Tepe E., 2012.Zooarchaeological analysis of materials from cisterns STR 1/96-97 and HA/NEH S.16.3 in Nea Paphos,Cyprus

Title: Zooarchaeological analysis of material from cisterns STR 1/96–97 and HA/NEH 2.16.3 in Nea Paphos Author(s): Ewelina Tepe Journal: Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 21 (Research 2009) Year: 2012 Pages: 677-689 ISSN 1234–5415 (Print), ISSN 2083–537X (Online) ISBN 978–83–235–1144–1 Publishers: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw (PCMA UW), Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (WUW) www.pcma.uw.edu.pl – www.wuw.pl ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL FROM CISTERNS STR 1/96-97 AND HA /NEH S.16.3 IN NEA PAPHOS Ewelina Tepe PCMA Associate Abstract: The article is a zooarchaeological analysis of the assemblages from two cisterns discovered at the Nea Paphos archaeological site in Cyprus. The first of the cisterns was excavated by a Polish mission in 1996–1997, the other in 2008. Both contained well preserved animal remains: 1552 in Cistern STR 1/96-97 and 822 in HA /NEH S.16.3. The assemblages included both domesticated and wild mammals. In the first cistern, dated to the Hellenic period, wild mammals were represented by 99 bones, most of these belonging to the least weasel (Mustela nivalis vulgaris). The same situation was encountered in the other cistern, which was dated to the Early Roman period. The case of domesticated mammals was different. Sheep/goat bones predominated in the material from cistern STR 1/96-97 (60.04%), while pig remains were definitely the most common among domesticated animals from the HA /NEH S.16.3 cistern (66.67%). Further analysis demonstrated the presence in the material of bird and fish bones, as well as remains of sea urchins, marine and terrestrial mollusks and corals. Keywords: zooarchaeology, Nea Paphos, cistern, animal remains, mollusks, Hellenic period, Early Roman, Late Roman Zooarchaeological analysis of material from cisterns in nea paphos cyprUs ZOOarchaeOLOgIcaL aNaLysIs OF MaterIaL FrOM cIsterNs str 1/96-97 aNd ha/Neh s.16.3 IN Nea PaPhOs ewelina tepe pcma associate abstract: he article is a zooarchaeological analysis of the assemblages from two cisterns discovered at the nea paphos archaeological site in cyprus. he irst of the cisterns was excavated by a polish mission in 1996–1997, the other in 2008. Both contained well preserved animal remains: 1552 in cistern str1/96-97 and 822 in ha/neh s.16.3. he assemblages included both domesticated and wild mammals. in the irst cistern, dated to the hellenic period, wild mammals were represented by 99 bones, most of these belonging to the least weasel (Mustela nivalis vulgaris). he same situation was encountered in the other cistern, which was dated to the early roman period. he case of domesticated mammals was diferent. sheep/goat bones predominated in the material from cistern str1/96-97 (60.04%), while pig remains were deinitely the most common among domesticated animals from the ha/neh s.16.3 cistern (66.67%). further analysis demonstrated the presence in the material of bird and ish bones, as well as remains of sea urchins, marine and terrestrial mollusks and corals. Keywords: zooarchaeology, nea paphos, cistern, animal remains, mollusks, hellenic period, early roman, late roman in the 1996–1997 ield campaign of the polish archaeological mission in nea paphos testing in the southwestern corner of insula 9a’, that is, the intersection of latitudinal street 9 and longitudinal street a’, situated to the south of the Villa of heseus, uncovered a cistern (str1/96-97). he installation belonged to a hellenistic–early roman house known only from small exploratory pits i and iV excavated in 1965 (młynarczyk 1990: 171, figs 20, 21; lichocka 1992: fig. 6 [młynarczyk 1990: fig. 20, direc- tion corrected]), a narrow trench along the southern and eastern elevation of the Villa of heseus (młynarczyk 1990: 173–174, papuci-Władyka 1995: 174– 176, fig. 8). he cistern was located under room 66 (papuci-Władyka 1998; papuci-Władyka 1995: 180–182) and appears to have been illed in two stages: the chamber in the second half of the 1st century Bc (daszewski 1997: 118–120; papuci-Władyka 1998) and the upper part of the shat later, having irst been used in the times of the roman emperor 677 pam 21, research 2009 ewelina tepe cyprUs augustus as a bin for a pot with an eastern sigillata a dish, hayes form 29, acting as a lid. he ill produced large quantities of potsherds, stamped amphora handles and lamps, as well as a number of coins (latest of cleopatra Vii) and other small inds. mendable vessels included a substantial number of cooking pots and one misired example, which according to the excavators suggests that the lower layers of the ill in the chamber consisted of debris of domestic origin, relocated from another rubbish dump (papuci-Władyka 1998: 135). sieving with a 0.8 cm mesh recovered multiple faunal remains: mammals, birds, ish bones (to be analyzed separately), as well as remains of sea urchins, and marine and terrestrial mollusks. another cistern (ha/neh s.16.3) was discovered in 2008 during the exploration of the northeastern house, a building underlying in part later house of aion, situated to the east of the Villa of heseus. a masonry stylobate from an earlier building with incorporated wellhead was found at the eastern end of room 36. his narrow bottleshaped installation was 6.45 