 c. 0.2 Up, dalby, gräna In wide inlet, currently Lake Ekoln Per. I Axe c. 2.0 c. 0.1 Up, dalby, tuna south-facing shore of inlet Per. V Axe c. 0.3 c. 0.3 Up, Edsbro, smaranäs Off a north-facing promontory in a long canallike inlet acting as inland communication route, currently Lake sottern Per. IV-V Axe 3.4 >5 Up, gamla Uppsala, sanda On east-facing slope of short gravel ridge island Per. V Axe c. 1.3 c. 2.0 Up, hagby, Focksta On/at east-facing shore of sheltered inlet, currently sävaån Per. II spear c. 0.1 c. 0.3 Up, hammarby, Ekebo East-facing shore of inlet on small island in dense archipelago, beside a boulder Per. V Axe 3.7 3.7 Up, husby-sjutolft, Ekolsundsviken Between two large islands in dense archipelago, currently an inlet Per. IV-V Axe 3.4 2.9 Up, Jumkil, Ubby In inlet, currently a tributary of river Jumkilsån Per. I Axe c. 0.4 c. 2.5 Up, Lagga, morby Cove on north-facing shore of large island LBA stone axe c. 3.1 c. 3.6 Up, Lena, Edshammar west-facing shore of long narrow inlet of the sea, currently Fyrisån Per. VI spear, axe c. 0.6 c. 0.7 Up, skepptuna, Ånsta In narrow closing inlet between two recently joined islands in dense archipelago Per. VI sword c. 3.2 c. 1.4 Up, solna, råsunda south-facing shore of island Per. VI sword, dagger 4.3 2.0 Up, solna, Ulriksdal On/at north-east-facing shore of Edsviken inlet Per. I Axe >5 c. 2.3 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 39 Table 3:5 Sea, Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) Up, spånga, Oljeberget south-facing shore of small island or peninsula Per. V-VI Axe 3.3 0.8 Up, stockholm, hammarby/ mårtensdal In long canal-like inlet acting as communication route through dense archipelago Per. V-VI stone axe City 2.2 Up, stockholm, Karlbergsvägen Up, stockholm, Värtahamnen south-facing shore of small island Per. I Axe City c. 2.1 Between two small islands Per. II Axe City c. 1.8 Up, söderby-Karl, norrmarjum Among islands Per. I Axe c. 1.1 >5 Up, Uppsala, tingshögsgatan near small islands LBA stone axe c. 1.8 c. 2.0 Up, Uppsala-näs, skärfältens In long canal-like inlet acting as inland communication route, currently sjökärret Bog Per. I spear c. 0.5 c. 0.6 Vs, Fellingsbro churchyard south-facing shore of small island or peninsula Per. I Axe c. 2.4 c. 3.3 Vs, Kärrbo, skyttebo south-facing shore of promontory on island at protected inlet Per. II Axe c. 4.4 c. 2.9 Vs, Odensvi, Kumla East-facing shore of promontory Per. I Axe Vs, skultuna, Åkesta On/at south-west-facing shore of long canallike inlet acting as inland communication route, currently svartån, just downstream from rapids at Forsby Per. IV-V stone axe Bronze Age Bogs/other Wetland This site location category involves modern-day bogs that are not sea inlets or lakes on the geological Survey’s landscape reconstructions for the Bronze Age. if we look far enough back in time up until deglaciation, all bogs in the study area are actually silted-up former lakes and/or inlets of the sea. But the apparent Bronze Age bogs are difficult to interpret because sediment drill cores for environmental history have been analysed for only very few. For each of these basins it is in fact uncertain if there was any open water at the time 40 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S 0.9 0.6 c. 0.4 c. 0.5 of an individual Bronze Age deposition event. The question boils down to whether finds from apparent Bronze Age bogs represent people throwing objects into water (irretrievably), burying them in pits in the peat (retrievably) or leaving them on top of the peat (even more retrievably). luckily these sites are rather few. table 3:6 does not cover finds where only the name of the hamlet owning the land and the mention of a bog are known. in those cases we cannot judge whether a given find belongs in this category or is in fact from a Bronze Age sea inlet, lake or stream. Table 3:6 Bog, Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) nä, Edsberg, Karaby nondescript bog, near a boulder Per. I-II Flint dagger >5 3.6 sö, Björnlunda, mosstugan nondescript bog Per. I sword 1.5 1.1 sö, Eskilstuna, Kälby 0.9 km from the hyndevad rapids in river Eskilstunaån Per. II 2 display axes, dagger 0.5 1.5 sö, svärta, Kråknäs/Kråkstugan nondescript bog Per. IV-V Axe c. 1.9 c. 0.2 sö, svärta, Kråknäs/Kråkstugan nondescript bog Per. VI sword, neck ring 1.8 0.1 sö, Vårdinge, hjortsberga Bog next to settlement with graves and cupmarks Per. VI neck ring c. 0.2 c. 0.3 sö, Östra Vingåker, skiringstorp nondescript inland bog Per. II sword >5 >5 Up, nysätra, stockmossen nondescript inland bog Per. V Axe c. 4.1 c. 4.1 Up, sparrsätra, gångmossen Inland bog next to small lake in separate basin Per. V-VI Pin c. 0.8 c. 2.5 Up, spånga, Backlura Inland bog on large island Per. II-III sword 2.6 3.1 Vs, svedvi, Berga I-II In/at lake below the svedvi vicarage ridge site Per. V-VI 2 jewellery hoards c. 0.5 c. 0.5 multi-trait locations having identified some categories of landscape location that attracted Bronze Age deposition in and of themselves, we can now look at sites that combine two or more of these categories (tab. 3:7). They deviate distinctly from the norm in several respects. Unusually, all four sites are on gravel ridges. The two sites in lena parish are only c. 800 m apart and may be close in time as well. torslunda in tierp is a lone northern outlier in the macroscale distribution of the sites across the study area. These multi-trait sites are not only exceptional in terms of their Bronze Age topography, but also of what people chose to deposit there: weapons and multi-object hoards. 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 41 Table 3:7 Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) sö, Vårdinge, Långbro next to small cairn in small bog on top of short gravel ridge above lakeshore Per. VI mixed hoard c. 0.9 c. 1.6 Up, Lena church On south gravel ridge terminal above whitewater gorge where Vattholmaån entered a long narrow inlet of the sea, currently Vendelån-Fyrisån Per. II-III sword 0.5 0.3 Up, Lena, Vattholma On south gravel ridge terminal above whitewater gorge where Vattholmaån entered a long narrow inlet of the sea, currently Vendelån-Fyrisån Per. IV weapon hoard 0.8 0.8 Up, tierp, torslunda On south gravel ridge terminal at southeast-facing shore of long sea inlet Per. I 2 axes, spear c. 2.4 c. 1.9 dry land: gravel ridges and Settlements As seen above, a few finds can be pinpointed to eskers, the gravel ridges that cross the study area in a nnW–SSe direction. (They map the slow movement across the land of the mouths of meltwater rivers under the inland ice during deglaciation.) All such sites are either on the southern terminal of a longer stretch of ridge or on a short ridge where no real terminal can usefully be distinguished. Another handful of finds with location information only on the hamlet level are reported to have come to light during gravel extraction, suggesting that gravel ridges may have been attractive in themselves as deposition locations. But not all gravel pits are on ridges. And in the cases where we can pinpoint a find accurately on an esker, the tendency is for the site to have 42 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S other characteristics that have proved attractive in far more numerous cases – see the multi-trait sites above. There is in fact only one accurately pinpointed esker site that has none of the usual watery associations documented above: hökåsen in hubbo (vs). A burnt mound and a cupmark boulder suggest nearby settlement. This is not a study of depositions made among the buildings of active settlements, such as the sword pommel from Sommaränge skog in viksta (Up) mentioned in ch. 1 (Forsman & victor 2007) or the spearhead found near burnt mounds at orreboda in Uppsala-näs (Up; raä 116-118; UmF 4826). But one of the very largest hoards from the study area, from lilla härnevi in härnevi (Up), was found on the outskirts of a likewise very large settlement site. most likely however this late Per. vi deposition was made centuries after the settlement had been aban- doned. radiocarbon dating places the only excavated burnt mound there at about 900 cal Bc, in Per. v (Karlenby 1998:27–28), and by the time of the hoard’s deposition the site had long lost contact with the receding seashore that was generally decisive in settlement siting. Speculating about the rationale behind this unique find’s placement, i believe the people behind it recognised the site with its many prominent burnt mounds as an ancestral dwelling place. in the study area, we do not see anything like the lilla härnevi deposit even at major wellexcavated settlements such as hallunda in Botkyrka, Apalle in Övergran or Pryssgården in Östra eneby (Jaanusson 1981; Ullén 1997; BornaAhlkvist 2002). But in south-east england, Bronze Age hoards are sometimes found on the edges of settlement-indicating flint scatters (dunkin 2001). dry land: nondescript locations table 3:9 lists finds from dry locations where i know to good accuracy where a find has been made but cannot see anything distinctive about the place. common characteristics among these 14 sites are that most have yielded Late Bronze Age finds and are located only a few hundred metres from burnt mounds and rock art. This suggests that we are dealing mainly with finds from unrecognised settlements. A few of the objects may nevertheless have been deposited ritually according to landscape rules that i have not picked up on, or placed in unrecognised graves, or simply lost to happenstance. Table 3:8 Bronze Age dry land landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) Up, härnevi, Lilla härnevi Edge of abandoned settlement site, inland Per. VI mixed hoard 0 0.4 Vs, hubbo, hökåsen south gravel ridge terminal Per. VI 2 jewellery hoards 0.8 1.4 Vs, svedvi vicarage south gravel ridge terminal above the Berga I-II lakeshore site Per. VI neck ring 0.6 0.5 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 43 Table 3:9 Bronze Age landscape situation Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) sö, sorunda, Petterslund On low ridge, 0.4 km east of Fagersjön lakeshore, major Late mesolithic settlement site Per. V-VI dress pin 4.5 4.5 sö, sorunda, södra rangsta w foot of ridge, 0.6 km north of seashore Per. V-VI spear 0.2 0.2 sö, Överjärna, Järna rwy stn Between two ridges, 0.7 km from seashore and lakeshore Per. I-II Flint dagger c. 0.8 c. 0.7 Up, Bondkyrka, grindstugan E of low ridge on large island in dense archipelago Per. III-IV Axe c. 1.0 c. 2.7 Up, Börje, Altuna Upland, 0.7 km west of seashore Per. VI mixed hoard c. 0.2 c. 0.6 Up, dalby, tuna Flat ground 0.3 km from south-facing shore of sea inlet Per. V Axe c. 0.3 c. 0.3 Up, Lena, Flugtorpet E foot of low inland hill, 1.1 km from lakeshore Per. V Axe c. 1.8 c. 1.3 Up, skogs-tibble, Lundbacka Upland, 0.6 km from lakeshore Per. VI 2 neck rings c. 0.4 c. 0.3 Up, spånga, sundby Flat ground on island between Flystaberget hill and seashore, c. 0.1 km from shoreline Per. VI/ IA 2 armlets 3.3 0.4 Up, Vårfrukyrka, hällstigen Upland, 0.5 km from lakeshore Per. V-VI stone axe c. 0.2 c. 0.3 Up, Ärentuna, storvreta rwy stn Upland, 1.0 km from seashore Per. II mixed hoard 0.5 0.5 Vs, hubbo, mälby Upland, 0.2 km from lakeshore Per. V Axe 3.1 0.2 Vs, malma, Åsby south-facing hillside, 0.6 km from lakeshore Per. VI neck ring 0.2 0.2 Vs, Västra skedvi, Klockarkilen Between low hills, 2.5 km from lakeshore Per. IV-V stone axe >5 >5 Strong Place Features: Boulders, a cave, a Spring, rock crevices So far each site has been mentioned in only one table. But in table 3:10 some sites are mentioned a second time because they had strong place features. on this study’s landscape scale level and 44 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S considering the somewhat forgiving accuracy i have demanded for positioning, these are features that should in my opinion be seen more on the level of site detail than as landscape locations in the usual sense. most are simply boulders, but here i also count the Pukberget cave in Österunda (Up) that i have classified as a lakeshore location and the norrbacken spring in husbylånghundra (Up) that is to my eye an otherwise nondescript location. Both the cave and the spring are unique place features among the studied sites, and so they are difficult to interpret. But both in my opinion carry a strong timeless suggestion of the numinous. only ten of these sites have sufficient location information to classify their landscape location. The most eye-catching difference from the general distribution (tab. 3:1) is that among sites with strong place features, dry sites are twice as common. This probably largely reflects the simple fact that it is difficult to hide anything under an underwater boulder. But it may also have to do with retrievability: if people wanted to be able to retrieve a deposition, burying it under a boulder on dry land was the most dependable alternative. it should thus not surprise us to find hoards greatly over-represented in the boulder category. mention should also be made of a rare but recurring association between spears and rock crevices. At oxbroberget in helgesta (Sö), a site i have classified above as a lake location, a spearhead had been left in a fissure on a hillside. Similarly, the spearhead found next to a stream at gammelängen in Ärentuna (Up) was described by the finder as having been thrust below a boulder. And the spearhead from the Pukberget cave in Österunda (Up) had obviously entirely entered a hill. looking for a moment at a nearby region, a bronze spearhead was found “wedged into the rock face” at hassli on the limestone island of Stora Karlsö, eksta parish, gotland (Shm 8343). These finds, although separated by centuries, suggest a custom where spears were seen to belong inside bedrock. They invite speculation about the goings-on between Father Sky and mother earth, or about sacrifices to some deity of high places. looking at jewellery, a crevice at väster-vad in Simtuna (Up) has yielded a Per. vi brooch and dress pin (Shm 4288). Similar finds in crevices and caves have been made in lower Saxony (Kubach 1983:140-142 w. refs) and southern germany (maier 1977; Schauer 1996:382 note 3 w. refs). 