Curriculum Perspectives
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41297-023-00197-9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
The importance of aesthetics for curriculum and job readiness:
an exploration of student, teacher, and employer perceptions
through Appraisal Theory
Georgina Barton1
· Anh Hai Le2
Received: 14 July 2022 / Revised: 31 March 2023 / Accepted: 4 April 2023
© Crown 2023
Abstract
Aesthetics is a broad topic viewed from a number of perspectives. This paper understands aesthetics to involve beauty and
design, and it is used to communicate meaning, particularly in multimodal texts. Knowledge of aesthetics is necessary for
effective communication both during and post-schooling as many professions use aesthetics in their line of work. Yet very
little is known about when and how they are taught in schools despite their inclusion in the curriculum. Using Appraisal
Theory as a framework, this paper shares interview and focuses group data from students, teachers, and employers regarding
the teaching of aesthetics and their importance for job readiness. Findings from the research showed several themes including the recognition that aesthetics is important, the lack of explicit teaching related to aesthetics, and the implicit knowledge
of aesthetics by students, teachers, and employers. The study points to the need for aesthetic literacies to be taught more
explicitly in schools. The research is significant as it advances knowledge and understanding related to the learning and
teaching of aesthetics for job readiness.
Keywords Aesthetics · Literacy · Multimodal · Curriculum · Job readiness · Appraisal Theory
Introduction
Aesthetics is concerned with the study of beauty. In schooling contexts, aesthetics is often noted to be important when
designing and presenting objects or texts through various
modes (Barton & Le, 2022). When students create multimodal texts, that is, any artefact involving two or more
modes of communication, knowledge of aesthetics is important so that effective meaning can be made. Indeed, much
contemporary communication involves different modes
of meaning including not only language but visual image,
sound, gesture, and spatial awareness. For example, digital
platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and web browsers use all
* Georgina Barton
georgina.barton@usq.edu.au
Anh Hai Le
leah.le@griffith.edu.au
1
University of Southern Queensland, 32 Sinnathamby
Boulevard, Springfield CampusSpringfield Central,
QLD 4300, Australia
2
Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
modes to communicate with their readers/viewers. Without knowing how best to use these modes, students will be
limited in their communication with others, particularly in
professional contexts (Van den Berg & Arts, 2019). It is,
therefore, important to learn about aesthetics at school for
future job readiness (Kusumasondjaja, 2019; O’Neill, 2009).
Knowing about aesthetics for effective meaning-making
is not necessarily intrinsic, so it needs to be taught in schools
(Barton & Le, 2022). Importantly, aesthetics is in many curricula across the world, and it is expected to be taught in
a range of subject areas (Freedman, 2003) including English, the arts, humanities, and design and digital technologies (ACARA, n.d.). In Australia, a general capability of
literacy (ACARA, 2012) also discusses the need for students
to both comprehend and compose multimodal texts. Multimodal texts naturally involve aesthetics as they use artistic
features to enhance meaning.
To understand the role aesthetics plays in making meaning, students need to know about the unique literacies associated with them. Aesthetic literacies are the skills needed to
learn and talk about how aesthetics can enhance or diminish
a product’s visual appeal (van Leeuwen, 2017). Knowing
more deeply about how different modes are used to make
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Curriculum Perspectives
meaning in multimodal texts requires a literate understanding of the metalanguage associated with each mode (Barton,
2019). Further, in socially constructed literacies, students
interrogate a range of multimodal texts/artworks to identify
the artist’s/author’s intent, viewer’s/reader’s interpretation,
and a broader picture of how the text or artwork might be
constructed and analysed (Barton, 2019).
In literacy education, Appraisal Theory is often used as
an approach to understanding the diversity of texts (Martin
& White, 2005). It includes three systems of evaluation that
can be used by students when accessing texts—affect, judgement, and appreciation. Appreciation involves how we make
meaning of, assess, or evaluate aesthetic features in objects
and products (White, 2015). Using Appraisal Theory as a
framework, we interviewed students, teachers, and employers about the importance of aesthetics in school and work.
Therefore, the focused research questions for this research
were: What do students, teachers, and employers know about
aesthetics and how does this knowledge align with Appraisal
Theory? and Do students, teachers, and employers know
aesthetics feature in the curriculum and should be taught
at school?