m deep, he ill included diverse pottery as well as stamped amphora handles, lamps, glass vessels, all of which set a tentative date for the facility from the end of the 1st century ad through the early second half of the 2nd century ad (meyza forthcoming). animal remains from the ill included mammals, birds, ish (to be analyzed separately), marine and terrestrial mollusks, as well as corals. earlier Zooarchaeological research in cyprUs few analyses of archaeological faunal remains from cyprus have been made for the relevant periods, hence the set for comparative research is limited. available publications have supplied data for domesticated and wild mammals, birds, ishes and also mollusks. p. columeau’s examination of animal remains from the sanctuary of aphrodite in amathus on the southern coast of cyprus revealed the presence of domestic animals such as ox, sheep and goat. here were no inds of pig remains. according to the measurements of bovine bones, their height increased in the course of the pre-christian periods (columeau 1996). analyzing faunal remains from same site, columeau (2006) reported the presence of cattle, pig, goat, sheep, dog, partridge, various mollusks and ish remains. despite the fact that these bones date to the archaic period, there are many similarities in the species types compared to the paphos cisterns. he remains from amathus consisted foremost of domesticated species: cattle, sheep/goat (ruminants in general) and pig, as well as some pigeon. over 70% of the bones from the cave belonged to cattle. he next most commonly represented species was sheep/ goat. he species structure was the same for the post-archaic period, there being a variation in numbers with 80% of the bones belonging to cattle and almost 20% to sheep/goat. here were also remains of horse, donkey and sheep, as well as of birds. Bones of wild animals like deer, roe deer, hare, rabbit were also found on the site, demonstrating the faunal variety on the island during these times. 678 pam 21, research 2009 Zooarchaeological analysis of material from cisterns in nea paphos cyprUs hellenistic material from KitionBamboula iV, analyzed by J. deese, was not extensive (just 110 bones), but it showed that the most common species on the site were cattle and sheep/goat. here were also some pig bones, as well as remains of Equidae and mustelidae, rabbit, ish and birds (deese 1993). only caprine and bird bones were found in the hellenistic tomb of pegeia and they seem to have been brought there as part of funerary rites. caprine species were represented by sheep and goat, birds by chicken bones and eggshells exclusively. here were few, if any, marks of burning or butchering, which could indicate according to the excavator that the meat had been brought to the tomb cooked. he birds were small (according to the bone measurements) and all appeared to be female (hen). he sheep and goat were represented by young and very young individuals (average age up to two years and plenty of lambs aged only a few months) (crot 2002). a mule skeleton found in Kourion in 198 proved to have been a victim of the earthquake in ad 365. marks of an iron chain were found on the animal’s bones, indicating that it had been unable to escape. according to l.J. pierce (1986), the mule was between 6 and 8 years old. marine and fresh-water shells from the village of Kalavassos Kopetra (Vasilikos Valley) were found to represent 23 diferent species of mollusks: mytilus, Murex trunculus, Dentalium dentalis, Turitella communis, and many more, and 20 bivalve fresh-water shells mostly from the genus Unio, which comes from the large family of Unionidae. according to author some of these could have been eaten (e.g., genus Mytilus), while others could have been collected at the beach for the purpose of making ornaments as they had holes pierced in the shells (reese 2003). material and methods and anatomical analyses were made and wherever the exact species cold not be ascertained, the remains were assigned to family for mammals and mollusks and to order for birds. anatomical distribution was analyzed for three mammal species (986 pieces) from cistern str 1/96-97; the rest of the animal species from this cistern and the bones from cistern ha/ neh s.16.3 were not numerous enough to study anatomical distribution. animal age was determined based on fusion of bone epiphysis and diaphysis (Kolda 1936) and dentition (lutnicki 1972). sex was animal remains from both cisterns were well preserved and the two batches were examined separately. archaezoological analyses were carried out on 1552 remains from cistern str1/96-97 and 822 remains from cistern ha/neh s.16.3. comparative techniques were applied (Krysiak, Kobryń, Kobryńczuk 2004) and the remains identiied with regard to anatomy and taxonomy. he bird bones from both batches were analyzed by teresa tomek from the institute of systematics and evolution of animals, polish academy of sciences in Kraków (poland).1 Zoological 1 i would like to acknowledge my gratitude to assoc. prof. teresa tomek for her support. 