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 45 Table 3:10 Strong Place Feature Site type Date Objects Distance from burnt mound (km) Distance from rock art (km) Up, husby-Långhundra, norrbacken In inland spring nondescript Per. IV Axe c. 1.3 c. 0.8 Up, Österunda, Pukberget At narrows in inland lake, in cave Lake Per. V-VI spear >5 2.5 nä, Edsberg, Karaby nä, Ekeby, Frommesta Boulder Bog Boulder ? Per. I-II Flint dagger >5 3.6 Per. I Bronze axe, stone axe ? ? nä, Ekeby, högtorp Boulder ? Per. II-III Axe ? ? nä, Ekeby, torsta Boulder ? Per. I Axe ? ? nä, stora mellösa, dömmesta Boulder ? Per. III Axe ? ? sö, Botkyrka, tullinge Boulder ? Per. III mixed hoard ? ? sö, gillberga, Åsby Boulder ? Per. I Axe sö, huddinge, solgård Boulder Lake Per. V dagger sö, Kila, Ålberga Boulder ? Per. II Axe ? ? sö, spelvik, church hill Boulder sea Per. VI mixed hoard 0.6 0.5 sö, strängnäs, sundby Boulder sea Per. VI Jewellery hoard >5 c. 2.4 Up, hagby, Filke Boulder ? EBA spiral arm ring ? ? Up, hammarby, Ekebo Boulder sea Per. V Axe 3.7 3.7 Up, simtuna, möllersta Boulder ? Per. I-II Axe ? ? Up, Ärentuna, gammelängen Boulder stream Per. II spear 3.0 3.0 Up, Ärentuna, storvreta rwy stn Boulder dry nondescript Per. II mixed hoard 0.5 0.5 Vs, hubbo, hökåsen Boulder gravel ridge Per. VI 2 jewellery hoards 0.8 1.4 46 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S ? ? >5 1.1 that the blanket category of deposition covers a range of acts that were construed quite differently. let us therefore investigate what was deposited where and when at these different kinds of location, in the manner of david Fontijn (2002:212 ff; 2008). What Was deposited Where And When? Above we have largely looked at deposition as a single kind of act that took place at different kinds of location. But there is reason to believe Table 3:11 A: EBA Lake Sea Stream Bog Bronze axe 11 15 10 1 spear 2 3 3 sword/ dagger 3 - 1 Jewellery - - mixed hoard 1 - Flint dagger 3 sum 20 C: LBA Dry non desc B: EBA Lake Sea Stream Bog Dry non desc - 37 Bronze axe 30% 41% 27% 3% 0% 1 9 spear 22% 33% 33% 0% 11% 4 - 8 sword/ dagger 38% 0% 13% 50% 0% - - - 0 Jewellery - - - - - - - - 1 mixed hoard 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% - 1 1 1 6 Flint dagger 50% 0% 17% 17% 17% 18 15 6 2 61 Bog Dry non desc Lake Sea Stream Bog Dry non desc D: LBA Lake Sea Stream Bronze axe 13 8 7 2 3 33 Bronze axe 39% 24% 21% 6% 9% spear 2 - - - 1 3 spear 67% 0% 0% 0% 33% sword/ dagger 1 2 2 - - 5 sword/ dagger 20% 40% 40% 0% 0% Jewellery 4 1 1 3 4 13 Jewellery 31% 8% 8% 23% 31% mixed hoard 2 2 - - 1 5 mixed hoard 40% 40% 0% 0% 20% stone axe 3 6 3 - 2 14 stone axe 21% 43% 21% 0% 14% sum 25 19 13 5 11 73 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 47 tables 3:11 ABcd only cover categories of object and location that have more than a few examples each, and disregard the few ambiguous multitrait locations i have identified (such as torslunda in tierp). i count deposition events (that is, sites and object categories) as on/off for the eBA and lBA respectively, not the number of objects or deposition events within the eBA or lBA. For example, the number 11 regarding eBA bronze axes in lakes means that i know of 11 sites in or at eBA lakes where “bronze axe” is “on” at least once. ”mixed hoards” are those that combine the categories in the tables; e.g. the weaponry, tools and jewellery in the hoard from ekudden in turinge. on the other hand, the successive accumulation of various objects at hyndevad counts as four sites in the tables, one eBA (axe) and three lBA (axe, dagger, jewellery). The percentages are more interesting than the absolute figures. For the eBA (tab. 3:11 B), one class of find behaves differently from the rest: swords and daggers. They are never found in Bronze Age sea inlets where axes and spears are common. instead they concentrate in Bronze Age bogs, which have yielded no spears and hardly any axes. This looks intentional. (And it suggests, importantly, that we can actually largely rely on the geological Survey’s ability to tell Bronze Age lakes and bogs apart on their maps.) But what does it mean? That people wanted their swords to be more retrievable than their axes 48 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S after deposition? or that the sea god did not appreciate being given swords? Anyhow, other patterns in the percentages for the eBA are too poorly grounded in the numbers to bear much interpretation. For the lBA, the most interesting and most firmly data-supported percentages (table 3:11 d) pertain to the bronze and stone axes and the jewellery. Both kinds of axes are disproportionately rare on nondescript dry sites (probably unrecognised settlements): people very determinedly saved them for deposition at wet locations. The stone axes, though, are also exceptionally rare in lakes, but exceptionally common in sea inlets. The jewellery, conversely, is exceptionally rare in sea inlets and exceptionally common on nondescript dry sites. (Similar patterns have been documented for the southern netherlands – Fontijn 2002:216; 2008; and southern germany – Falkenstein 2005). An obvious way to interpret this dichotomy is in terms of gender and mobility: men depositing axes in the sea on voyages abroad, women depositing jewellery at home. The interpretation suffers from the fact that we do not know which gender of people, if any, actually travelled more than the other. Also it is difficult to understand why, at sea, stone battle axes were treated so differently from bronze axes, some types of which were probably likewise designed more as weapons than as tools. deposition Sites in the Settled landscape Table 3:12 Median distances (km) Burnt mound Rock art Lake EBA (n=19) 1.5 3.2 Lake LBA (n=24) 2.2 2.4 sea EBA (n=19) 1.0 0.9 sea LBA (n=19) 3.3 2.0 stream EBA (n=10) 1.6 2.6 stream LBA (n=7) 2.9 3.3 nondescript dry LBA (n=11) 0.4 0.3 multi-episode (n=6) 1.5 1.4 Boulder EBA + LBA (n=8) 3.4 1.9 Bog EBA + LBA (n=11) 1.8 1.5 All sites (n=140) 1.8 1.7 Simply put, in the study area burnt mounds mark settlements and rock art does not. The picture is slightly fuzzy: there are known settlements without preserved burnt mounds, and occasionally we find a few cupmarks (but no figurative rock art) at a settlement. But both categories of site congregate in the settled landscape. table 3:12 presents the median distance from deposition sites of various categories to burnt mounds and rock art. to put these figures into perspective, note firstly that all categories of deposition site are typically only 1.7 or 1.8 km from those two other types of site. most deposi- tion sites were not liminal secret locations in the woods halfway to the neighbouring tribe’s area: they were in the settled home territory. (i have not looked at the relationship to burial sites, because the eye-catching early Bronze Age cairns are simply and uniformly on coastal hilltops, while the known late Bronze Age cremation cemeteries keep a low profile and are too few to support any significant conclusions.) Secondly, Bronze Age people in all likelihood did not think of the distance between their settlements and rock art sites and the area’s deposition sites in lakes and sea inlets primarily in terms of the depositions, but in terms of how far they had to walk to the lakes and the sea themselves. Thirdly, we do not have dates for most of the burnt mounds and rock art to which i have measured the distances. (most of the rock art is cupmarks which are not stylistically datable.) There must be many cases where a spot did not receive any burnt mounds or rock art until the lBA, and so was completely nondescript (or still below sea level) during the eBA. We must not over-interpret the figures. But it may be useful to compare them to one another. An interesting pattern emerges. A comparison of the figures for the eBA and the lBA in tab. 3:12 reveals that the great majority of deposition events – those in lakes, sea inlets and streams – move away from burnt mounds over the course of the Bronze Age, most 3 . g ro U P i n g A n d c h A r Ac t e r i S i n g t h e S i t e S 49 dramatically in the case of the sea sites. conversely, the deposition events in lakes and streams approach rock art sites over time – probably because most of the rock art is created at the same time as the lBA depositions, and by the same people. only the deposition events in sea inlets move away from rock art as well as from burnt mounds, for some reason. meanwhile, lBA nondescript dry sites are usually exceptionally close to both burnt mounds and rock art. i have already suggested that many of them are probably simply unrecognised settlement sites and thus not quite relevant to this study’s theme. We know that when lBA people went away 50 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S from their settlements to deposit objects, they rarely travelled far. But table 3:12 shows that they were thinking differently from their eBA forebears and moving farther afield. most burnt mounds in the study area probably mark lBA settlements, and these certainly do not avoid lakes or seashores. i believe this evidence carries some weight. did deposition events become more private affairs with the lBA, at the same time as jewellery became more common in the deposits? This would explain why lBA people were willing to walk or paddle a longer distance from settlement to deposit objects than had their eBA forebears. 4. Conclusions: A Heuristic Procedure For Finding Unknown Deposition Sites as david yates and richard Bradley put it, “Analysis of the findspots can shed light on the character of metalwork deposits themselves, but it is equally important to predict where further discoveries will occur” (2010a:4). For reasons of funding constraints and the dramatic damage to wetlands entailed in any comprehensive fieldwork, most deposition sites in the study area are probably not accessible to research-driven investigation without land-developer funding. cases like the Per. i bronze spearhead from harlinge in torsåker (Sö), which was found under two metres of bog peat on an ancient stream bed, are all too instructive. our best chances lie in taking metal detectors to promising sites that have been thoroughly drained and ploughed, causing the organic sediments to rot away and collapse. But contract archaeology has good opportunities for this kind of work. road and rail projects have ample budgets for archaeology and routinely cross various kinds of wetland. This also goes to some extent for peat quarrying operations – indeed, many important mesolithic lake sites in southern Sweden have become accessible to archaeology only after several metres of later peat were quarried away for commercial purposes. This chapter forms a kind of summary of the study’s results. it is written as a heuristic procedure intended for archaeologists involved in large-scale land development in the study area that touches to some extent upon former or current wetlands. it should be useful throughout the current process in contract archaeology, from evaluation through trial excavations to final open-area excavations. Step 1. is this a productive parish? A good first shorthand step is to simply look at whether any Bronze Age depositions are previously known from the parishes you are working with or one of their neighbours. Settlement (and deposition) concentrates in a wide belt between the sea and the elevated inland, and beyond that belt to either side there is little reason to expect sites of this kind. table 4:1 lists parishes with at least three deposition sites, and the full list is at the back of the book, also sorted by parish. in Uppland a dense belt of rich parishes stretches from enköping to Uppsala and centres upon Skogs-tibble parish, while in Södermanland the richest area centres on lake Sillen and torsåker 4 . conclUSionS 51 parish. in västmanland and närke, only the lowlands bordering lakes mälaren and hjälmaren appear worthwhile in this kind of search. Table 4:1. Parishes with at least three deposition sites Parish Sites Parish Sites nä, Ekeby 6 Up, Litslena 3 nä, glanshammar 4 Up, Lohärad 3 nä, Lännäs 4 Up, nysätra 5 sö, Björkvik 4 Up, rasbokil 3 sö, Björnlunda 4 Up, simtuna 7 sö, Eskilstuna 7 Up, skepptuna 3 sö, Frustuna 4 Up, skogs-tibble 9 sö, hölö 4 Up, sparrsätra 3 sö, sorunda 4 Up, spånga 3 sö, torsåker 3 Up, stockholm 3 sö, tunaberg 3 Up, tensta 3 sö, turinge 4 Up, tierp 5 sö, Vårdinge 6 Up, tillinge 3 sö, Västerhaninge 3 Up, torstuna 7 sö, Ytterenhörna 3 Up, Uppsala-näs 4 sö, Ärla 3 Up, Vårfrukyrka/Enköping 9 sö, Överjärna 3 Up, Vänge 4 Up, Altuna 3 Up, Ärentuna 3 Up, Bred 6 Up, Österunda 5 Up, Bälinge 3 Vs, Björksta 4 Up, Fröslunda 3 Vs, Fellingsbro 5 Up, gamla Uppsala 5 Vs, hubbo 4 Up, gryta 3 Vs, munktorp 3 Up, hagby 5 Vs, svedvi 6 Up, Lena 9 Vs, tortuna 3 52 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Step 2. Where were the Bronze Age lakes and sea inlets? only 13% of potential deposition sites with good location data are on land that was dry and distant from water in the Bronze Age. And in choosing between different types of Bronze Age wet environment, freshwater lakes and sea inlets and their shores are the most productive. Streams show intermediate numbers. Apparent Bronze Age bogs are not very productive. At the time of writing, the most comprehensive, consistent and accessible way to get access to quaternary geology’s ideas about shoreline displacement and drainages over time in the study area is the Swedish geological Survey’s online map service. This will of course be superseded as research in that field advances, and a future reader of this book may no longer have access to it. i trust that with time even better data sources will become available to archaeologists who wish to know where Bronze Age lakes, sea inlets and streams were. Step 3. Where did the water do something interesting? look for the entrypoints and exits of streams, for rapids (or farmsteads named something involving -fors-), for narrows in lakes and sea inlets, indeed for long narrow lakes and inlets in general (such as the many Långsjön), for the sunlit south side of islands and promontories in the sea. Also keep an eye open for the southern terminals of gravel ridges immediately above Bronze Age waters. Step 4. is your candidate basin the right distance from Bronze Age settlement? make note of where the area’s burnt mounds and rock art are. deposition sites are typically located 1.8 km from the nearest burnt mound and 1.7 km from the nearest rock art – usually cupmarks but sometimes figurative engravings as well. Step 5. Auger the basin, then machine strip while metal detecting Following the corridor of a projected highway across the landscape, steps 1–4 above will allow the contract archaeologist to identify promising basins in the terrain. Those that have long been drained and ploughed can immediately be evaluated with the aid of a metal detector. But basins with preserved wet sediments will demand machine stripping as well, for two reasons: augering will often prove the sediments to be thicker than the range of a metal detector, and wet sediments preserve organics that cannot be sensed remotely with current technology. Where a highway project crosses a promising basin, machine strip the sediments in layers of no more than 20 cm while metal detecting, and be prepared to call in a quaternary geologist and palaeobotanist to document and sample the stratigraphy if you come across a deposit. i believe that if this procedure is adopted by contract archaeologists in the study area, we will not have to wait another 30 years for our next Bronze Age hoard. And with luck, it will be found by people who can document and sample its find context. 