Brief review of the literature
The importance of aesthetics in contemporary
communication and multimodal texts
Aesthetics is often a critical component of contemporary
communication (Petrovici, 2016). In fact, Brath et al.,
(2005), when exploring the role of visualisation in communication, identified the need for “aesthetic sizzle”, meaning the
inclusion of appealing elements. They argue that when there
is more knowledge about aesthetics, a communicator can
increase “a design’s appeal, intuitiveness and memorability”
(p. 1). Additionally, many scholars in literacy argue for the
need for students to expand their knowledge about different
modes of communication due to the increasing complexities and diversity of technology, populations, and communicative methods (Cope & Kalantzis, 2000; Kalantzis et al.,
2016). Further, literacy research in educational contexts has
explored the need for schools to address more effectively the
teaching of multimodal text construction (Serafini, 2015)
including the need to “read” and “write” multimodal texts
differently (Vasudevan et al., 2010; Walsh, 2006).
Aesthetics also contribute to the visual appeal of multimodal texts (van Leeuwen, 2017) and therefore the ways in
which we communicate through creative design (Reimann
& Schilke, 2011; Siefkes & Arielli, 2018). It is important
that students know how to include knowledge of aesthetics
in their compositions as it has been proven to improve their
academic results but also ways in which to communicate in
modern times (Lilliedahl, 2018; van Leeuwen, 2017).
Aesthetics in curricula
The notion of aesthetics features in many curricula across
the world. Interestingly it is included in many content areas
such as in English or language arts, the arts, and history
and geography. Aesthetics can also feature in STEM subjects as knowledge of it is often needed in relation to design.
Similarly, subjects such as film and media (often included
in the arts), fashion design, and digital technology consider
aesthetics in the creation of objects.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO) support the inclusion of aesthetic and
artistic education in schools. A project developed by UNESCO
outlined various skills, knowledge, and attitudes needed to promote aesthetics in schools. These are listed in Table 1.
Another example of aesthetics in the curriculum is the
Core Common Standards in the USA which state the importance of aesthetics by acknowledging:
an arts-literate individual recognizes the value of the
arts as a place of free expression and the importance
of observing and participating in the social, political,
spiritual, financial, and aesthetic aspects of their communities (both local and global, in person and virtually) and works to introduce the arts into those settings.
(National Coalition for Core Arts Standards, n.d., p. 17)
While these examples are largely about aesthetics in the
arts, they can feature in other subject areas such as those
Table 1 Project aims of aesthetic and artistic education in schools (UNESCO, 2015)
Skills
Knowledge
Attitudes
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• Creation of creative spaces in schools and cultural institutions
• Provision of training for teachers and other school staff in different artistic fields
• Provision of training for cultural actors
• Development of models and structures for conveying arts and culture in schools and cultural institutions
• Development of a multifaceted and tailor-made range of offers for cultural education and artistic projects
• Development of long-term cooperation projects with local cultural institutions/artists
• Promotion of systematic class activities in arts education
• Development of the ability to appreciate and appraise works in the visual arts, music, dance, and drama
Curriculum Perspectives
mentioned above. An example is the Australian curriculum,
where students in English are required to discuss the aesthetic appeal of a range of texts. Students are also expected
to learn about aesthetics in geography where questions are
posed about “aesthetic, cultural and spiritual value of landscapes and landforms for people” and in Design and Digital
Technologies where students undertake “functional, structural and aesthetic analyses of benefits and constraints of
design ideas” (ACARA, n.d.). Aesthetics is also studied in
all subject areas in the arts as students learn how to convey
meaning through aesthetic effect. Table 2 shows specific
learning objectives for some of these subject areas.
Further, the Australian Curriculum’s General Capabilities of literacy, personal and social capabilities, creative and
critical thinking, and ethical understanding (ACARA, 2012)
align with the many benefits of learning aesthetics. Despite
the inclusion of the need to learn about aesthetics in the curriculum, there is very little known about whether they are
indeed taught in schools. This paper has therefore sought to
know when, where, and how aesthetics might be taught. We
now turn to the theoretical framing of the research.
Theoretical framing
Given aesthetics involves knowledge about how to present
something to be pleasing to the eye, students need in-depth
understanding of how to manipulate different elements. To
do so, an understanding of how to appraise objects or texts
is necessary. Scholarly work in the field of semiotics has
addressed how students might provide detailed analyses of
such texts (White, 2015). White’s work further explains such
appreciation through the concept of Appraisal Theory.