4 . c o n c lU S i o n S 53 5. Gazetteer the headers in this section of the book are on the format Province, Parish, hamlet, Parcel/ Place. The entries offer detailed information on a selection of interesting deposition sites where we have good location information. in the cases of ekeby (Up), eklunda/mossen (Up), rimbo (Up) and mobergsudden (nä) i have been unable to translate that information into grid coordinates due to lack of access to local historical sources, but i have no doubt that it could be done. Balingsnäs (Sö), Avhulta (vs) and Jacksbo/ häljebo (vs) are discussed here because their location information is not actually as good is it seems. Sunnersbol/Bokaren (Up) and rickebasta (Up) are included because they have been ascribed a Bronze Age date in the literature, although this is most likely not correct. Nä, Askersund, Norra Algrena, Mobergsudden in 1893 the Swedish historical museum accessioned the archaeological collection of district veterinarian Fredrik Alexius nordeman in vadstena. it includes a Per. iv socketed axe of Baudou’s type A1a mit seitlichen Blenden (Shm 9170:1227), found at mobergsudden on the land of norra Algrena hamlet. The place name sug54 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S gests a promontory on a lakeshore associated with a person or a hill named moberg, “hill with barren sandy soil”. The issue is complicated by the fact that Algrena hamlet is located between no less than three lakes. despite telephone conversations with knowledgeable members of the local historical society, i have not been able to identify mobergsudden, so this find spot is not included in the book’s core database of known sites. i leave the identification of the site to future researchers with access to local historical sources and maps. Nä, Glanshammar, Hassle After an uncommonly strong spring flood in 1936, a Pontic bronze cauldron was found poking out of the bank of river Äverstaån, immediately downstream from a ford (raä 53). it contained two etruscan or eastern Alpine ribbed buckets (ciste a cordoni, Rippenzisten), two mindelheim swords of hallstatt-culture design, one matching sword pommel, two small bronze hooks and twelve decorative discs with iron fittings and rivets (Waldén & gustawsson 1937; ekholm 1943; Baudou 1960 hoard #162). regarding the discs, Jørgen Jensen (1997:180) points to parallels from moravia and suggests that they were intended as cardiophylakes, armour plates worn on the bandolier, one on the chest and one on the back. The finds date the deposition to late Per. vi, when the site was on a short river stretch between small lakes, 3.8 km upstream from the river mouth at Storsicke. recent fieldwork near the site revealed interesting evidence for later wetland rituals but shed no light on the late Bronze Age (Karlenby 2007). Nä, Glanshammar, Storsicke A boggy field at Storsicke hamlet has yielded an accumulation of axes: a flanged axe (Per. i; oldeberg 2682), a palstave (Per. ii; oldeberg 2683), a rhomboid stone axe (lBA) and various neolithic shaft-hole axes (raä 50 & 70; Shm 13376; Örebro 14274; private collection; Karlenby 2003). About 1050 cal Bc the site was a bog on a peninsula next to the mouth of river Äverstaån on lake hjälmaren. The last stretch of the river here may have been gorge-like before modern dredging changed its bed. Sö, Bärbo, Täckhammar bridge täckhammar manor is on the shore of lake långhalsen next to where river nyköpingsån drains the lake through a narrow gorge. A 13th century property document refers to rapids here (Böklin 1961:27), and prehistoric finds have been made during work on hydraulic engineering to calm those rapids, as well as on the various ver- sions of the täckhammar bridge across the river. The first finds that came to archaeology’s attention were dredged up in 1856 (raä 80) and the latest ones saw daylight when the current bridge was built in 1939 (raä 85). it is an accumulation of objects from the middle and late neolithic, the early and late Bronze Age, and even a 17th century copper coin hoard (Shm 2273, 4177, 22228; nyköping 2595 / Strängnäs 1083; Strängnäs 1085, m 156). The Bronze Age objects are four flanged axes, two socketed axes, two spearheads and a sword (Berg 2006). Another socketed axe was found 1.4 km downstream in the river, during dam building at Kristineholm manor in 1938 (raä helgona 173). About 1050 cal Bc the river gorge opened up into a shallow sea inlet covering much of what is now a somewhat boggy field on the left, eastern river bank. in April of 2011 i directed metal-detecting (14 person hours) and fieldwalking (10 person hours) across this field. our idea was that since the gorge had attracted repeated deposits over millennia, maybe the inlet had as well. But all we found was a respectable amount of firecracked stone, one piece of fired clay and a collection of lithics. roger Wikell kindly classified the latter and identified only three certainly modified pieces: a bipolar core, a scraper and an unclassifiable piece, all of quartz. These observations most likely indicate riverside settlement. 5. gA Zetteer 55 Sö, Eskilstuna, Hyndevad and Kälby The hamlet of hyndevad (“Ford of the hind”) is on the left bank of river eskilstunaån at the ryngsberg pass where the river breaks through the Strömsholm gravel ridge. eskilstunaån drains lake hjälmaren, and thus indirectly much of the province of närke, into lake mälaren (an inlet of the sea at the time under study). These two lakes are among Sweden’s largest. in 1878 a major land reclamation project began which resulted in lake hjälmaren’s mean surface level being lowered by 1.3 metres (Waldén 1940; lennqvist 2008). This new level was first measured in the winter of 1885–86, at which time lake Kvismaren to the south-west had also been all but drained. Before the lowering of the lake there was a series of four waterfalls or rapids in the river downstream from the hyndevad ford, romantically described in his journal Runa by a visibly stirred richard dybeck (1842:32f, and i translate). From a tall cliff, by woods and clamouring waters surrounded, at the hyndevad waterfall one enjoys a truly enrapturing view. At the foot of the cliff, a mobile darkness, into which the waterfall incessantly splashes clear droplets; tall spruce-trees, extending beneedled boughs over the surge, as if they wanted to veil its disquiet, or exhort it to calm; the still water above the fall, much like a placid lake, with projecting leafy groves, by lush rushes and proud yellow iris wreathed; farthest off across the limpid water’s surface, on a rising ridge, among verdant linden trees, 56 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S husby’s ancient church, and next to it dark forest eaves, transporting the viewer, the prospect of lovely ryningsberg manor. reader! if you require a sky over the painting, then paint it yourself! one of the first interventions the project engineers made in 1878 was to blast a side channel past the rapids, close off the river’s main course at both ends, drain it and deepen it, a task performed by workers with shovel in hand under the direction of geologist otto gumaelius. he was interested in possible past variations in the surface level of lake hjälmaren. during the digging, a large number of ancient artefacts were found in the exposed sediments on the bed of the uppermost rapids (raä 587), and many were painstakingly plotted in three dimensions. gumaelius also drew a detailed plan of the riverbed, noting that it descended six Swedish feet (1.78 m) over a distance of c. 600 feet (178 m). Then a river dam was built across the find spot. in 1885 gumaelius published a detailed account of his work at hyndevad in a geology journal, using the artefact finds to date geological events. he was convinced that the artefacts had ended up in the rapids when boats had overturned there, because the river had been an important transport route. long after the initial work on the land reclamation project ended in 1885, the project organisation continued to function as a company in order to fulfil its agreed-upon maintenance duties. A simplified copy of the hyndevad plan and finds from that site and others were kept in the company office in Örebro until February of 1909. Then the company overturned an earlier negative decision and decided to grant a request from the custodian of Ancient monuments to have the finest objects and the plan sent to the Shm in Stockholm (Shm 8234:15, 13671). The humbler items were retained in Örebro’s museum (Örlm 3608). At this time, over 30 years had passed since the river was laid dry, and little surrounding information about the finds was available to enter into the museum inventory notes. The simplified plan sent to the museum is impossible to fix on the ground, as it shows no buildings and has neither scale bar nor compass arrow. The key to understanding the hyndevad finds is gumaelius’s 1885 paper. The hyndevad rapids had apparently seen repeated deposition events over millennia starting in the late neolithic. For our present purposes, the following Bronze Age objects are of interest: a Per. i flanged axe (oldeberg 2739), a Per. ii palstave, a tanged dagger blade (o 2740), two Per. iv–v socketed axes, a Per. vi or later spiral-head pin, a scroll-head pin of similar date, and an unusual belt hook adorned with two large spiral discs, being of similar date as the two pins (damell 1971:71–80; 1985; 1999). torun Zachrisson (2002:24f) has noted that spatially speaking, the bronze axe heads were found in pairs that may have been deposited together, as may the spiral pin and the belt hook. looking at the site’s Bronze Age landscape situation, it was a stretch of rapids then as well. But river eskilstunaån was far shorter at the time and debouched into an arm of the sea little more than a kilometre downstream from the deposition site. The river dam project and a nearby railway yard have remodelled the landscape around hyndevad dramatically. But the site of the famous paired votive axe find of 1864 at Kälby (raä 558; Shm 3573, 6759; private collection cavalliholmgren; oldeberg 2729), known as the “Skogstorp axes”, is well preserved and located in a small bog next to a roundabout only c. 900 m to the north (damell 1971:81–83; BeckmanThoor 2002). The site was apparently a bog at the time of the deposition event as well. it saw fruitless metal detecting and test-pitting under david damell’s direction in 1974 (report in AtA). Karin Beckman-Thoor has suggested that a low curved natural ridge near the find spot might have functioned as the seating tiers of an amphitheatre where people could watch rituals involving deposition. This does not strike me as very illuminating. There is only evidence for one ritual event at the site. Perhaps someone watched it from the ridge, perhaps not. This does not make the ridge an amphitheatre. (For a summary of the debate about the dating of the axes, see Sjöberg 2008.) 5. gA Zetteer 57 Sö, Helgesta, Frändesta, Oxbroberget in 1937 count eric von rosen donated a bronze spearhead to the Shm. it had been found in “a crevice under a flaked-off slab in oxoberget [now oxbroberget, “ox Bridge hill”]”. The spearhead is of type gundslev and dates from Per. iii (Shm 21687; oldeberg 2737). The crevice was 150 m from the road between nyköping and Sparreholm, which allows good pinpointing. At the time of deposition the site was on a high promontory on the south shore of an island at a narrows in lake Båven. Sö, Huddinge, Balingsnäs This apparent bronze hoard find is poorly documented and the objects are in the hands of unknown private owners. But the site is in the sites and monuments register (raä 276) and there is a slight paper trail in the AtA. The finds are described as a spearhead, a socketed axe, a shafthole axe and a number of hollow bronze spheres – a decidedly odd find combination – all found within a 40 metre diameter area. my colleague roger Wikell and modern runestone artist Kalle dahlberg know the finder and have told me something about the case. in about 1980 a teenage boy from the area was using a metal detector and found some ancient objects at a site in Sorunda parish. When submitting them to the Swedish history museum he got a severe talking to and lost all interest in further contact with the museum staff. he contin58 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S ued metal detecting for some time, and when he found the Balingsnäs hoard he took it to a coin dealer instead, where one imagines that he got a warmer welcome. in 1992 however Kalle dahlberg, who had been shown the site, reported the find to the national heritage Board. in 2013 dahlberg pointed out a spot to me that is 200 m east of the one registered in 1992. Both spots are however situated in a similar position in relation to a Bronze Age lake. in 1050 cal Bc, they were on or very near the south shore of lake trehörningen, which though smaller is still there today. in view of the many uncertainties around this find, i have not included it in this study’s core database. Sö, Spelvik, church hill in 1838 a major Per. vi bronze hoard was found after a boulder had been blasted apart near Spelvik church (Shm 813; raä 98). it was one of the first bronze hoards acquired by the Shm. it consists of twelve complete Wendelring reversetwisted torques, fragments of at least six similar ones, one likewise twisted torque with wide end plates, two spearheads, two socketed axes and a belt box. in 1050 cal Bc the site was on an isthmus near the south-facing shoreline of a sheltered sea inlet. Sö, Svärta, Kråknäs/Kråkstugan The Kråknäs hoard from Per. vi was found in 1933–34 after bog drainage for arable på hagslät- ten, “on the flat pasture land” (raä 146:1; Baudou 1960 hoard #160). it consists of an antenna sword and a Wendelring reverse-twisted torque – an unusual combination. The sword, comprised of a separately cast bronze hilt and blade, is repaired with an iron rivet and has a close parallel in a bronze-hilted iron sword found in Pomerania (Arbman 1934). The find spot was apparently a nondescript bog location even at the time of deposition. About 200 m from the hoard, a type mälaren socketed axe of Per. iv–v has been found, likewise in a Bronze Age bog location (raä 146:2). Sö, Turinge, Nykvarn, Ekudden This lakeshore location (raä 328) has not changed appreciably since the Bronze Age. in 1885 J.A. larsson dug a pit to bury a calf that had died, and he came upon a mixed bronze hoard of Per. iii (Schnell 1937). it is the largest known from the study area in terms of how many objects it contains: 58. it consists of 30 decorative tubes for a string skirt, seven tutulus bosses, seven saw blades, four small spiral rings, three socketed gouges, two palstaves, two spiral arm rings, a long tapered button, a spearhead and a socketed axe (oldeberg 2759; Shm 7774). in other words, jewellery, tools and a weapon. A 1931 investigation of the site turned up only some knapped flint. Sö, Vrena, Dalby, Vrenaån The vrenaån stream is only 700 m long and drains lake hallbosjön through a cut in a ridge into lake långhalsen. in the Bronze Age this was a whitewater gorge. during damming and digging to improve the passage, a type mälaren socketed axe (Shm 2417) of Per. iv–v was found here. in 1857 it was donated to the Shm by the military hydraulic engineer major e.c. leijonanckar. in 1875 two Per. i flanged axes (Shm 5659) from the same site were donated by local landowner oscar Baker. These had come to light many years previously during river improvement, probably during leijonanckar’s work at vrena. These two axes were reportedly found close together on the riverbed. Sö, Vårdinge, Hjortsberga, Höglund on hjortsberga manor’s land, in the woods near the croft höglund, is an outfield. The land is a former bog which has been drained, farmed for a time, then turned to pasture, and finally in recent years deprived of its fence and left as grass fallow. it has largely reverted to wetland. in 1907, shortly after the original drainage work, a Wendelring reverse-twisted torque from Per. vi was found here (raä 59; Shm 13117). often, several such rings have been found together. in April and may