Appraisal Theory is a framework that allows students to
analyse texts through the identification of emotions, ethical judgements, and/or aesthetic features. Stemming from
social semiotics, Appraisal Theory includes a sub-system
of attitude that includes three semantic dimensions of affect
(emotions), judgement (ethics), and appreciation (aesthetics) (Martin & White, 2005). Appreciation involves students
reacting to, and evaluating, the impact and quality of objects
or texts by commenting on the composition, balance, and
complexity of a work. While both affect and judgement also
involve an understanding of aesthetics, for this paper, we
focus on appreciation given it is solely regarding aesthetics.
Table 3 shows that appreciation involves reaction, composition, and valuation, assisting students with prompt questions
for discussing how an object and/or text might look and if
the meaning being intended is effective.
In many ways, appreciation aligns with art criticism
where students, first, describe an artwork (reaction) using
sub-categories of appearance and, second, analyse it (composition) such as colour, shape, and line and interpret and
judge a work (valuation) including what feeling is evoked. In
the education field, more notably in schools, literacy education (most often taught through language English) and arts
education are often at odds with one another. Many scholars have witnessed the disintegration of the arts in preference to literacy (Barton, 2019; Ewing, 2010), yet there are
many synergies that we are trying to represent in this paper.
Table 2 Learning objectives in the Australian curriculum regarding aesthetics
Year level/s and subject area
Learning objective
Years 6–10 Dance
Aesthetic, artistic, and cultural understanding of dance in past and contemporary contexts as choreographers, performers, and audiences
Year 3–4 Design and digital technologies
• Undertaking functional, structural, and aesthetic analyses of benefits and constraints of design
ideas, for example, to different communities and environments including those from the countries
of Asia
Years 9–10 Drama
Evaluate how the elements of drama, forms, and performance styles in devised and scripted drama
convey meaning and aesthetic effect
Year 7–10 Earth and environmental science Ecosystems provide a range of renewable resources, including provisioning services (for example,
food, water, pharmaceuticals), regulating services (for example, carbon sequestration, climate
control), supporting services (for example, soil formation, nutrient and water cycling, air and
water purification), and cultural services (for example, aesthetics, knowledge systems)
Year 3 English
They listen to, read, view, and interpret spoken, written, and multimodal texts in which the primary
purpose is aesthetic, as well as texts designed to inform and persuade
Year 9 English
Building a knowledge base about words of evaluation, including words to express emotional
responses to texts, judgement of characters and their actions, and appreciation of the aesthetic
qualities of text
Year 7 Geography
Spiritual, aesthetic, and cultural value of landscapes and landforms for people, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
Years 3–10 Visual Arts
Adapt ideas, representations, and practices from selected artists and use them to inform their own
personal aesthetic when producing a series of artworks that are conceptually linked and present
their series to an audience
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Curriculum Perspectives
Table 3 Appreciation (Martin
& White, 2005)
Appreciation Appreciation type Reaction
Composition
Reaction type
Impact
Arresting, captivating, engaging
Did it grab me?
Composition type Balance
Balanced, harmonious, unified
Did it hang together?
Complexity
Simple, pure, elegant
Was it hard to follow?
Valuation
penetrating, profound, innovative
Was it worthwhile?
Appraisal has often been applied in educational contexts
(see Mills & Unsworth’s, 2018 work for example), although
there remains an issue with students not necessarily having
the required metalanguage to describe their appreciation of
objects, texts, artworks, etc. We believe that the theory of
aesthetics through an arts lens can assist students in learning
more about appreciation.
According to White (2015):
Values of appreciation may focus on the compositional
qualities of the evaluated entity - how well-formed it
is. For example - harmonious, symmetrical, balanced,
convoluted or they may focus on the aesthetically
related reaction with which the entity is associated.
that is, the appreciation is formulated in terms of the
entity’s aesthetic impact - for example, arresting, captivating, boring, dreary, beautiful, lovely etc. (p. 2-3)
Further, appreciation has either positive or negative status, for example, harmonious versus discordant and beautiful
versus ugly. It can also be located on the cline of low to high
force/intensity, for example, pretty, beautiful, and exquisite.