of 2011 i therefore directed 9.5 person-hours of metal detecting across the outfield. We found nothing dating from before the 20th century. only a few hundred metres north down slope 5. gA Zetteer 59 from the find spot is a cluster of burnt mounds, low burial cairns and cupmark boulders at the 1050 cal Bc lakeshore. The torque was apparently deposited in a bog just uphill from a coeval settlement and ritual site. Sö, Vårdinge, Långbro in 1859 railway workers broke through a short section of gravel ridge at långbro in vårdinge, removing a small peat bog that had formed in a basin on top of the ridge. in the peat they found many preserved trees and a metalwork hoard (Shm 2674) placed at a depth of four to five feet. This was five feet from the edge of a stone cairn that was itself five feet in diameter, lying bedded into the bog at the same depth as the hoard. Bror emil hildebrand later found part of a finegrained sandstone whetstone (Shm 2842) in a spoil dump at the site. The hoard consists of 21 pieces: seven reverse-twisted torques, four spiral wire arm rings, two spectacle brooches, two disc-headed pins, a hollow sheet armring, a sheet collar, two socketed axes, a socketed chisel and a faceted ring of tin broken into seven parts. it dates from Per. vi. The break-through point of the railway at långbro is easily found today. no sign of the bog remains. About 1050 cal Bc the site was above a steep slope into a lake. This placement of a hoard in a bog on a ridge top subverts the symbolic dichotomy suggested by Birgitta Johansen (1993): high and dry vs. low and wet. 60 Up, Alsike, Rickebasta At rickebasta in Alsike (raä 52) a large collection of animal bones, a steering oar and a part of a wooden boat of late iron Age type (larsson 2007:240) were found in 1961 during drainage work when a streamlet through a bog was straightened and deepened. Ulf erik hagberg surveyed the site in 1963–64 (hagberg 1967:77; reports in AtA; finds Shm 28410). According to studies by Bengt lundholm, the bones represent three fairly complete horses and sundry parts of a cow and a pig. years after the find many animal teeth could still be seen in the ploughsoil at the site. today the property has reverted to wetland. A horse bone gave a radiocarbon date of about 800 cal Bc, the late Bronze Age (St-2350). i have however disregarded the site in this study. There are four important reasons to question the Bronze Age date*. The find spot is located at a level between 5 and 10 m a.s.l. and was thus on the sea bed until the mid-1st millennium Ad. it appears unlikely that animal carcasses dropped into an inlet of the sea would stay together in one spot in this manner. The boat part dates from the late iron Age. There is no sign of any Bronze Age activity in the vicinity: no burnt mounds, no rock art, no hilltop cairns, no stray finds. The landscape situation (within sight of the tuna in Alsike boat burials) rather suggests a late iron Age date for the animal sacrifices. * during proofreading i learned from Fredengren’s paper in Fornvännen 2015:2 that recent radiocarbon analyses of bones from rickebasta have given dates in 790–410 cal Bc (cattle), 720–620 cal Bc (horse), 410–570 cal Ad (horse) and 1640–1960 cal Ad (pig). late Bronze Age and later. radiocarbon sample preparation methodology was not very well developed in the 1960s. Up, Bred, Eklunda, Mossen in 1963 a socketed axe (västerås 11863) was found in a bog named mossen, “the bog”, on the land of eklunda hamlet in Bred parish, Uppland. despite attempts to contact knowledgeable local people i have not been able to identify the bog, and so this find spot is not included in the book’s core database of known sites. i leave the identification of the site to future researchers with access to local historical sources and maps. Up, Härnevi, Lilla Härnevi The hamlet of lilla härnevi (“little Sanctuary of hörn”) is in the Örsundaån river valley near enköping in Uppland. in 1902 during ditch digging on the hamlet’s land a major bronze hoard was found, partly packaged in a belt box and wrapped in a leather garment decorated with bronze discs. it contains c. 50 objects – jewellery, weaponry, tools and more – some possibly dating from Per. iv, most of them certainly from Per. v and vi (Baudou 1960 hoard #171). The hoard was most likely deposited in the late Per. vi. due to a high degree of fragmentation, the varied functional and chronological character of the contents and the inclusion of two casting jets, the hoard has often been interpreted as a metalworker’s non-ritual scrap cache (Stenberger 1964:288; hjärthner-holdar 1993:164; Karlenby 1998:7). magdalena Forsgren (2007) argues against the idea. one notable feature of the hoard is that the belt boss has traces of iron struts being used when it was cast (hjärthnerholdar 1993:164f). The preservation of the leather and the ditch digging might suggest that the site was quite wet in 1902, but the bronzes have distinct green dryland patination. The find spot’s location is known to an accuracy of a few tens of metres (raä 69 – the register point is actually located between the two identified by A. gottfrid eriksson and erik Floderus respectively). it is near the 25 m a.s.l. contour curve and two burnt mounds (raä 83), both being traits typical of late Bronze Age settlement sites in the area. indeed, there are many preserved burnt mounds in the vicinity despite extensive cultivation, and much firecracked stone and quartz can be seen in the ploughsoil. Small parts of a Bronze Age settlement have been excavated less than 400 m to the north, producing the foundation of a threeaisled post-built house, a burnt mound dated to about 900 cal Bc, unusually large amounts of fine pottery and fragments of casting moulds (Karlenby 1998; eriksson 2009). At the time of the hoard’s deposition, the find spot would have been located between 1 and 1½ km from the seashore. All in all, the hoard appears to have been buried on dry land next to a most likely abandoned Bronze Age settlement. in April and August of 2011 i directed metal 5. gA Zetteer 61 detecting (19 person hours) and fieldwalking (2 person hours) over the find spot and its immediate surroundings. The oldest datable find was a 17th century copper coin of Queen christina, but we also found a quern rubber (weight 397 g, diameter 55–64 mm, a characteristic find at Bronze Age settlement sites), two pieces of knapped imported flint and three pieces of copper alloy. in december myself and inga Ullén compared the three fragments with the härnevi hoard at the Shm. We found that though two fragments have the right thickness, curvature, surface texture and colour to be part of the spectacle brooch and the belt box, neither of them have breaks or any decoration that fit with the Bronze Age jewellery items. Forsgren (2008) has studied the find’s landscape situation, pointing out its proximity to an important routeway crossing where river Örsundaån breaks through the enköping gravel ridge. in Per. vi the river mouth was actually near the breakthrough point, 2 km north of the find spot. A problem with Forsgren’s study is that neither the 20 m nor the 15 m a.s.l. elevation contour she has had access to is likely to represent the seashore at the time of the deposition. Another is that as the hoard is so late within the Bronze Age, many sites of that period that she plots on her landscape map were probably not in continued use by then. And with the beginning of the iron Age, visible field monuments disappear from the area for several centuries. Fors62 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S gren’s idea of a small natural amphitheatre used to seat the audience of a ritual drama performed at the find spot (credited to Beckman-Thoor 2002, who suggested it for the votive axe deposit at Kälby in eskilstuna, “the Skogstorp axes”) appears untestable, and to my mind the topography does not suggest anything of the kind. Up, Lena church/Vattholma The environs of lena church, on a gravel ridge terminal above the confluence where rivers vendelån and vattholmaån join to form river Fyrisån, have produced two finds: an eight-piece Period iv weapon hoard found in 1833 and a Period ii-iii sword found in 1915 (Shm 612 and Uppsala 4565). gunnar ekholm (1921:42) reproduces a map sketch of the hoard’s find spot made two weeks after it surfaced, offering a very good idea of where it was. information about the single sword’s find spot suggests that it would have been unearthed near the registered late iron Age cemetery raä 90. The two finds were made only about 800 m apart. About 1050 cal Bc, the valley of rivers vendelån and Fyris was still a long narrow arm of the sea, while vattholmaån was a short whitewater gorge draining a lake into this sea inlet. The two find spots overlooked the rapids. Up, Lunda, Sigridsholm The last time a multi-object deposition site was identified in the area under study was in 1986. having repeatedly found bronze objects during ploughing in a certain part of a field north of lake Sigridsholmssjön (raä 232), the owners of Sigridsholm manor alerted the authorities. in July of 1986 Birgitta Sander directed metal detecting and machine stripping of c. 400 sqm on the site, finding four scattered bronze fragments, some of which fitted with objects found by the landowners. All finds went to the Shm for conservation and documentation, but then in early 1989 the objects found by the landowners were returned to them. Apparently this was done because these copper-alloy finds had not been made at the same time or at exactly the same spot, which meant that according to the 1986 legal situation, it was not mandatory for the finder to offer them to the state. The hoard thus remained in private hands and was still kept at the manor in September of 2013. All in all, there are ten or eleven objects. looking at their dates, all may have been deposited together during Per. vi. But the type mälaren axe is anachronistic and might be interpreted as evidence for an earlier deposition event. i have not however done so, because of the lack of detailed find context. The incomplete type c1a axe is coeval with the type mälaren axe and may have been included as a piece of more or less antique scrap. in Per. v and vi the basin with the find spot was either still a sea inlet or a recently isolated coastal lake. The finds are as follows, with Baudou’s 1960 type codes. Four or five rings A complete deeply flanged Wendelring torque, type d2, Per. vi two pieces of a shallowly flanged early Wendelring torque, type d1, Per. (v-) vi Five pieces of a thin unadorned torque with round cross section nine pieces of a flat hollow armlet or anklet with groups of four ribs, width c. 2.5 cm, Per. vi. Better-preserved rings of this type are known from hoards at ingla in Skogstibble (Up) and hökåsen in hubbo (vs). A small oval unadorned ring, possibly of later date Three socketed axes one type B1a mälaren, length c. 10.0 cm, Per. iv-v one type B2a Scania, length c. 8.5 cm, Per. v-vi one incomplete type c1a with three cuffs, original length c. 4.5 cm, Per. iv-v Two dress pins The heads of two type B2d trefoil dress pins, Per. vi deposition in or at the northern part of the lake continued after the Bronze Age. Finds include the bones of various animals, two small wooden boats and a viking Period sword (Shm 6742; larsson 2007:149). 5. gA Zetteer 63 Up, Ramsta, Bragby, Mönemossen in 1912 a Per. i vollgriff bronze sword was found at a depth of seven inches in the mönemossen bog on land belonging to Bragby hamlet in ramsta parish (Shm 14759). gunnar ekholm (1916) published the find in Fornvännen. But knowledge of the find spot was then lost. mönemossen is on no modern map and is not remembered locally. ekholm stated that it was 2 km south of the hamlet, but that would be in the neighbouring parish and not on Bragby’s land and so must be an error. current landowner hans Wigenfeldt showed me an 18th century map of the hamlet’s land with a bog named Mönmossen, located 1 km south-east of Bragby’s home plots. This is 2 km south of ramsta church, which may explain ekholm’s error, and should be the find spot. About the time when the sword was made, mön(e)mossen was a small lake on an island in the sea. Up, Rimbo, Rimbo in 1912 J. Broberg had workers dig for the foundation of his new house in the small town of rimbo. They found a type mälaren socketed axe (Shm 14586). i have not been able to identify Broberg or his house, and so this find spot is not included in the book’s core database of known sites. i leave the identification of the site to future researchers with access to local historical sources and maps. 64 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Up, Skogs-Tibble, Ingla/Vicarage This site has yielded two finds a few metres apart near the stensättning grave superstructure raä 64. in 1910 three Per. vi arm rings were found in a small potato patch at the mellgrind farm labourer’s dwelling (Shm 14105; ekholm 1921 #131; Baudou 1960 hoard 177). They were at a depth of 20 cm, lying flat in a row on the subsoil sand next to a smallish boulder which was rooted in the subsoil and covered by earth. in 1929, a Per. iv socketed axe with arched edge ribs (Uppsala 5529) surfaced nearby on the edge of a field. About 1050 cal Bc the site was near the shoreline of an inland lake. Up, Stavby, Sunnersbol (Lake Bokaren) lake Bokaren is surrounded by boggy shores after having been partly drained. in 1939, during drainage digging several hundred metres north of the current lakeshore, bones were found. This prompted excavations that documented the remains of a wooden platform where large amounts of flax and many bones had been deposited (raä 137; lundholm 1947; documents in AtA). The bones were from humans, horses, cattle and pigs and included six skulls: two human and four from horses. The site has been ascribed a Bronze Age date on the strength of a pollen analysis, but this is a weak dating method and so the single small artefact found carries greater weight. The artefact is a bone lance head like those from the hjortspring find, indicative of the iron Age’s first few centuries. A boat’s rib was also found (larsson 2007:240), likewise suggesting an iron Age or later date*. Up, Söderbykarl, Ekeby A type mälaren socketed axe in the local historical society’s collection (no 261) was, according to ekholm (1921 #70), found in 1914 at ekeby “during harrowing in a field north of lake Bordsrudssjön”. The only lake on whose northern shore ekeby hamlet seems to have had land is lake Brosjön. i have found no other mention of Bordsrudssjön in the sources available to me. i leave the identification of the site to future researchers with access to local historical sources and maps. Up, Vårfrukyrka, Grop-Norrby, Hjältängarna hjältängarna, “hero meadows”, is a drained and cultivated wetland between grop-norrby and rönna in vårfrukyrka parish. it has yielded numerous finds of human and animal bones*, several late neolithic shaft hole axes, a Per. iii socketed axe (Shm 21183, oldeberg 2858, type d) and several quern rubbers (raä vårfrukyrka 505:1; raä härnevi 113:1). A rock outcrop in the wetland bears cupmarks and there are many burnt mounds nearby. in 1050 cal Bc the site was a fen through which a small stream passed between two lakes near the coast. Up, Österunda, Domta vad in about 1910, a bronze jewellery hoard was found during ploughing of a drained bog near domta in Österunda (raä 83; Uppsala 5690; Arwidsson 1939; Baudou 1960 hoard #181). The site had in modern times been a fordable point across an extensive wetland. The finds consist of two finely wrought Per. v belt domes and three simple open rings made of bent bronze rods. The site has also yielded two late neolithic shafthole axes and a steatite spindle whorl most likely of viking Period date. in 1050 cal Bc the site was in a lake on whose shore the Pukberget cave, described below, was located. The property has reverted to wetland. Up, Österunda, Pukberget cave Pukberget, “devil’s hill”, is a steep-sided outcrop whose north-western side has collapsed into a pile of enormous blocks. Boulders the size of houses have rolled far onto the flat land below. And among the blocks stacked closest to the hillside is a generously proportioned talus cave (raä 62). in 1946 archaeologist erik Floderus visited the area and met an old man named emil ek. he told Floderus that perhaps fifteen years previously he had been inside the cave and, fumbling about in the dark, had got his hands on a couple of loose objects on a ledge. he put them in his pocket and found his way out, whereupon he realised he was holding a small bronze spearhead and a large animal tooth. Floderus per- * during proofreading i learned from Fredengren’s paper in Fornvännen 2015:2 that recent radiocarbon analyses of bones from lake Bokaren have given dates in 700–800 cal Ad (human), 970–1160 cal Ad (human) and 1220–1380 cal Ad (pig). late iron Age and later. Bones from hjältängarna have given dates in 1280–1050 cal Bc (pig) and 1110–900 cal Bc (cattle). Bronze Age. 5. gA Zetteer 65 suaded ek to donate the finds to the Shm, and there they remain (Shm 23674; Floderus 1946). The tooth is from a horse and the spearhead dates from Per. v or vi. At that time the cave was on the shore of a narrows in an inland lake, and on the other side of the narrows, we find the domta vad hoard described above. i wondered if there might be more traces of Bronze Age activity in Pukberget cave. With margareta Boije and magdalena Forsgren i spent three days in August of 2011 digging and sieving two metre-square test pits in the cave’s larger south gallery and half a square metre in the crevice outdoors below the south rock shelter (rundkvist 2012). We found only traces of recent visits (aluminium tea candle cups, pieces of electric torches, bottle glass shards, superficial remains of several camp fires), overlying clean post-glacial sediments inside the cave. Vs, Dingtuna, Stora & Lilla Jacksbo and Skerike, Häljebo The information about these finds, three almost identical neck rings from the turn of Per. vi into the iron Age (claesson 1936; cf. olsén 1934; Stjernquist 1956), looks highly suspect. ostensibly the rings were found at three different nearby spots during ploughing and roadworks in 1933– 35. The sites pointed out by two finders are a few hundred metres apart near the dingtuna-Skerike parish boundary, between the hamlets of Stora Jacksbo and häljebo, to either side of a wooded 66 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S ridge. it would seem far more likely that the rings were found together, perhaps at one of the three indicated spots. i have not used these sites in this study. The rings’ green patination suggests a dry find spot. looking at the three spots in the Bronze Age landscape though, we find that they are all in or near water: one at a stream’s entry point into a small lake west of the ridge, one at another stream’s entry point into a similar lake east of the ridge and finally one spot in that latter lake. Vs, Munktorp, Avhulta This site is in the sites and monuments register (raä 403), marked among the buildings of Avhulta hamlet at a level of only c. 13 m a.s.l., corresponding to a depth of 5-10 m in the late Bronze Age sea. The register lists three finds from the site. two of similar lBA date are early acquisitions that entered the Shm through the intermediary of major Sigge B. Ulfsparre’s collection: a type mälaren socketed axe (Shm 7571:102) and an unadorned leaf-shaped socketed spearhead (Shm 7571:164). Both are provenanced to munktorp parish in the inventory notes, but only the axe is attributed specifically to Avhulta hamlet. The third find is a flanged copper axe (Shm 10322:14), most likely of late neolithic date and possibly a thousand years older than the other two objects. The museum inventory only gives munktorp parish as provenance. The find spot in the sites and monuments register most probably just marks the hamlet in which the objects were kept before Ulfsparre acquired them. The find combination is highly unlikely to be real, and in any case it is completely undocumented. 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Örebro. Waldén, Bertil & gustawsson, Karl Alfred. 1937. hasslefyndet. Meddelanden från Föreningen Örebro läns museum 12. Örebro. Wigren, Sonja. 1987. Sörmländsk bronsåldersbygd. En studie av tidiga centrumbildningar daterade med termoluminiscens. Stockholm. Willroth, Karl-heinz. 1985. Die Hortfunde der älteren Bronzezeit in Südschweden und auf den dänischen Inseln. neumünster. Worsaae, Jens J.A. 1866. om nogle mosefund fra Bronzealderen. Aarbøger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed 14. copenhagen. yates, david & Bradley, richard. 2010a. The siting of metalwork hoards in the Bronze Age of south-east england. Antiquaries Journal 90. cambridge. yates, david & Bradley, richard. 2010b. Still water, hidden depths: the deposition of Bronze Age metalwork in the english Fenland. Antiquity 84. york. Zachrisson, torun. 2004. hyndevadsfallet och den kulturella mångfalden. om depositioner i strömmande vatten i Södermanland. Åker- BiBliogr A Ph y 75 lund, Agneta (ed.). Kulturell mångfald i Södermanland 2. nyköping. Åström, Paul (ed.). 1985. Oscar Montelius 150 years. Proceedings of a colloquium held in the Royal Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, Stockholm, 13 May 1993. Stockholm. 76 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Östergren, majvor. 1989. Mellan stengrund och stenhus. Gotlands vikingatida silverskatter som boplatsindikation. dept of Archaeology, University of Stockholm. A PPendi x A maps, field photographs and finds images Image index Loca tion map Field photo graph Finds image Loca tion map Field photo graph Finds image nä, glanshammar, hassle 3 Up, hammarby, Ekebo 19 46 nä, glanshammar, sticksjö 4 Up, husby-sjutolft, Ekolsund 20 47 nä, Lännäs, djursnäs 5 Up, Kårsta, Lilla sunnarby 21 sö, Björnlunda, mosstugan 6 Up, Lena church 22 sö, Bärbo, täckhammar bridge 7 Up, Lena, Vattholma 22 sö, Eskilstuna, hyndevad 43 33 sö, Eskilstuna, tunavallen 8 sö, helgesta, Oxbroberget 9 sö, helgona, Kristineholm Up, Lunda, sigridsholm 23 Up, simtuna/torstuna, Forsby 24 Up, skogs-tibble, stensmyran 34 37 Up, solna, råsunda 25 Up, spånga, Backlura 26 sö, huddinge, solgård 10 sö, sorunda, södra rangsta 11 Up, Uppsala-näs, skärfältens 38 sö, spelvik church 12 Up, Vänge, Bärby 39 sö, torsåker, harlinge 13 Up, Vänge, Bärby/sävaån 40 sö, turinge, Ekudden sö, Vårdinge, hjortsberga 44 48 35 Up, Ärentuna, gammelängen 14 Up, Bred, Eklunda 45 49 Up, Ärentuna, storvreta rwy stn 27 Up, Österunda, domta vad 28 Up, Bromma, norra Ängby 15 Up, Österunda, Pukberget 28 Up, dalby, gräna 16 Vs, Björksta, Vida/högtorp 29 Up, Edsbro, smaranäs 17 Vs, hubbo, hökåsen 30 Up, Fasterna, grindtorpet 18 Up, hagby, Focksta 36 Vs, malma, Åsby 31 Vs, Västerås, tunby 32 41-42 A PPen di x A 77 Fig. 1. Södermanland’s densest site cluster. Shoreline 1050 cal BC. Hatching represents the sea. 1. Mosstugan in Björnlunda 2. Hällesta in Frustuna 3. Hållsta in Frustuna 4. Torsnäset in Torsåker 5. Tuna in Torsåker 6. Harlinge in Torsåker 78 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S 7. Nådhammar in Vårdinge 8. Hjortsberga in Vårdinge 9. Långbro in Vårdinge 10. Ekudden in Turinge 11. Rophäll in Tveta 12. Järna rwy stn in Överjärna Fig. 2. Uppland’s densest site cluster. Shoreline 1050 cal BC. Hatching represents the sea. 1. Lake Oxsjön in Österunda 2. Stockmossen in Nysätra 3. Domta vad in Österunda 4. Pukberget in Österunda 5. Lake Hålsjön in Nysätra 6. Stensmyran in SkogsTibble 7. River Sävaån in SkogsTibble 8. Ingla in Skogs-Tibble 9. Skogs-Tibble Vicarage 10. Ingla-Långmyran in Skogs-Tibble 11. Långmyran in SkogsTibble 12. Ulvansvad in SkogsTibble 13. Bärby in Vänge 14. Bärby/Sävaån in Vänge 15. Ubby in Jumkil 16. Altuna in Börje 17. Brunnby in Börje 18. Frosshögarna in Läby 19. Skärfältens in Uppsala-Näs 20. Lundbacka in Skogs-Tibble 21. Focksta in Hagby 22. Bragby in Ramsta 23. Säva in Gryta 24. Grängesberg/Eningsberg in Gryta 25. Noppsgärde in Fröslunda 26. Skälby in Vårfrukyrka 27. Ekolsundsviken in HusbySjutolft A PPen di x A 79 Figs 3–32. Map legend. 5 m contour lines above modern sea level unless stated otherwise. White is freshwater. Hatching represents the sea. Single large dots are depositions. Triangles are burnt mounds. Small-dot triplets are rock art, mainly cupmarks. For Per. II-VI, the Geological Survey’s shoreline for 1050 cal BC is shown. For Per. I, the shoreline for 2050 cal BC is shown. Streams are the modern ones. All maps by Tove Stjärna. Fig. 3. Hassle in Glanshammar (Nä). River location. Per. VI mixed hoard. 80 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 4. Sticksjö in Glanshammar (Nä). Lake location. Per. I-II flint dagger. A PPen di x A 81 Fig. 5. Djursnäs saw mill in Lännäs (Nä). Inland lake location. Per. V-VI spearhead and a knife fragment deposited in/at Lake Hjälmaren. 82 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 6. Mosstugan in Björnlunda (Sö). Nondescript Bronze Age bog location. Per. I sword. A flanged axe of similar date (SHM 14872) has been found somewhere nearby. A PPen di x A 83 Fig. 7. Täckhammar bridge in Bärbo (Sö). River location. Many deposition events in the river rapids that drained Lake Långhalsen into an arm of the sea. Shoreline shown c. 1050 cal BC. 84 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 8. Tunavallen in Eskilstuna (Sö). Sea location. Per. IV-V axe. A PPen di x A 85 Fig. 9. Oxbroberget in Helgesta (Sö). Lake location. Per. III spearhead deposited in a crevice on a high promontory on the south shore of an island above a narrows in Lake Båven. Note 86 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S that the burnt mound in the lake must be later than the shoreline situation shown on the map. Fig. 10. Solgård in Huddinge (Sö). Lake location. Per. V dagger. 10 m contours because of high hills. A PPen di x A 87 Fig. 11. Södra Rangsta in Sorunda (Sö). Nondescript dry location, 0.6 km from seashore. Per. V-VI spearhead. 88 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 12. Spelvik church (Sö). Sea location. Per. VI mixed hoard. A PPen di x A 89 Fig. 13. Harlinge in Torsåker (Sö). River location. Per. I spearhead. 90 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 14. Hjortsberga in Vårdinge (Sö). Nondescript Bronze Age bog location next to a major cluster of rock art and burnt mounds. Per. VI torque. The level above the sea of the burnt mounds and rock art suggests that the 1050 cal BC shoreline on the map differs considerably from conditions post-800 cal BC under which the torque was deposited. A PPen di x A 91 Fig. 15. Norra Ängby in Bromma (Up). Sea location. Per. II axe. 92 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 16. Gräna in Dalby (Up). Sea location. Per. I axe. A PPen di x A 93 Fig. 17. Smaranäs in Edsbro (Up). Sea location. Per. IV-V axe. 94 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 18. Grindtorpet in Fasterna (Up). Lake location. Per. V-VI axe. A PPen di x A 95 Fig. 19. Ekebo in Hammarby (Up). Sea location. Per. V axe deposited beside a boulder. The linear depressions in the south half of the map are 20th century highway cuts. 96 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 20. Ekolsundsviken in Husby-Sjutolft parish (Up). Sea location. Per. IV-V axe. A PPen di x A 97 Fig. 21. Lilla Sunnarby in Kårsta (Up). Lake location. Per. IV torque. 98 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 22. Lena church and Vattholma in Lena (Up). Two multitrait locations on a gravel ridge terminal above river rapids emptying into an arm of the sea. A Per. II-III sword (south) and a Per. IV weaponry hoard (north) c. 800 m apart. A PPen di x A 99 Fig. 23. Sigridsholm in Lunda (Up). Lake location. Per. VI hoard. 100 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 24. Forsby bridge in Simtuna/Torstuna (Up). River location. LBA sloping-butt stone axe. A PPen di x A 101 Fig. 25. Råsunda in Solna (Up). Sea location. Per. VI Gündlingen sword and dagger. 102 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 26. Backlura in Spånga (Up). Nondescript Bronze Age bog location on a large island in the sea. Per. II-III sword. A PPen di x A 103 Fig. 27. Storvreta railway station in Ärentuna (Up). Nondescript dry location, 1.0 km from seashore. Per. II mixed hoard found under a boulder. 104 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 28. Domta vad and Pukberget in Österunda (Up). Two lake locations. A Per. V jewellery hoard deposited c. 1.4 km from a Per. V-VI spearhead hidden in a cave on the lakeshore. A PPen di x A 105 Fig. 29. Högtorp in Björksta (Vs). Inland lake location. Per. III axe. 106 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 30. Hökåsen in Hubbo (Vs). Gravel ridge terminal location. Two Per. VI jewellery hoards c. 580 m apart. A PPen di x A 107 Fig. 31. Åsby in Malma (Vs). Nondescript dry location on a hillside, 0.6 km from a lakeshore. Per. VI torque. 108 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 32. Tunby in Västerås (Vs). River location. Per. II mixed hoard. A PPen di x A 109 Fig. 33. Hyndevad in Eskilstuna (Sö). River location. Accumulated multiperiod depositions found when the dams were built in 1878. Photo May 2010. All photographs by author. 110 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 34. Kristineholm in Helgona (Sö). River location. Per. IV-V axe found in a crevice on the river bank when the dam was built in 1938. Photo April 2010. A PPen di x A 111 Fig. 35. Ekudden in Turinge (Sö). Lake location. Per. III hoard found in 1885. Photo April 2012. 112 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 36. Focksta in Hagby (Up). Sea location. Per. II spearhead found in 1930. Photo April 2013. A PPen di x A 113 Fig. 37. Stensmyran in Skogs-Tibble (Up). River location. Per. I axe found in bog in 1891. Photo July 2011. 114 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 38. Skärfältens in Uppsala-Näs (Up). Sea location. Per. I spearhead found in 1928. Photo April 2013. A PPen di x A 115 Fig. 39. Bärby in Vänge (Up). Lake location. Per. IV-V socketed bronze axe found in 1869. Photo April 2013. 116 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 40. Bärby/Sävaån in Vänge (Up). Lake location. Per. IV-V orthogonal stone axe found in 1905. Photo April 2013. A PPen di x A 117 Fig. 41. Pukberget in Österunda (Up). Lakeside cave location. Per. V–VI spearhead found inside in c. 1930. Exterior photo of front rock shelter May 2010. 