An appreciation assessment can also include other systems
of cultural and social value (White, 2015), so it is important that teachers recognise cultural nuances when discussing appreciation. As students in classrooms are expected to
compose multimodal texts, it is critical that they know how
to appreciate them, that is, how well parts of an object fit
together. Students must know how to judge and then create
well-presented assessment that displays an understanding
of aesthetics such as in the English curriculum which states
students need to know about “the dynamic nature of literary interpretation…their literary conventions and aesthetic
appeal” (ACARA, n.d.).
The ability to make judgement or appreciation assessment
using multimodal texts is apparently subject to aesthetic
experience. To add another nuance to the term aesthetic
experience, Baumgarten (1961) challenged common sense
notions that aesthetics refers only to judgement or evaluation
of an art object that aesthetics is not simply an evaluation of
beauty or how pleasing something might be to the eye or the
13
palate; instead, aesthetic experience is akin to the relational
qualities of an experience or flow experience. Relational
qualities are those voluntary and involuntary connections
among the person, the context, and the activity.
Thus, Augustine & Zoss (2006) theorised aesthetic flow
experiences as having qualities of flow, pause, emotional
intensity, and meaningful relationships. With this conception, they believe that a book, a painting, a building, a landscape, or an activity could provide relationships that become
aesthetic flow experiences (Augustine & Zoss, 2006). This
belief lends itself to visual cultures in which we regularly
experience and react to images as part of a plethora of other
written, spoken, and electronic texts, while we work, study,
or play (Callow, 2005). Visual images form an integral
part of the new literacy discussions, where students need
to read/view, critique, and create a variety of visual texts,
from single still images in a picture book to multimodal
web pages and the moving images of television and film
(Semali, 2001). To this end, Callow (2005) proposed a
model to analyse students’ responses to appraising artworks
and pictures of natural and non-natural settings. The three
dimensions of viewing in Callow’s (2005) model comprise
the affective, the compositional, and critical. The affective
dimension explores an individual’s part in interrelating with
images, that is, their initial and sensual response to visual
objects. Compositional dimensions relate to how images are
designed incorporating semiotic, structural, and contextual
aspects. It includes how different elements in an image, for
example, are situated in making meaning for the viewer. Aesthetics is about how artistic features are presented. Finally,
a critical dimension values an approach whereby students
question particular discourses and/or ideologies that may or
may not be privileged in an image. Callow (2005) suggests
that “by promoting a critical analysis of how images might
position all types of viewers, this aspect also explicitly supports a socially just and equitable approach to understanding images” (p. 13). By integrating these dimensions, the
study sought to bring together powerful but different aspects
of aesthetic literacy learning and practice to create a more
Curriculum Perspectives
robust understanding of how students expressed their aesthetic experience using multimodal texts.
In this project, we are interested in finding examples of
these kinds of flow experiences in the lives of our students,
teachers, and employers outside of school and their professions as well as their experiences in school, classrooms, and
professional contexts. By engaging with students, teachers,
and employers in conversations about aesthetic flow experiences in interviews, how they appraised these experiences
can be investigated. Our research design is grounded in
Augustine & Zoss’ (2006) theorisation and Callow’s (2005)
model as described in the following section.
Research design
Methodology and methods
As a qualitative research project, this study sought to understand a range of stakeholders’ perspectives on aesthetics in
school and work. Specifically, it aimed to uncover how much
students, teachers, and employers knew about the importance of aesthetics when composing multimodal texts. As
such, interviews and/or focus groups were carried out with
upper primary-aged students (n = 30), teachers (n = 7), and
a range of adults working in various industries identified as
having aesthetics play an important role in the workforce
(n = 5) (see below for more details on interview protocols
and participants).
Interview protocols
The interviews/focus groups were divided into three sections.
The first set of questions focused on participants’ definitions
of aesthetics (i.e. beauty, ugliness) and personal aesthetic preferences. This set of questions was developed in response to the
key question defining and naming aesthetic flow experience
(Augustine & Zoss, 2006). The second part of the interview
examines participants’ viewing of artistic and non-artistic
objects, using Appraisal Theory and Callow’s (2005) model.