118 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 42. Pukberget in Österunda (Up). Lakeside cave location. Per. V–VI spearhead found in c. 1930. Interior photo August 2011. A PPen di x A 119 Fig. 43. Per. I sword. Found at Mosstugan in Björnlunda (Sö) in 1976, a Bronze Age bog location. Extant length 60 cm. Drawing by Bengt Händel. SHM 31115. Fig. 44. Per. V tanged dagger. Found under a boulder below a scarp at Solgård in Huddinge (Sö) in 1954, a Bronze Age lakeshore location. Length 20.6 cm. Drawing by Bengt Händel. SHM 26909. 120 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 45. Per. IV socketed axe, Baudou’s type A2. Found in a bog at Eklunda in Bred (Up) in 1963. Undetermined Bronze Age location type. Photo Susanne Granlund. VLM 11863. Fig. 46. Per. V socketed axe, Baudou’s type C1a. Found edge-up next to a boulder during the excavation of an Iron Age cemetery at Ekebo in Hammarby (Up) in 1960. Bronze Age seashore location. Length 5.6 cm. Drawing by Bo Gräslund 1962 in the SHM Bronze Age catalogue. SHM 26840. Fig. 47. Per. IV–V socketed axe. Type Mälaren, Baudou’s type B1a. Found in the Ekolsundsviken inlet of Lake Mälaren (HusbySjutolft parish, Up) shortly before 1910. Bronze Age sea location. Length 13.6 cm. Photo SHM, inv. no 13991:4. A PPen di x A 121 Fig. 48. Per. VI hoard found at Sigridsholm in Lunda (Up) in 1986. Bronze Age lake location. Photo ATA. Private collection. 122 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Fig. 49. Per. II spearhead. Type Ullerslev. Found at Gammelängen in Ärentuna (Up) in 1976. River location: thrust beneath a large glacial erratic boulder next to the end of a short stream between BA inland lakes. Length 20.0 cm. Photo John Worley, Uppsala 6032. A PPen di x A 123 A PPendi x B Site list, known locations B: Baudou, E: Ekholm, O: Oldeberg, Minnen: Montelius 1917 # Inv.no Place Accur Types 1 shm 2124 nä, Asker, Bystad parcel Axe socketed type mälaren 2 shm 9170:1227 nä, Askersund, norra Algrena, mobergsudden parcel Axe socketed mit seitlichen Blenden A1a 3 shm 12803:1 nä, Edsberg, Karaby, raä 135 parcel dagger flint type VI 4 shm 13962 nä, Edsberg, Löten, Fjugestaån parcel Axe socketed simple plain socket C3 5 shm 21513 nä, glanshammar, hassle, raä 53 coord ribbed bucket (3), sword mindelheim (2), discs (12), cauldron 6 shm 13295:4 nä, glanshammar, sticksjö parcel dagger flint type VI 7 shm 13376, Örebro 14274, private nä, glanshammar, storsicke, raä 50 + 70 coord Axe flanged, axe palstave, axe stone rhomboid, other stone shaft-hole axes 8 Örebro 3828 nä, Karlskoga, svartälven parcel Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 9 Örebro 17272 nä, Kumla, Blacksta parcel Axe socketed type B 10 shm 17215:1 nä, Lännäs, djursnäs saw mill coord spearhead pile dwelling type, knife frag 11 shm 13097 nä, Lännäs, tunäs/vicarage parcel spearhead 12 Örebro 1370-1371 nä, Örebro, skebäck, svartån parcel Axe socketed type scania (2) No 17 cumul 2 13 shm 8395 sö, Barva, Bjurkärrsäng parcel Axe socketed (3) 14 Private sö, Björkvik, Edeby, raä 276 coord Axe flanged 15 shm 31115 sö, Björnlunda, mosstugan 2:1, raä 292 coord sword vollgriff open thumb socket riveted grip 16 shm 8104 sö, Brännkyrka, Årsta, Årsta meadow parcel Axe palstave 17 shm 2273, 4177, 22228; nykpg 2595 / strngns 1083; strngns 1085, m 156 sö, Bärbo, täckhammar bridge, river nyköpingsån, raä 80, raä 85 coord Axe flanged (4), axe socketed (2), spear (2), sword cumul 18 shm 8234:15, 13671, ÖrLm 3608 sö, Eskilstuna, hyndevad ford, river Eskilstunaån, raä 587:1 coord Large varied accumulation: axe flanged, dagger tanged, etc. cumul 19 shm 3573, 6759, private Cavalli-holmgren sö, Eskilstuna, Kälby, raä 558 coord Axe shaft-hole display (2), dagger griffplatte 124 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S 3 3 Ref B hoard 162 Class Context Per lake On an island in Lake sottern IV-V indet mobergsudden not identified bog CoordY CoordX 1483220 6547440 IV ? ? “found on land taken into cultivation 50 years ago straight w of the w-most farm in grävsta hamlet (on the E edge of the w-most of the long n-s clayey depressions between Karaby and grävsta) near a big rooted boulder” I-II 1445260 6556100 river river V-VI 1446660 6559890 river river VI 1936 1476070 6580945 lake In a field near the shore of the lowered Lake hjälmaren I-II 1907 1480140 6575100 1475222 6577229 cumul Field near wetland river river river lake lake Found in blue clay at shore of Lake hjälmaren near the vicarage, almost uncorroded river river Year cumul V-VI 1911 1430620 6578800 near river ralaån II-III 1935 1463150 6554210 digging for the foundation of the saw mill V-VI 1496479 6557190 II 1488850 6561170 V-VI 1467640 6572670 O 2711 river ditch digging III 1558060 6572000 wigren 1987:54 lake harrowing I 1934 1545373 6523543 report in AtA bog harrowing on reclaimed bog I 1976 1576568 6551549 sea O 2726 O 2729 II 1626690 6578230 cumul “found 5’ under the river bed during dredging of nyköpingsån in 1856”, “100-200 m n of the bridge”, “at the head of the river” cumul 1564762 6523258 cumul river rapids at ford cumul 1537653 6578182 1537558 6579047 bog near Liljeholmen Boggy woodland cultivation II 1864 A PPen di x B 125 # Inv.no Place Accur Types 20 Eskilstuna numberless sö, Eskilstuna, tunavallen, raä 590:1 coord Axe socketed type mälaren 21 nyköping Flb 31 sö, Frustuna, hållsta parcel Axe flanged 22 gnesta hembygdsgård sö, Frustuna, hällesta, raä 183:1 coord Axe palstave 23 shm 26138 sö, grödinge, sibble 2:3 parcel sickle preform (4) 24 shm 21687 sö, helgesta, Frändesta, Oxbroberget parcel spearhead gundslev 25 nyköping 266 div sö, helgona, Kristineholm, nyköpingsån, raä helgona 173:1 coord Axe socketed type mälaren 26 shm 26909 sö, huddinge, solgård 1:166, marsvägen 10, raä 211 coord dagger tanged 27 Private sö, husby-Oppunda, tärnö, raä 257 coord Axe palstave 28 shm 14613 sö, husby-rekarne, Årby, Årby bog parcel Axe socketed type mälaren 29 nyköping 14061 sö, Kila, near Lake Bålsjön, Villa solbacken, raä 139:1 coord Axe palstave 30 nyköping 4472 sö, Lid, Lilla Lundby parcel Axe socketed type B 31 shm 17019:6 sö, Lista, Vingsleör, Apalsjön parcel dagger flint type VI 32 shm 15259:5 sö, näshulta, Kråksten parcel Axe stone orthogonal 33 shm 6611:3 sö, sorunda, Fituna, mörkarfjärden parcel Axe stone orthogonal 34 shm 29366 sö, sorunda, grödby, Petterslund, raä 754 coord Pin disc-head No 4 35 shm 26083 sö, sorunda, södra rangsta, raä 542 coord spearhead plain convex 36 shm 813 sö, spelvik, church, Kyrkovallen, raä 98 coord hoard 37 shm 12310, strängnäs 10781082 sö, strängnäs, tosterön, sundby parcel ring wendelring (2), ring arm (4) 6 38 nyköping 18015 / 184-186 sö, svärta, Kråknäs/Kråkstugan, raä 146:1 coord sword antenna, ring wendelring 2 39 nyköping 18015 / 184-186 sö, svärta, Kråknäs/Kråkstugan, raä 146:2 parcel Axe socketed type mälaren 40 nyköping 4921 sö, torsåker, harlinge, raä 141:1 coord spearhead ?Ödeshög 41 shm 9275 sö, torsåker, torsnäset, Lake sillen parcel Axe socketed type F 42 nyköping 11751 / 264 div sö, torsåker, tuna parcel Axe socketed 43 shm 17311 sö, tunaberg, Bråten, raä 105 parcel Axe palstave 126 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S C. 24 Ref Copy shm 24179 Class Context Year CoordY CoordX IV-V 1939 1539193 6583528 lake/ sea Lake: drainage channel across former Lake Igelsjön between givesta and Lake Långsjön I 1881 1584370 6547260 lake garden patch II 1965 1582192 6546868 O 2736 sea In modern house foundation immediately n of mounds raä 138 III 1940 1611450 6556040 O 2737 lake In crevice on Oxeberget / Oxbroberget hill, 150 m from the road between nyköping and sparreholm III 1559750 6543430 river Crevice on river bank during dam construction lake Under a boulder below a scarp lake C. 200 m n of the farmstead report in AtA O 2738; wigren 1987:56 sea Per lake report in AtA IV-V 1938 1565362 6521789 V 1954 1623053 6569124 II 1929 1554059 6528832 1536920 6573090 1546578 6510790 IV-V lake Found under Forstmästare Collin’s house II 1916 river lake ditch digging 500 m n of Lilla Lundby II-III 1945 1566350 6532430 In boggy soil reclaimed from Lake Apalsjön I-II 1526240 6580190 river stray IV-V 1529480 6562570 sea sea IV-V 1611950 6550890 anon Brown patina V-VI 1970 1618237 6549835 anon tree planting at base of hill V-VI 1955 1613157 6543053 B hoard 158, minnen 1225 sea Under a boulder VI 1838 1575321 6532729 B hoard 159, mbl 1903-05 sea ”in a fallow field above gammalsund Karlsstugan in sundby gärde”, “under a boulder during blasting for the new gymnasium”. VI 1570530 6585790 B hoard 160; Arbman 1934 bog during harrowing after bog drainage for arable on “hagslätten” VI 1576488 6521765 bog Bog, c. 200 m from sword 1576490 6521770 river stream dredging / 500 m n or nE of vicarage at 2 m depth in bog 1588657 6537027 lake Found at lakeshore but porous green patina III-IV 1589160 6543040 lake 200 m s of tuna. Axe mislaid at museum. ?LBA sea 3 km ssE of tunaberg church, 450 m n of the cottage O 2755 1933-34 IV-V I II 1940 1968 1589040 6540410 1565900 6501130 A PPen di x B 127 # Inv.no Place Accur Types No 44 shm 7774 sö, turinge, nykvarn, Ekudden, raä 328:1 coord hoard mixed 58 45 södertälje 4278 sö, tveta, rophäll, raä 187:1 coord Axe socketed type mälaren 46 shm 2417, 5659 sö, Vrena, dalby, Vrenaån parcel Axe flanged (2), axe socketed type mälaren 47 shm 13117 sö, Vårdinge, hjortsberga, raä 59:1 parcel ring wendelring 48 shm 2674, 2842 sö, Vårdinge, Långbro parcel hoard plus hone stone 49 shm 11313 sö, Vårdinge, nådhammar, Lake Långsjön parcel Axe socketed type C 50 shm 12036 / nyköp 2596 / strängn sö, Västerhaninge, hållsättra, Prästängen parcel Axe socketed type mälaren 51 shm 13839:6 sö, Österåker, maren parcel Axe stone orthogonal 52 shm 14665 sö, Östra Vingåker, skiringstorp, raä 33 coord sword riveted open thumb socket 53 shm 3672 sö, Överjärna, Järna railway station parcel dagger flint type VI 54 Uppsala Emanuel Cederström 823 Up, Alsike, Krusenberg parcel Axe socketed type scania 55 shm 15440 Up, Altuna, drävle, raä 79 coord Axe flanged 56 Uppsala 3184 Up, Björklinge, Kambo, Långsjön parcel Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 57 Private rålamb Up, Bondkyrka, norby forest, grindstugan parcel Axe socketed type F 58 Västerås 11863 Up, Bred, Eklunda, mossen parcel Axe socketed A2a L 80 mm 59 shm 20652 Up, Bromma, norra Ängby, Jomsborgsvägen 7, raä 110 coord Axe palstave 60 shm 16018 Up, Börje, Altuna parcel ring wendelring, ring spiral (2), axe socketed, pins (3) 61 Uppsala 5452 Up, Börje, Brunnby parcel Axe flanged 62 Uppsala 996 / Enköping Up, dalby, gräna, near Lake Ekoln coord Axe flanged 63 Uppsala 5771 Up, dalby, tuna parcel Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 64 Private, copy in shm Up, Edsbro, smaranäs, raä 49:1 coord Axe socketed type mälaren 65 shm 15382 Up, Ekerö, skärvik parcel Axe stone rhomboid 128 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S cumul 22 7 Ref Class Context O 2759 lake lake B hoard 161, minnen 1193 O 2768 Per Year CoordY CoordX “during digging in the earth”, re-investigation 1931 turned up flint III 1885 1587549 6561594 Lake, shore of Lake Långsjön near the turinge psh boundary IV-V 1932 1597095 6560828 cumul river I, IV-V 1857 1551850 6526590 1907 bog Field VI 1591090 6545950 multi “during railroad work while digging in a small peat bog located up high in a small depression in a gravel esker ... At a distance of 5’ was a stone cairn ... 5’ diameter bedded down into the peat at the same depth. no remains of bones or ash.” VI 1591060 6547870 lake Lakeshore III 1593040 6543730 lake meadow, 4’ deep IV-V 1625960 6557880 IV-V 1505720 6559150 II 1512846 6538439 lake stray bog Cultivated bog anon Found during railway building I-II 1600920 6553690 Field between Källvreten and the upper farmstead near the stable. V-VI 1604370 6626330 1564924 6633492 sea river O 2848 lake near Lake Långsjön anon gravel pit behind grindstugan tavern. haft frag remained when found. indet mossen not identified anon sea sea 1915 V 1904 1598900 6658560 III-IV 1882 1602710 6636930 IV 1963 ? ? II 1934 1619491 6582480 small gravel pit 500 m w of Altuna hamlet VI 1917 1593440 6644970 On surface during drainage work in field EsE of farmstead I 1925 1595900 6640690 sea B hoard 169, E 1921 #130 I I 1875 1598473 6626464 Easternmost farmstead in tuna 3:2. nE of farmstead, 230 m nE of road, on a rise in a field, 21-22 m a.s.l. V-VI 1948 1597660 6629970 sea sea IV-V 1944 1645256 6643789 sea not identical to the axe roshagen raä 87, which is a simply designed Ln axe. V-VI 1914 1614750 6573530 anon Ploughing at the sE corner of the barn, 23 m a.s.l. A PPen di x B 129 # Inv.no Place Accur Types 66 shm 14413 Up, Fasterna, grindtorpet parcel Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 67 shm 16381 Up, Fröslunda, noppsgärde coord spearhead 68 shm 17343:1444k Up, Funbo, marielund railway station coord Belt dome 69 Private Johansson Up, gamla Uppsala, sanda parcel Axe socketed no dec L 41 mm 70 Uppsala 5686 Up, gryta, säva parcel Axe flanged 71 Uppsala 2283 Up, gryta, säva, grängesberg/ gäddnäsberg/Eningsberg parcel Axe flanged 72 Uppsala 5537:1 Up, hagby, Focksta, skvallerhagen parcel spearhead No 73 shm 26840 Up, hammarby, Ekebo, raä 29 coord Axe socketed simple plain socket C1a 74 Uppsala 5455 Up, husby-Långhundra, norrbacken parcel Axe socketed arched edge ribs 75 shm 13991:4 Up, husby-sjutolft, Ekolsundsviken, Ekolsund brick works coord Axe socketed type mälaren 76 shm 11635, 12607:5, 16120 Up, härnevi, Lilla härnevi/vicarage, raä 69 coord hoard 77 Uppsala 4860 Up, Jumkil, Ubby parcel Axe flanged 78 shm 5790 Up, Järfälla, säby, meadow near Lake säbysjön parcel ring neck, gold spiral (2) 79 Private tersmeden Up, Kårsta, Lilla sunnarby, norrvreten, raä 91:1 coord ring neck open hooked 80 shm 13465 Up, Lagga, morby parcel Axe stone sloping butt 81 Uppsala 4565 Up, Lena church, raä 90:1 coord sword tanged 82 Private Poignant Up, Lena, Edshammar parcel Axe socketed, spearhead 2 83 shm 612 Up, Lena, Vattholma coord spearhead (4), sword (2), sword grip (2) 8 84 Uppsala 3185 Up, Lena, Vattholma, Flugtorpet parcel Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 130 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S c. 50 3 Ref E 1921 #22 E 1921 #96 Class Context Per lake Between the church and the forest warden’s place to the sw. V-VI sea Found during extraction of fill for a building foundation, 2 m east of the house at noppsgärde I lake On high promontory on n shore of Lake trehörningen, cut through by Uppsala-Länna railroad, less than 2000’ E of the railway station. esker CoordY CoordX 1636030 6630040 1582891 6621909 V 1616513 6637867 In gravel pit between tunåsen and galgbacken V 1601740 6642310 sea gravel pit west side of road towards hagby, c. 100 m n of the crossroads w of säva bridge I 1938 1588770 6628510 sea Field edge c. 200 m wsw of croft, 25 m a.s.l. I 1890 1587690 6627870 sea In pasture near säva road, w of stream, tightly wedged between 2 stones II 1930 1587770 6631240 Beside boulder, edge up, in Iron Age cemetery V 1960 1619828 6600562 n of norrbacken next to a spring IV 1926 1623700 6628810 IV-V 1910 1589281 6614239 sea anon B hoard 171, E 1921 #77 B hoard 172, E 1921 #72 Year 1877 sea sea bed settl ditch digging VI 1902 1572235 6622785 sea Ploughing in former bog, 38 m a.s.l., s of village between a hill to the E and the road and a brook to the w I 1918 1589660 6647390 lake Lake IV 1876 1616890 6591330 IV 1635545 6618627 1612130 6631330 1915 1607090 6656403 lake sea Field, angle between stream and road to halmby, n of stream LBA multi during gravel