The third set of questions sought participants’ knowledge or
awareness of aesthetic-related learning in the curriculum. That
is, whether they knew aesthetics featured in the curriculum
and hence if aesthetic literacies were taught in schools.
subjects. Five interviews were conducted with various industry and community partners where aesthetics plays a crucial role in the workplace. This resulted in interviews with
a chef, a graphic designer, a landscape gardener, a marine
biologist, and a sheet metal worker.
Data analysis
Six-phase thematic analysis, using a hybrid approach of
inductive and deductive analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006),
was conducted. That is, a combination of “theory-driven”/
“analyst-driven” and “data-driven” approaches were
adopted. The deductive analysis involved producing codes
relative to a pre-specified conceptual framework or codebook (i.e. Appraisal Theory), whereas the inductive was
based on producing codes solely reflective of the content
of the data. The coding process was performed using two
coding cycles.
The interview data were analysed using the process of
two coding cycles. The first cycle coding (Huberman et al.,
2014) used a descriptive coding method (Saldaña, 2015) in
which labels were assigned to data summarised in a word
or phrase. The first cycle coding process resulted in the
development of 179 initial codes. In the second cycle coding (Huberman et al., 2014), pattern codes were generated
by grouping similar codes identified in the first stage, and
the frequencies of the emergence of each code were noted.
These pattern codes are labelled “themes” in this article.
Once the themes were identified, we then discussed them
in relation to Appraisal Theory, in particular appreciation, as
it explores the notion of aesthetics. This shows how teachers
might be able to use the prompt questions and the metalanguage associated with each mode of meaning (see Appendix
Table 7).
Findings and discussion
The findings from this part of the study showed a number of
themes including the recognition that aesthetic literacies are
important, the lack of explicit teaching related to aesthetics,
and the implicit knowledge of aesthetics by students, teachers, and employers.
Implicit knowledge of the respondents
Participants
Focus groups (n = 5) were conducted with year 5 and year
6 students and individual interviews with schoolteachers
(n = 7) and industry employers (n = 5). Six students were
interviewed in each focus group, resulting in 30 student
informants. Seven interviews were conducted with teachers of various subjects, including arts, English, and STEM
The interview data were deductively analysed to identify
specific mentions of aesthetic features as outlined in the
sub-category of appreciation in Appraisal Theory (Martin
& White, 2005). As noted, Appraisal Theory includes a subsystem of attitude that includes three semantic dimensions
of affect (emotions), judgement (ethics), and appreciation
(aesthetics) (Martin & White, 2005). Attitude is the essence
13
Curriculum Perspectives
of emotion the appraiser conveys about the object. In the
emotional region, affective sentences are used to express
the appraiser’s emotion. The ethical region involves the use
of judgemental statements to evaluate an artistic object,
whereas appreciative sentences used for non-artistic objects
(i.e. natural forms/settings). In this project, we are also
interested in aesthetic experiences and personal aesthetic
preferences of the participants outside of school and their
professions and how these might shape their instances of
appraisal. As such, a categorisation of utterances, extracted
from student focus groups (n = 374), teacher (n = 135), and
employer (n = 108) interviews, was performed. These utterances are related to themes of “Appraisal” and “Views of
beauty/ugliness” in which the former deductively emerged
from using Appraisal Theory as a framework for appraisal
analysis of multimodal texts in the presence of an object of
appraisal, the latter inductively from participants’ definitions
of aesthetics in terms of beauty or ugliness independently
from the presence of an object of appraisal. Table 4 presents
the results of this analysis.
Appreciation involves students reacting to, and evaluating, the impact and quality of objects or texts by commenting on the composition, balance, and complexity of
the work. Appreciative appraisal can be expressed as the
appraiser’s reaction to the object. This reaction can be about
the impact of the object on the appraiser or its quality including the degree to which the viewer thinks the object is beautiful or ugly. In addition to reaction, the appraiser might also
focus on the composition of the object (including colour),
which may address the balance of the object or its complexity (impacting on feeling). Finally, the appraiser can talk
about the valuation of the object such as how worthwhile
it is to them as an individual. As such, the sub-themes of
attitude can simultaneously occur with the sub-themes listed
Table 4 Themes and frequency
counts of sub-themes emerged
from student focus groups,
teacher, and employer
interviews
Comparing views of school students,
teachers, and employers
To understand further the category derived from inductive
analysis (i.e. category “Views of beauty/ugliness and its subcategories”), thus, aesthetic experiences and preferences, a
comparison of perspectives of the three informant groups
was considered. In fact, they expressed similar views of
beauty/ugliness. Like student informants, as indicated in
Table 4, beauty or ugliness was defined by other informant
groups (i.e. teachers and employers) to be (i) based on preferences (e.g. hobbies), (ii) appearance or look of an object
or person (e.g. design, physical look), (iii) personality, (iv)
colour, or (v) feeling (i.e. the vibe). Different from students,
the adult groups also viewed aesthetics in terms of their
occupational focus. Table 6 illustrates the occupation-related
view of aesthetics with representative quotes from teachers
and employer informants.