extraction in former field on ridge c. 200 m nE of church, LIA cemeteries & undated settlement site II-III B hoard 174, E 1921 #89 sea within 1000 feet s of the property, E of railroad VI 1607270 6653350 B hoard 175, E 1921 #53 multi sand quarry on road from Lena church to Vattholma bruk, 500 fathoms (= 900 m) n of church, gravel ridge, prob. within cemetery raä 85 IV 1833 1607120 6657230 anon Potato patch on the slope towards the stream at Flugtorpet V 1904 1605950 6659900 A PPen di x B 131 # Inv.no Place Accur Types No 85 shm 34442, private Eriksson Up, Lunda, sigridsholm, raä 232:1 coord ring wendelring (2), axe socketed (3), dress pin (2), ring frags 10 86 Uppsala 4712 Up, Läby, håmö, Frosshögarna/Lake Läbyträsk parcel Axe soapstone 87 shm 8101 Up, nysätra, near Lake hålsjön parcel Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 88 shm 24782 Up, nysätra, Åloppe, stockmossen parcel Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 89 shm 14759 Up, ramsta, Bragby, mönemossen parcel sword vollgriff open thumb socket riveted grip 90 shm 18379 Up, rasbo, Västerberga, raä 622 parcel Axe socketed type mälaren 91 Uppsala 2289 Up, rasbokil, Årby, damhagsåkrar parcel Axe socketed type mälaren 92 shm 14586 Up, rimbo, rimbo coord Axe socketed type mälaren 93 shm 18819 Up, simtuna/torstuna, Örsundaån, Forsby bridge, raä 174:1 coord Axe stone sloping butt 94 Uppsala 2354 Up, skepptuna, Ånsta parcel sword mindelheim 95 Uppsala 3750 Up, skogs-tibble, Ingla, Ingla-Långmyran parcel Axe socketed type mälaren 96 shm 14105 Up, skogs-tibble, Ingla, raä 64:1 parcel ring arm (3) 97 Uppsala 2284 Up, skogs-tibble, Lillsjön/stensmyran parcel Axe flanged 3 98 Uppsala 5620 Up, skogs-tibble, Långmyran parcel Axe flanged ?Baltic 99 Uppsala 2287 Up, skogs-tibble, river sävaån parcel Axe flanged 100 Uppsala 2541 Up, skogs-tibble, Ulvansvad parcel dagger flint type VI 101 Uppsala 5529 Up, skogs-tibble, Vicarage, raä 64:1 parcel Axe socketed arched edge ribs 102 Uppsala 5571, 5706 Up, skogs-tibble, Ångelsta, Lundbacka parcel ring wendelring (2) 2 103 shm 13767 Up, solna, råsunda coord sword gündlingen, dagger 2 104 shm 20308 Up, solna, Ulriksdal, near Edsviken Inlet parcel Axe flanged 132 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S cumul Ref B hoard 177, E 1921 #131 Class Context Per Year CoordY CoordX lake Edge of Lake sigridsholmssjön LBA 1986 1624359 6618807 lake Field sw of håmö between hågaån and a ridge LBA 1916 1594090 6636780 lake Cultivation V-VI 1580000 6634110 bog stump blasting V lake 7 inches deep in bog I lake 20 cm deep in clay IV-V lake Cultivated bog 10 min wnw of Årby, prob. Årbymyran IV-V 1882 indet digging for J. Broberg’s house foundation IV-V 1912 river river LBA sea In pasture/boggy field/bog n of the farmstead lake Canal digging in bog soil nE of Ingla cumul river B hoard 179, E 1921 #125 1912 1577920 6634310 1592260 6630150 1614050 6649350 1612550 6654770 ? ? 1565630 6629634 VI 1896 1627050 6624830 IV-V 1910 1585120 6636970 “in a little potato patch at the farm labourer’s home ‘mellgrind’, close E of the road after its turns s, and a bit s of the dot on the geological map marking an abandoned farm.” next to UmF 5529. VI 1910 1584740 6635860 Bog E of Lake Lillsjön, 36 m a.s.l., near eaves of woods on s side of valley I 1891 1582330 6634510 lake during drainage work in bog 3 km nE of church II-III 1934 1585970 6637740 lake/ sea river dredging between Vrå and church, ancient lake or sea inlet I 1886 1584240 6635080 river Ford I-II 1582590 6638740 cumul near boundary with Ingla, at edge of field scant meters from spot of arm rings shm 14105 IV 1929 1584740 6635860 anon 50 m apart in field c. 100 m from Old svedjetorp towards nE, east of the road Ångelsta-Eka VI 1930,41 1586670 6633370 1.5 m deep in clay during foundation digging for the south corner of the tram garage at råsunda. Find spot 17-18 m a.s.l. Buildings torn down in 1985, within the streets spårvägen, hallgatan, Lövgatan and råsundavägen. VI 1909 1623735 6584498 I 1900 1625640 6587530 sea sea A PPen di x B 133 # Inv.no Place Accur Types 105 shm 12412 Up, sparrsätra, hässelby, gångmossen, raä 117:5 parcel Pin spiral-head 106 ssm 16417 Up, spånga, Backlura coord sword tanged 107 shm 15833 Up, spånga, råcksta, Kanaan/Oljeberget, raä 299 coord Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 108 shm 22026 Up, spånga, sundby, spånga villastad, syrenen nr 2, raä 3:1 coord ring armlet (2) 109 shm 19313 Up, stockholm, hammarby/mårtensdal parcel Axe stone rhomboid 110 shm 9277 Up, stockholm, Värtahamnen parcel Axe palstave 111 söderbykarl 261 Up, söderbykarl, Ekeby parcel Axe socketed type mälaren 112 söderbykarl 260 Up, söderbykarl, norrmarjum parcel Axe flanged 113 shm 10144 Up, tierp, torslunda, raä 948 parcel spearhead, axe shafthole, axe flanged 114 Uppsala 5507 Up, Uppsala-näs, skärfältens, sjökärret parcel spearhead 115 Uppsala 5697 Up, Uppsala, tingshögsgatan parcel Axe stone sloping butt 116 shm 17343:1444n Up, Vittinge, Ösby, Österängen parcel Axe socketed type E 117 shm 21183 Up, Vårfrukyrka, grop-norrby, hjältängarna parcel Axe socketed type d 118 Uppsala 5430 Up, Vårfrukyrka, skälby, hällstigen parcel Axe stone rhomboid No 2 3 cumul 119 shm 4287 Up, Vänge, Bärby, raä 224 parcel Axe socketed simple plain socket C3 120 Uppsala 3266 Up, Vänge, Bärby, Vängeån parcel Axe stone orthogonal 121 Uppsala 6032 Up, Ärentuna, gammelängen coord spearhead type Ullerslev 122 shm 17941 Up, Ärentuna, storvreta rwy stn, Oskarsborg, raä 240 coord spearhead (2), chisel socketed, sickle flint 4 123 Uppsala 5690 Up, Österunda, domta vad, raä 83:1 coord Belt dome (2), ring (3) 5 124 Lost Up, Österunda, gustavsberg, täppdammen, raä 77 parcel spearhead 125 Uppsala 4864 Up, Österunda, Lake Oxsjön parcel Chape sword rhomboid 134 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Ref Class Context Per Year CoordY CoordX E 1921 #110 bog On top of a tuft of grass in the bog V-VI 1902 1561250 6622290 O 2831 bog Bog. Currently Backlöksvägen 68-70 (once Ängsvägen 8, stadsäga 40) II-III 1950-51 1614124 6587820 sea during stone clearing V-VI 1617347 6583377 gardening, spade depth VI/IA 1938 1619689 6584884 sea Foundation digging 75 m s of general motors’ factory, sea? V-VI 1930 1629950 6577860 sea Found during digging for earthworms at 15 cm depth some ways from the shore. II 1892 1630870 6583330 E 1921 #70 indet during harrowing in a field n of Lake Bordsrudssjön, not identified IV-V 1914 ? ? 20 m a.s.l. I 1661030 6643860 O 2840; renck 2007 multi gravel pit 2 rifle shots n of torslunda farmstead, E of highway to gävle I 1892 1592960 6689120 sea harrowing in sjökärret bog between road and Lake sätrasjön sw of skärfälten I 1928 1594070 6634600 sea Ploughing on town land n of town, left side of the road to gamla Uppsala, c 100 to this side of ”Bahrska granhäcken” and 200-300 m from road LBA 1926 1602360 6641230 lake drained sandy ground III-IV 1894 1569640 6643380 1569620 6621680 anon sea O 2858 cumul Ploughing n of farmstead anon gift from finder V-VI 1925 1573680 6617240 lake drainage, Lake rönningen V-VI 1869 1587400 6639190 lake stream’s edge IV-V 1905 1589900 6639680 river Found thrust beneath a large glacial erratic in a boulder field, no other finds at subsequent excavation II 1976 1608173 6648595 O 2866 anon Under a boulder II 1926 1606116 6650112 B hoard 181, Arwidsson 1939 lake Ploughing, drained fen V c. 1910 1574656 6631649 ? c. 1945 1570970 6635490 II-III 1916 1574070 6636510 river E 1921 #21 fig. 34:43 lake Lake edge III A PPen di x B 135 # 126 Inv.no Place Accur Types shm 23674 Up, Österunda, Pukberget, raä 62 coord spearhead plain convex No 127 Arboga 397 Vs, Arboga, Kråkdiket/Vinbäcken parcel Axe stone sloping butt 128 Västerås 14643 Vs, Björksta, Vida/högtorp parcel Axe socketed type d 129 shm 11267 Vs, Fellingsbro churchyard, raä 170:3 parcel Axe shaft-hole 130 Örebro numberless Vs, Fellingsbro, Eke, sällingsjön, east shore parcel dagger tanged 131 Västerås 3174 Vs, hubbo, hökåsen, raä 109 coord hoard 12 132 shm 5533, 5534 Vs, hubbo, hökåsen, raä 110 parcel ring wendelring (2), ring ankle (2), belt dome (2), armlet wire (3) 9 133 shm 15393:9 Vs, hubbo, mälby, raä 100 coord Axe socketed side-slots 134 Västerås 147 Vs, Kärrbo, Frösåker, skyttebo parcel Axe palstave 135 Köping 3689 Vs, malma, Åsby, raä Kolsva 115 coord ring wendelring 136 Private Kumla Vs, Odensvi, Kumla, raä 137:1 coord Axe flanged 137 Västerås 3911 Vs, skultuna, Åkesta parcel Axe stone orthogonal 138 shm 2503 Vs, svedvi, Berga I parcel Belt dome, ring arm spiral, ring neck (2), pin disc 5 139 shm 14908, 14992, Västerås 7163 Vs, svedvi, Berga II parcel ring wendelring (4) 4 140 shm 12534 Vs, svedvi, Vicarage, raä 239 coord ring neck 141 shm 6517:100, 15393:5 Vs, tortuna, Fors, tillbergaån/Lillån parcel Axe flanged 2 142 shm 22775 Vs, Västerås, tunbyvägen 74, raä 377:1 coord Axe shaft-hole display, sickle (3) 4 143 shm 12651:31 Vs, Västra skedvi, Klockarkilen parcel Axe stone orthogonal 136 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S Ref Class Context Per Year CoordY CoordX lake Cave V-VI c. 1930 1576003 6631885 river stream LBA 1501450 6585470 lake Peripheral field 800 m n of farm III 1950 1556780 6618480 I 1486970 6593210 O 2644 lake sea Lake III 1483000 6599160 B hoard 164, O 1933 184f Abb 172 esker gravel extraction VI 1922 1545120 6616053 B hoard 163; minnen 1413, 1414, 1458 esker Under and near a boulder on the Badelunda esker, railroad work VI 1875 1544720 6616470 1545369 6618995 1552770 6602020 1505786 6604006 anon V sea anon O 2656b II next to clearance cairn in field sea Field sea next to road ditch c. 200 m s of Åkesta farmstead VI 1936 1511651 6604576 IV-V I 1923 1538000 6616530 V-VI 1858 1526510 6607778 1929 1526510 6607778 B hoard 166; minnen 1332, 1383 lake B hoard 167 lake ”during ploughing in bog earth”. VI esker In gravel ridge VI 1526329 6607906 river river, dredging I 1550550 6618210 river Charcoal, burnt stone 1541299 6612376 1493330 6605080 O 2668 anon II IV-V 1941 A PPen di x B 137 A PPendi x c # Finds list: poorly known locations Inv.no Place Types 144 shm 25177:B:68 nä, Axberg, dylta Axe stone sloping butt 145 Örebro 432 nä, Ekeby, Björka Axe palstave 146 shm 13142:3 nä, Ekeby, Ekeby, mosjön dagger flint type VI 147 shm 8041 nä, Ekeby, Frommesta Axe flanged, axe stone mnA battle axe 148 Örebro Läns Folkhögskola nä, Ekeby, högtorp Axe socketed type B 149 shm 13233:5 nä, Ekeby, torsta Axe shaft-hole 150 Örebro 9075 nä, Ekeby, Vallby dagger griffplatte 151 skara 62312 nä, glanshammar, glanshammar Axe flanged 152 shm 7489 nä, gällersta, Ökna Axe flanged 153 shm 7591:3 nä, hallsberg, hallsberg Axe socketed type mälaren 154 shm 9170:1226 nä, hammar, Aspa Axe socketed type scania 155 Kävesta folkhögskola nä, hardemo, skyberga Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 156 Örebro 3607 nä, Lake hjälmaren, sw part Axe flanged 157 Örebro 5096 nä, Lerbäck, Essböle Axe stone orthogonal 158 Örebro 119 nä, Lännäs, Ingevaldstorp Axe stone orthogonal 159 shm 13123:8 nä, Lännäs, Ingevaldstorp Axe stone sloping butt 160 Örebro 433 nä, rinkaby, Lilla Åkerhagen Axe socketed type C 161 Örebro 15119 nä, rinkaby, solberga, Lövsta Axe flanged 162 shm 1658 nä, sköllersta, Kärr Axe palstave 163 shm 13233:7 nä, stora mellösa, dömmesta Axe socketed 164 shm 426 nä, stora mellösa, Åkerby dagger griffplatte 165 shm 12903:22 nä, Ödeby, sunnarboda Axe stone rhomboid 166 shm 13649 nä, Örebro, Ånsta, Aspholmen Axe socketed type B 167 shm 11495:734 sö, Aspö, husby Cylinder tripartite end 168 shm 4605 sö, Björkvik, danbyholm Axe socketed type C 169 Private Ernst hermelin sö, Björkvik, hacksta Awl 170 Private weijber sö, Björkvik, hagbyberga Axe flanged 171 shm 14872 sö, Björnlunda, Ekhov, skräddartorp Axe flanged 172 nyköping Flb 73 / strängn sö, Björnlunda, Jakobsberg Axe socketed 173 nyköping Flb 31 sö, Björnlunda, Ökna Axe socketed 138 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S No Ref Context Per Lundin collection LBA On the bed of the drained Lake mosjön I-II Year II 2? O 2679 Under a boulder I Copy shm 15262:2 Under a boulder II-III m 813, O 2681 Under a boulder I 1875 1916 I dredging wetland I IV-V V-VI V-VI Lake I stray IV-V IV-V 1864 LBA Baumbach collection III 1887 I 1929 Bog II Beside boulder III gravel pit V-VI Aspholmen is not an island II-III stray marsh III Copy shm 20843 Potato patch O 2717 Bog I skräddartorp n of Björnlunda church, prob near mosstugan. I 1913 stray stray A PPen di x c 139 # Inv.no Place Types 174 shm 10174:20 sö, Bogsta, norrby Axe stone rhomboid 175 shm 8520 sö, Botkyrka, riksten Axe socketed type mälaren 176 Uppsala 977-982 sö, Botkyrka, tullinge Axe socketed (2), sickle (1), tutulus (2), ring (2) 177 shm 13404 sö, dunker, Alm Axe flanged 178 nyköping 149 / 45 sö, dunker, målarstugan Axe flanged 179 shm 23928 sö, Eskilstuna, gultbrunn Axe shaft-hole undecorated 180 Eskilstuna 4832 sö, Eskilstuna, gultbrunn Axe socketed 181 Eskilstuna 4715 / 7415 sö, Eskilstuna, gultbrunn Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 182 shm 13814 sö, Eskilstuna, mesta spearhead 183 shm 15260:1 sö, Floda, Vegersberg Axe stone orthogonal 184 shm 7978:3 sö, Fogdö, Bergshammar Axe stone rhomboid 185 shm 15787:9 sö, Frustuna, hållsta Axe socketed type B 186 shm 10105 sö, Frustuna, nytorpet Axe palstave 187 Private Leander Karlsson sö, gillberga, Åsby Axe flanged 188 grödinge sö, grödinge, Kagghamra Axe stone orthogonal (2) 189 nyköping 288 div sö, helgesta, rockelsta Axe socketed type mälaren 190 shm 3748 sö, helgona, Bönsta dagger Vollgriff miniature 191 nyköping sö, husby-Oppunda, torp Axe flanged 192 shm 740 sö, husby-rekarne, Vicarage sword hallstatt 193 shm 13617 sö, hölö, hejsta Axe socketed type scania 194 shm 17343:705 sö, hölö, malmen Axe stone rhomboid 195 shm 12902 sö, hölö, tullgarn Axe stone orthogonal 196 shm 8439 sö, hölö, tullgarn spearhead 197 nyköping 18999 Flb 35-36 sö, Kattnäs, Lebro ring wendelring (2) 198 Private sö, Kila, Ålberga Axe palstave 199 Private sö, Lista, Åsby Axe flanged 200 shm 8640:15 sö, Ludgo, grindstugan dagger flint type VI 201 shm 17169 sö, mellösa, Yxtaholm, Fredsbacken dagger griffplatte 202 Uppsala 990, 992 sö, mörkö, mörkön, Väggberget Axe socketed simple plain socket, chisel socketed 203 shm 6782 sö, näshulta, hedensö ring wendelring 204 shm 3748 sö, runtuna, Årsta dagger or miniature sword 140 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S No 7 Ref O 2720 Context Per stray V-VI stray IV-V Under a boulder on top of a barrow or hillock III Found among alder brush but green patina I stray I Ploughing, parcel unknown, raä 420 is not the spot I Year 1800 1883 stray stray tree planting on an esker V-VI III stray IV-V stray V-VI Lake, unnamed II-III ditch digging II Under a boulder I 2? 