Explicit learning and teaching of aesthetics
Apparently, the employers indicated a limited understanding of teaching and learning aesthetics in school. It
depends on specific jobs; it appeared that aesthetics came
to them from the post-school level. Some of them recalled
their experience with aesthetics in school:
Utterances
Student
(n = 374)
Teacher
(n = 135)
Employer
(n = 108)
Themes
Sub-themes
N
%
N
%
N
%
Appraisal
Judgement
Appreciation
Aesthetic experience
Affection
Preference (i.e. subjective)
91
47
36
30
76
24.3
12.6
9.6
8.0
20.3
20
25
7
4
22
14.8
18.5
5.2
3.0
16.3
17
18
2
2
10
15.7
16.7
1.9
1.9
9.3
Appearance/look (person/object)
Personality
Colour
Feeling
Occupation-related
36
22
20
16
n/a
9.6
5.9
5.3
4.3
13
11
7
23
3
9.6
8.1
5.2
17.0
2.2
10
4
6
9
30
9.3
3.7
5.6
8.3
27.8
Views of beauty/
ugliness
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under beauty-ugliness. They have been listed separately in
the above table, however, as they often feature distinct theoretical frames. Some examples (i.e. representative quotes)
in Table 5 illustrate the students’ appreciation of aesthetic
objects presented to them in the interviews. That is, they
reacted to and commented on these aesthetic objects.
Curriculum Perspectives
Table 5 Representative quotes aligned with the theme: implicit knowledge
Representative quotes
Appreciation/views
Sometimes I think it’s not about the actual artwork. It’s about the story
that the artist sees it. It’s how the actual back story is of that piece
I think they’re trying to give like where this place is. Kind of like a
Western desert thing. In old-fashioned style
Maybe the artist was a bit lonely because there’s only one of them, but
there also shadows of itself, making imaginary friends
Commenting on the impact of the meaning behind the artwork (it’s
about the story) (valuation, feeling)
Exploring how the artwork is composed (old-fashioned style) (composition, appearance)
Commenting on the complexity of the work including interpersonal
meaning (a bit lonely, shadows of itself) (reaction, composition,
appearance and feeling)
Reacting to and evaluating the complexity of the object (It’s aesthetically pleasing/relaxing) (valuation, preference and feeling)
The rainforest appeals to me. It’s very aesthetically pleasing to look at
and it’s quite relaxing to look at because you are kind of transported
to that scene. The smells and the aromas and the birds chirping
It’s interesting and different. It’s like the way that the person’s drawn
the perspective and everything, you can see two other people I think
over there and then one person going like that. And the shape of the
head’s quite interesting, and the body proportions
Yes, bike seat. Especially the way the photo is taken, it’s on kind of an
angle so you can see one of the shadow’s bigger, like it’s bigger than
the actual object. And the other one’s cut off
Well, I think one of the biggest problems they’ve
done is actually, that they’ve kind of slowed down
teaching aesthetics in some areas of the curriculum.
In relation to, I don’t think it pictures out anymore,
as in the paintings and the drawings and stuff. But
then, they’ve kind of grouped it together in relation
to music and dance. But some kids will relate to one
part of it, but they’re forced to do all, which I think
makes them shut down a little bit, instead of appreciating what it actually is. And I think it would get
back to teaching it properly. I do believe it’s going to
help with mental health for me too. (Chef)
We didn’t really go into much of the design aspects
and things like that. It was more about just painting
and which do involve the basic concepts for design,
but not so much. (Graphic designer)
No, I would have thought though that it would have
had something to do... I mean, I haven’t been in
school for a while, but one thing that I had to do in
one of my classes was to design a house. And obviously that had to be aesthetically pleasing to look at
as well, as part of it. (Marine biologist)
Many of the students reported that aesthetics was not
explicitly taught in subjects other than art-related ones or
English:
They’ve never taught us like, ‘Oh, aesthetics is in
the curriculum.’ They just go, ‘Make sure it looks
pretty.’ (Grade 6 student)
The teachers don’t tell us make it... do it like your best
job, because all they told us was like, ‘Do it. You’re
being assessed on it. Make sure it looks pretty.’ That’s
all they tell us in art and stuff like that. (Grade 5 student)
Reacting to and evaluating the composition (the shape is quite interesting) (reaction, valuation, appearance)
Exploring how the artwork is composed (the shadow is bigger than the
other object) (composition, appearance)
Yeah, some... In art and English maybe. In stuff that
we’re making posters and we could definitely get better
marks in it. (Grade 6 student)
Sometimes when we’re doing a fact file or a fact sheet,
we talk about putting the picture here. It would look better. Having a picture near something is very pleasing to
one’s eyes. Yeah, but it’s not the main focus of something. (Grade 5 student)
Even some of the teachers were not aware of the inclusion
of aesthetics in science-related subjects:
I don’t teach beauty in Maths in Science I teach facts.
No, I was not aware we don’t look at other areas.
I didn’t know it was in history, geography and science!
Yes in Art but you could look at many areas of the curriculum but I am unsure as to how it fits in the curriculum.
I now realise that aesthetics is incredibly important when
my students are creating multimodal texts. I know I need
to teach this better so the presentation of their work is
more effective.
Conclusion and implications for future
research
Throughout this paper, we argued that learning and teaching
related to aesthetic literacies are important for students’ schoolwork, particularly in regard to multimodal text composition. It
has also been shown that knowledge about aesthetic literacies
is important for students’ job readiness. As such, interviews
with teachers and employers and focus groups with students
have shown that respondents know that aesthetic literacies are
13
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Table 6 Teacher and employer views of aesthetics
Informant
Teacher
Representative quotes
Describing classroom environment (aesthetically pleasing resources, classroom
bright and engaging) (composition, appearance)
Importance of aesthetically pleasing plates to make people happy (it’s like making a
painting) (composition, appearance, colour and feeling)
Explaining intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for design (what’s it going to look like,
I feel really comfortable here) (reaction, evaluation, feeling)
Explaining the importance of sustaining beauty in natural landscape (you work hard
to protect that beauty) (composition, colour, appearance)
Explaining how to design something (make sure it all looks neat and tidy, it should
all just go bang) (composition, preference, appearance)
Explaining how to design something (whether it will fit, personal preference) (composition, appearance)
Curriculum Perspectives
As I am a teacher nearly everything I do professionally is about aesthetics. I am
always making resources that are engaging for students. I used to love making
posters for the walls. Now most things are digital, however my classrooms are
always bright and engaging. (with blank spaces for those who don’t cope with
that)
Chef
Giving people food, because food makes people happy so you see their reaction.
But when you’re actually putting it on a plate, it’s kind of like making a painting,
because you’re looking for heights, colours, textures, shapes. All those types of
things working together to create an experience
Landscaper
I get pleasure from it myself. I like to make something beautiful and attractive, and I
like to get… I like for people to think, “Wow, that looks nice. I feel really comfortable here. you’ve made a lovely spot for me there.” And because you’ve got to kind
of think ahead, so things are evolving as well. You’re not just thinking, “What’s it
going to look like?” Well, you are. What’s it going to look like when we finished
this? But we’re planning for something that’s going to be here for 20, 30 years, so
that tree’s going to be this big and it’s going to shade that
Marine biologist
And then if you go to somewhere else where you rely on it for the economy, like the
Great Barrier Reef, you want it to still look beautiful. So you work hard to protect
that beauty, while still giving back. So yes, you want to make sure that you’ve got
our pretty corals there, you’ve got all your different fish, your ornamental fish, and
your reef fish, and your sharks, and all that sort of thing. So you make sure that’s
there, but if you say go off to somewhere in a Marine Protected Area, where you
don’t get people coming in, you shift focus. Your brown corals are still beautiful
Graphic designer
Most probably when you’re putting it together and completing it. Make sure it’s
all… looks all neat, tidy, and supposed to look the way it was designed to look. I
think simply because if the designer and you manufactured it and when you put it
together, it should all just go bang and you haven’t got to think about it
Sheet metal worker The design and the look of it. Yeah. Well, that would’ve been style, the shape,
whether it’ll fit into where you want it to go, and your personal preference,
whether you liked it or not
Appreciation/views
Curriculum Perspectives
important, but they are all in agreement that they are not taught
explicitly in schools. Without knowledge of aesthetic literacies, students are at risk of not effectively communicating ideas
through multimodal means. Further, as it has been shown from
this study, given aesthetics is not taught explicitly in schools, the
curriculum is not being honoured as aesthetics features in many
subject areas. For teachers, one way to know more about teaching aesthetic literacies is knowing more about Appraisal Theory,
as it explores the notion of appreciation (Martin & White, 2005).