1850s IV-V stray IV-V stray I 1867 Among stones in pasture V stray V-VI stray V-VI stray IV-V 1836 stray 2 B hoard 156 during ploughing in a newly cleared field VI O 2744; wigren 1987:56 Under a boulder II 1916 I 1950s wigren 1987:57 2 B hoard 157, Ats III 257 during stone clearing ”digging at a depth of 4–5 feet, where there were also black oak trunks” I-II ditch digging I-II Under roots of a fallen tree V Ploughing in a wet meadow VI 1881 ditch digging II 1867 1822 A PPen di x c 141 # Inv.no Place Types 205 södertälje sö, sorunda, Frönäs Axe stone sloping butt 206 nyköping 46 sö, stigtomta, Viksberg spearhead 207 södertälje 3491 sö, sättersta, Vreta/Vreten spearhead 208 shm 13923:10 sö, taxinge, näsby Axe stone orthogonal 209 Private Claes Andersson sö, taxinge, Prästtorp Axe flanged 210 shm 18025 sö, toresund, Odinsborg Axe stone rhomboid 211 shm 8640:318 sö, trosa, herrberga Axe socketed type mälaren 212 nyköping 187, Private sö, tunaberg, nävekvarn Axe socketed arched edge ribs, axe socketed 213 Private sö, tunaberg, torskhuset Knife 214 shm 11495:886 sö, turinge, hökmossen Axe stone sloping butt 215 södertälje 27:3 sö, turinge, nykvarn Axe palstave 216 södertälje 4275 sö, turinge, trångö Axe socketed type scania 217 shm 21470 sö, tyresö, Karlberg Axe socketed 218 nyköping 183 (152?) strängn sö, Vansö, Eneby Pin 219 shm 15483 sö, Vårdinge, nibble Axe stone rhomboid 220 södertälje 3958 sö, Vårdinge, römossen spearhead 221 shm 14614:10 sö, Vårdinge, sjuenda Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 222 strängnäs 165 sö, Västerhaninge, vicarage Axe socketed type mälaren 223 shm 1074 sö, Västerhaninge, vicarage ring neck (4) 224 shm 13025:13 sö, Västermo, Vi Axe flanged 225 shm 20943 sö, Ytterenhörna, Johannesdal spearhead 226 södertälje 1367 sö, Ytterenhörna, Lövsta Arrowhead 227 södertälje 1067 sö, Ytterenhörna, Vinberga Axe socketed simple plain socket 228 shm 11319:3 sö, Åker, smedsby Axe stone orthogonal 229 strängnäs ”12” sö, Ärla, Axnäs Brooch (2) 230 nyköping 159 sö, Ärla, gåsnäs spearhead 231 shm 13625:4 sö, Ärla, rökärr Axe stone rhomboid 232 shm 13783:1 sö, Östertälje, gärtuna Axe flanged 233 södertälje 2401 sö, Östertälje, hall Axe socketed arched edge ribs 234 shm 10677 sö, Österåker, Jenstorp Axe stone rhomboid 235 nyköping 584 sjö sö, Östra Vingåker, Åkra Axe stone sloping butt 142 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S No Ref Context Per Year LBA stray 1881 stray O 2754a; wigren 1987:58 during agricultural work IV-V I Ploughing V-VI ditch digging, in clay, crumbly green/grey surface IV-V stray. Lake norra Yngern? LBA 1950 wigren 1987:58 stray Potato harvest II 1925 V-VI 1933 Found on surface at road between rundemar and Karlberg, swampy surroundings stray stray V-VI stray, bog? stray V-VI IV-V 4 ditch digging in wet meadow Found deep in clay during ditch-digging but green porous patina I stray 1870s stray 2 IV-V Found during digging 1875 In stiff clay during the clearing of new arable -- in the 1860s? stray V-VI stray I stray V-VI LBA A PPen di x c 143 # Inv.no Place Types 236 södertälje 945 sö, Överjärna, hummelmora spearhead 237 shm 11258 sö, Överjärna, Kallfors spearhead 238 Uppsala 2348 Up, Almunge, ?Långbol Axe socketed arched edge ribs 239 Uppsala 4885 Up, Altuna, Fnysinge Axe socketed arched edge ribs 240 Västerås Up, Altuna, säva Axe stone sloping butt 241 Alunda Up, Alunda, skyndeln razor bent-back spiral grip 242 shm 15401:B Up, Björklinge, närlinge Axe flanged 243 Enköping 3479 Up, Boglösa, gådi no 1 Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 244 shm 16983 Up, Boglösa, rickeby Pin spiral-head 245 Uppsala 983 Up, Bondkyrka, håga Axe socketed type mälaren 246 Private nyström Up, Bred, gunsta, Krokby dagger griffplatte 247 shm 18603:2 Up, Bred, snickaretorp Axe flanged 248 shm 10176 Up, Bred, Vreta Axe greenstone 249 shm 7899 Up, Bred, Ytterby Axe flanged 250 Private nyström Up, Bred, Äsplunda Axe flanged 251 shm 8109 Up, Bro, Lejondal, sveden Axe socketed type mälaren 252 Uppsala 997, 998, 1000-1003, 1006 Up, Bälinge, Forkarby ring wendelring (5), ring neck, belt dome 253 Uppsala 2799 Up, Bälinge, Oxsätra Axe stone sloping butt 254 Uppsala 2341-2342 Up, Bälinge, Åloppe Axe socketed simple plain socket C3, axe stone plain shafthole 255 Uppsala 5524:2 Up, Fröshult, Ekeborg Axe socketed simple plain socket C3 256 shm 19012 Up, Fröslunda, Vicarage Axe shaft-hole display 257 shm 25177:B:67 Up, Fröslunda, Örsundsbro Axe socketed 258 Uppsala 1410 Up, gamla Uppsala, Bredåker Axe stone rhomboid 259 Uppsala 984 Up, gamla Uppsala, gamla Uppsala Axe socketed type mälaren 260 Uppsala 972 Up, gamla Uppsala, gamla Uppsala dagger / mini sword Vollgriff 261 Uppsala 973 Up, gamla Uppsala, gamla Uppsala dagger tanged 262 Uppsala 2355 Up, gryta, Eningbol Axe stone orthogonal 263 shm 12336 Up, hagby, Filke ring arm spiral 264 shm 8109:3 Up, hagby, hagby Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 265 Uppsala 2359 Up, hagby, möjbro Axe flanged 266 shm 16913:5 Up, hagby, Vicarage Axe flanged 144 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S No Ref Context Per Year during ploughing stray V At dwelling between Bastbol and sågarbol 1895 LBA I V ditch digging. Lundeberg collection O 2779 V IV-V 1801 stray Field I stray EBA I O 2778 stray Cultivation 7 2 B hoard 168, E 1921 #93 schröder collection I IV-V VI 1823 stray LBA 1901 Cultivation on a hill V-VI 1894 stray V-VI 1929 II Lundin collection stray V-VI 1879 Lundeberg collection IV-V 1822 Lundeberg collection EBA 1820 Lundeberg collection EBA 1822 stray IV-V Beside boulder in forest meadow EBA stray V-VI I 1898 I A PPen di x c 145 # Inv.no Place Types 267 Lund 13791 Up, harg, harg Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 268 shm 6375 Up, hjälsta, myrby Axe socketed side-slots 269 Enköping 899 Up, hjälsta, månskenet Axe stone orthogonal 270 Västerås ?154 Up, huddunge, sillbo Axe stone sloping butt 271 Uppsala 5436 Up, husby-Långhundra, Lugnet Axe socketed arched edge ribs 272 Uppsala 989 Up, håtuna, håtuna Axe socketed simple plain socket C2b 273 Uppsala 5628 Up, håtuna, vicarage Axe stone orthogonal 274 shm 16362:4 Up, härkeberga, malma Axe socketed type mälaren 275 Private Up, Järfälla, skällby Axe stone sloping butt 276 Private Vinberg Up, Kalmar, Väppeby Axe flat 277 shm 9716 Up, Knutby, Kumla Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 278 shm 1563 Up, Knutby, Långsjön sword (3), sword handle, spearhead 279 shm 11513 Up, Lagga, norrby Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 280 shm 17343:1441 Up, Lena, Edshammar spearhead 281 Uppsala 4568 Up, Lena, Koltorp Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 282 Uppsala 4566 Up, Lena, salsta, hummeltorp spearhead 283 Private nilsson Up, Lena, stenby Axe socketed type scania 284 Uppsala 2789 Up, Lena, Årsta Axe stone orthogonal 285 Enköping 1589 Up, Litslena, tibble no 5 Axe stone orthogonal 286 shm 12445 Up, Litslena, Vällinge spearhead 287 shm 9168 Up, Lohärad, himmene Pin spiral-head 288 shm 7742:32 & :114; söderby-Karl hbf Up, Lohärad, himmene ring wendelring (3) 289 shm 12182:1 Up, Lohärad, Kristineholm Axe socketed simple plain socket C3 290 shm 16730:48 Up, Lovö, Kungshatt Axe stone rhomboid 291 shm 14177 Up, Lunda, Ängby Axe stone rhomboid 292 Uppsala 2294 Up, Läby, Österby sickle 293 shm 17343:1444g Up, Länna, mörtsunda Axe flanged 294 Kalmar 425 Up, markim, Ekeby Axe stone sloping butt 295 Uppsala 5383 Up, nora, Östa Brooch spectacle 296 Västerås 82 Up, norrby, Isätra Axe stone sloping butt 297 Enköping 1244 Up, nysätra, mosta Axe flanged 146 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S No Ref Context Per Year V stray A. Valin’s collection IV-V 1911 LBA IV 1926 On a rocky hill dealer V-VI 1840 stray IV-V 1871 ditch digging. IV-V LBA 5 O 2800 Cultivation of moraine hill 1910 stray V-VI B hoard 173, E 1921 #114 Lake VI stray V 1849 stray V EBA V-VI IV-V IV-V Ploughing in a grassed-over field 3 B hoard 176, E 1921 #117 Field during harrowing 1892 VI stray V-VI stray V-VI tree planting V-VI Cultivation, under small stone EBA Ploughing 1914 1885 1887 I LBA V LBA Bog cultivation I A PPen di x c 147 # Inv.no Place Types 298 Enköping 906 Up, nysätra, mosta Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 299 Uppsala Emanuel Cederström 340 Up, nysätra, nysätra church village Axe flanged 300 shm 2678 Up, rasbokil, Edeby Axe stone sloping butt 301 Uppsala 3334 Up, rasbokil, Kölinge Axe stone orthogonal 302 Västerås 11708 Up, simtuna, marby Axe flanged 303 shm 1477 Up, simtuna, möllersta Axe shaft-hole 304 shm 7843 Up, simtuna, sjömossen = Altuna, sjöbo Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 305 shm 21998 Up, simtuna, Vicarage Axe socketed type A 306 shm 5973 Up, simtuna, Vändersta Axe flanged 307 shm 4288 Up, simtuna, Väster-Vad Brooch spectacle, pin disc-head 308 shm 7923 Up, skepptuna, Litselby Axe stone sloping butt 309 shm 1333 Up, skepptuna, Äspesta ring neck 310 Uppsala 5687:1 Up, skogs-tibble, Vicarage Brooch spectacle 311 Uppsala Emanuel Cederström 513 Up, skuttunge, Broddbo Axe stone rhomboid 312 shm 16687:5 Up, skuttunge, skuttunge Axe flanged 313 shm 23276 Up, sollentuna, Edsberg, rösjön ring wendelring 314 shm 22908 Up, sollentuna, helenelund, near Edsviken Axe socketed arched edge ribs 315 shm 9431 Up, sparrsätra, hässelby Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 316 shm 11157 Up, sparrsätra, torgesta sword tanged 317 shm 12237 Up, stockholm, Karlbergsvägen Axe flanged 318 Uppsala 2349 Up, tensta, Björkgrind Axe socketed arched edge ribs 319 Uppsala 3302-3303 Up, tensta, Forsa Axe stone orthogonal (2) 320 Uppsala 2344 Up, tensta, Järsta spearhead 321 Uppsala 3119 Up, tierp, hall, ?månshagen Axe stone rhomboid 322 Uppsala 3175 Up, tierp, munga, stensberg Axe socketed type scania 323 Uppsala 2352 Up, tierp, svanby Axe flanged 324 Uppsala 5596 Up, tierp, Ålfors Axe socketed type F 325 shm 16125:2 Up, tillinge, Lundby Axe flanged 326 shm 12377:8 Up, tillinge, stora Järstena Axe socketed simple plain socket C3 327 Uppsala 5453 Up, tillinge, Örby Axe socketed type mälaren 328 shm 11156 Up, torstuna, holmsta Axe socketed side-slots 148 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S No Ref Context Per A. Valin’s collection V-VI 1911 I 1874 Ploughing stray LBA harrowing on sandy rise IV-V 1906 I 1959 Beside boulder 30 cm deep in field I-II 1847 Bog. sjömossen croft abandoned. V ditch digging. II Potato patch O 2816 Year I 2 B hoard 178, E 1921 #82 Crevice stray VI 1869 LBA ?V-VI V-VI I Forest clearing 150 E of shore VI 1944 Foundation digging, 1 m deep, orig sea? stray V Field on drained bog III 1883 Pipe-laying I 1903 stray 2 stray 1895 IV-V stray 1902 1894 V-VI V-VI On a rise in a field 1902 I 1891 Ploughing III-IV 1926 stray V-VI I IV-V stray 1926 1900 A PPen di x c 149 # Inv.no Place Types 329 shm 4899 Up, torstuna, Jädra Axe flanged 330 shm 12451:1 Up, torstuna, torslunda Axe socketed arched edge ribs 331 Private Up, torstuna, Vappeby ring oath 332 Private winberg Up, torstuna, Vappeby, Åsen Axe flanged 333 shm 5424 Up, torstuna, Åsby Axe stone sloping butt 334 Uppsala 4168 Up, Uppsala-näs, söderby Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 335 Uppsala 5201 Up, Uppsala-näs, söderby Axe socketed type mälaren 336 Uppsala 3183 Up, Uppsala-näs, söderby spearhead 337 Uppsala 988 Up, Vaksala, råby Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 338 Uppsala 5397 Up, Vendel, holvarbogärde Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 339 shm 16654:1 Up, Villberga, grillby Axe stone orthogonal 340 shm 6375:9 Up, Vårfrukyrka, Ekeby Axe stone orthogonal 341 shm 7571:168 Up, Vårfrukyrka, husby spearhead 342 Enköping 1773 Up, Vårfrukyrka, myran Axe stone rhomboid 343 Enköping 1268 Up, Vårfrukyrka, södra rekasta Axe palstave, Axe socketed arched edge ribs 344 Enköping 3733 Up, Vårfrukyrka, Åhl Axe socketed side-slots 345 shm 12656 Up, Vårfrukyrka/Enköping, Annelunda Axe flanged 346 shm 11654 Up, Vårfrukyrka/Enköping, Åkersberg Axe flanged 347 shm 7871:163, U-a 2340, U-a 4718 Up, Vänge, Lilla Kil ring wendelring (7) 348 shm 5144 Up, Vänge, Lång-tibble Axe flanged, axe stone plain shafthole 349 Uppsala 5466 Up, Västerlövsta, Orvenbo Axe socketed arched edge ribs 350 Private Pettersson, copy shm 19373 Up, Västerlövsta, röcklinge 1 Knife frame-handled 351 Uppsala 4160 Up, Västeråker, Björk Axe stone sloping butt 352 shm 17343:771 Up, Vätö, harg Axe stone sloping butt 353 Uppsala 2285-2286 Up, Åkerby, Utjorden Axe flanged, stone disc 354 Uppsala 3194 Up, Ärentuna, nyby Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 355 shm 15836 Up, Österunda, domta Axe stone orthogonal 356 shm 16106:9 Vs, Badelunda, stora hejarne Axe socketed type mälaren 357 Västerås 8495 Vs, Badelunda, Vedby Axe flanged 358 shm 17019:1 Vs, Berg, Förunda Axe socketed type scania 359 shm 12196 Vs, Björksta, Berga Axe socketed simple plain socket C1b 150 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S No Ref Context Per gravel pit I stray E 1921 #75 1905 In Vappeby gärde V Åsen not identified I digging in a field Year 1783 LBA V-VI harrowing IV-V wooded hill On a rocky hill Ploughing 1922 1904 V-VI 1823 V 1924 IV-V stray IV-V 1879 EBA V-VI 2 Ploughing 1911 gravel pit Clearing a field in the woods I 1894 I 7 2 B hoard 180, E 1921 #101 drained bog between Lilla Kil and tysktorpet, not far from forest eaves drained bog VI 1880, 1893, 1914 I IV Potato harvest III 1926-27 LBA harrowing LBA I 1893 Found during drainage work, 1 m deep V-VI 1908 muddy field below a mountain. IV-V 1917 2 IV-V Bought from finder I stray V-VI stray V A PPen di x c 151 # Inv.no Place Types 360 Västerås numberless Vs, Björksta, Kolmsta Axe socketed simple plain socket C2a 361 Västerås numberless Vs, Björksta, Orresta Axe socketed 362 Västerås 518 Vs, dingtuna, stockkumla Pin spiral-head 363 Västerås 7618 Vs, dingtuna, Vångsta Axe socketed type ?d 364 Fellingsbro hist soc Vs, Fellingsbro, hälla-Västvalla Axe palstave 365 shm 13155:1 Vs, Fellingsbro, Varn Axe stone sloping butt 366 shm 12827:6 Vs, Fellingsbro, Österhammar Axe stone rhomboid 367 Västerås 1113 Vs, hubbo, mälby Brooch 368 Private von Post Vs, Irsta, Appala Axe flanged 369 Västerås 146 Vs, Irsta, marsta Axe socketed type mälaren 370 Västerås numberless Vs, Kolbäck, Åby Axe socketed type mälaren 371 tärna folkhögskola Vs, Kumla, ransta Axe socketed type mälaren 372 Västerås 148 Vs, Kungsåra, råby Axe flanged 373 shm 13658 Vs, Kärrbo, Frösåker ring neck 374 shm 7571:102 Vs, munktorp, Avhulta Axe socketed type mälaren 375 Västerås 683 Vs, munktorp, munktorp Axe flanged 376 Västerås 2558 Vs, munktorp, Åsby Axe flanged 377 Private Vs, möklinta, Vicarage Axe stone rhomboid 378 shm 16687:2 Vs, Odensvi, rocklunda Axe flanged 379 Västerås 521 Vs, romfartuna, Frändesta Axe stone rhomboid 380 shm 12534:4 Vs, romfartuna, Vagersta Axe stone sloping butt 381 Västerås 2160 h 49 Vs, romfartuna, Äs dagger griffplatte 382 Private Vs, rytterne, Löt Axe stone sloping butt 383 Västerås 2313-2315 Vs, sankt Ilian, Åby ring (4) 384 sevalla church school Vs, sevalla, herrkvarn Axe stone sloping butt 385 Västerås 62 Vs, skultuna, Berga Axe stone orthogonal 386 shm 13549:1 Vs, svedvi, Ekeby Axe shaft-hole 387 Västerås 1866 Vs, svedvi, Ekeby ring neck 388 Västerås 1052 Vs, svedvi, nibble ring wendelring 389 Västerås 2375 Vs, tillberga, mycklinge sword slim tanged 390 Västerås 2160 h 31 b Vs, tortuna, Ekeby Pin bowl-head 391 Västerås 2160 h 31 a Vs, tortuna, Ekeby tutulus 152 i n t h e l A n d S c A P e A n d B e t W e e n Wo r l d S No Ref Context Per Year V-VI IV-V gift from Captain Casparsson VI III O 2643 stray II stray LBA stray V-VI Found with other metal objects O 2646 I IV-V IV-V IV-V gravel pit I-II 1873 Berry picking, one end stuck out of ground V 1908 IV-V I-II Bought from vagrant K.J. Öberg I 1923 V-VI stray I V-VI LBA LBA 4 B hoard 165, Arbman 1938 99f Abb 17 ditch digging. VI 1919 LBA IV-V Pasture on drained bog I 1 foot deep in boggy uncultivated ground VI V V II A PPen di x c 153

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