Further, our research showed that all participants had
intrinsic knowledge of aesthetics because of their personal
and/or professional engagement in communication. The
students, for example, knew that aesthetics mattered in
their multimodal school assessment, but they also noted
they were not taught how to best include aesthetics in their
work. They also knew about the importance of aesthetics
and moreover aesthetic experiences when interacting with
others. The teachers also noted the importance of knowing
about aesthetics for schoolwork but admitted not knowing
how to teach aesthetics specifically, and the employers all
agreed aesthetics played an important role in their work.
In answering the research questions for this research:
What do students, teachers, and employers know about
aesthetics and how does this knowledge align with
Appraisal Theory? and Do students, teachers, and employers know aesthetics feature in the curriculum and should
be taught at school?, we found that teachers, students,
and employers do know about aesthetics, but their ability to talk about it is limited as more explicit teaching
is required. The participants’ knowledge of aesthetics
was therefore limited to the language they were able to
use when discussing it. While we could locate the subcategories of Appraisal in this discourse (i.e. reaction,
composition, and evaluation), the extent to which the participants could explain these classifications deeply was
restricted. We, therefore, argue that if Appraisal were
made more explicit in classroom conditions, then both
students and employees would have improved metalanguage to describe, analyse, and evaluate objects, texts,
and artworks related to their employment.
In answering question 2, we also found that they did
not know aesthetics was in the curriculum but recognised
the importance of knowing about aesthetics for future
work. It was interesting to find that both students’ and
employees’ knowledge about aesthetics and the importance of aesthetics in different professions was present in
the data but in more implicit ways. For example, many
of the adult respondents acknowledged the important role
that aesthetics played in their daily lives in work, while the
students were able to engage with selected images using
an aesthetic frame of mind. Again, with deeper and more
explicit knowledge about aesthetics through an Appraisal
framework alongside arts criticism, both students and
employees could improve their understanding.
If schools can support professional development related to
teaching aesthetic literacies, then students will be better placed
to create effective multimodal texts, improve their abilities in
diverse communication, and hence be job-ready given the
prevalence of aesthetics in many professions. While Appraisal
Theory is just one way to improve the teaching of aesthetic
literacies, the notion of Aesthetics Education could also help
students to better communicate by understanding how to judge
and evaluate aesthetics in various forms of media.
The work reported has not been previously published and
is not being considered for publication in other venues. We,
the authors, will not allow the manuscript to be so considered before notification in writing of an editorial decision by
Written Communication.
Appendix
Please see Table 7.
Table 7 Metalanguage associated with each mode of meaning
Mode
Examples of elements or codes
Aurality and sound
• Articulation
• Dynamics
• Pitch and harmony
• Rhythm
• Tempo
• Texture
• Timbre
• Tone
• Action
• Contact
• Expression
• Gaze and posture
• Line of action/direction
• Orientation
• Proximity
• Weight
• Arrangement
• Balance
• Direction
• Distance
• Framing
• Position
• Proximity
• Salience
• Camera angle
• Colour
• Framing
• Layout
• Lighting
• Line
• Shape
• Tone and texture
Gesture
Spatial
Visual
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Curriculum Perspectives
Funding Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and
its Member Institutions
Data availability Data is not available publicly due to ethics protocols.
Declarations
Ethical approval All data collected from human subjects has been collected in accordance with the standards and guidelines of the human
subjects review board (or equivalent body) at the author’s or authors’
home institution. All ethical procedures have been followed.
Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source,
provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes
were made. The images or other third party material in this article are
included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated
otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in
the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not
permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will
need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a
copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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