679 pam 21, research 2009 ewelina tepe cyprUs speciied for respectively four and one species of mammals from the cisterns str 1/96-97 and ha/neh s.16.3 by using features of sexual dimorphism as described by a. lasota-moskalewska (2008) and measurements of the skull’s condylobasal length (pucek 1984). for birds, sex was speciied on the basis of features appearing on the bones and their fragments. Bones of sheep and goat were distinguished only in material from cistern str 1/96–97 on the basis of horn core shape (schramm 1967) and for the most part could not be identiied more precisely for lack of speciically diagnostic features. osteometric examination of the bones and measurement of their fragments was made consistent with the method given by von den driesch (1976). Withers height was counted only for pig using coeicients worked out by teirecht (1966–1969, cited ater von den driesch and Boessneck 1974). marks on the bones were interpreted using methods described by lasota-moskalewska (2008). detailed morphology could not be established for all animals owing to the poor condition of the bones. terrestrial mollusk species were determined by comparison with common currently occurring species on the island. a similar procedure was applied to marine mollusks (orr 2000), sea-urchins and corals. cistern str 1/96–97 remains analyzed anatomically and zoologically counted 1331 of 1552 remains, that is, 85.76% [Table 1]. mammals accounted for 1140 remains; of this 90.32% belonged to domesticated species and 8.68% to wild mammals. Bird remnants numbered 132 bones, that is, 9.92% of the examined material. participation of all mollusks was 3.98%, while sea urchins under 1%. sheep/goat was predominant among domestic mammals (60.04%). he distinction between species was made by examining preserved horn core and sacrum bone fragments. sheep remains were found to exceed twice the number of goat remains. he share of pig stood at 34.68%, while cattle was ten times less at 3.46% [Table 2]. Under 1% of determined remains belonged to dog, cat, donkey, and representative(s) of the equid family. Wild mammals were represented by 99 bones. most belonged to the least weasel Mustela nivalis vulgaris (32.33%), followed by mouse Mus musculus and hare. remains of other species were also distinguished: black rat Rattus rattus rugivorus (9.09%), cypriot spiny mouse Acomys nesiotes (7.07%) and long-eared hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus (2.02%). micro mammals included remains that the author was unable to identify to species (5.05%). single cases of a mole Talpa europaea and shrew Sorex occurred as well [Table 3]. he lack of comparative material did not permit anything beyond a general attribution to the soricidae family. Bird bones were represented by 145 remnants (9.92% of the assemblage) and of these 132 bones were submitted to zoological identiication. several eggshell fragments were collected, but were not included in the analysis. altogether three species of birds and seven bird families were discerned. signiicant parts of bird bones were identiied in the collected 680 pam 21, research 2009 Zooarchaeological analysis of material from cisterns in nea paphos cyprUs material. chicken was extremely common (59.85%), followed in frequency by island chukar Alectoris chukar cypriotes (23.48%). he galliformes family appeared to be quite numerous (9.09%), followed by emberizidae (2.27%) and anatidae (1.51%). he remaining bird orders/ families: owls, ciconiidae, columbidae, charadriidae, were represented by fewer bones (less than 1% each). he remains of common quail Coturnix coturnix also presented less than 1% [Table 4]. he number of all mollusk shells was 53, which constituted 3.98% of all the examined remains. he most common shells belonged to terrestrial mollusks (25) and of these 20 represented the snail Helix ascemnis. he remaining shells were assigned to the helicidae snail family. two families and eight species of marine mollusks were identiied [Table 5]. he most common was the muricidae family (9 fragments). two snails, Bolinus brandaris (Murex b. l) l and Patella ulyssiponensis, were quite common among the marine mollusk species. he remaining marine snail species occurred individually. sea urchins (Echinoidea) were represented only by six fragments belonging to the same specimen. Unfortunately, a lack of comparative material and a large number of existing species prevented speciic species identiication. study of anatomical distribution was feasible only for pig and sheep/goat. he most frequently consumed parts of the carcass were connected with the trunk, followed by the distal part of the forelimbscapula. phalanges of both species were separated, which means that animal slaughter and meat jointing were done on site [Table 6]. in total, 47 bones and teeth were measured. most of the measurements were taken from sheep/goat bones. Withers height was calculated only for two pig specimens: 68.18 cm and 64.44 cm, which classiies both as a small domesticated pig. he sex of sheep/goat and cattle was identiied on the basis of shape and cross section of the horn core, for pig on the basis of shape and cross section of teeth. all examined horn cores of cattle and sheep/goat belonged to males. six of the examined pig fangs belonged to males and two to females. for one wild mammal, least weasel Mustela nivalis vulgaris, sex could be determined for three specimens on the basis of measurement of the condylobasal length of skulls: two turned out to be male Table 1. Animal class composition in cisterns STR 1/96–97 and HA/NEH S.16.3 cistern str 1/96–97 animal group N mammals 1140 85.65 437 57.73 132 9.92 199 26.29 53 3.98 119 15.72 6 0.45 2 0.26 1331 100 757 100 Birds mollusks sea-urchins total % cistern ha/Neh s.16.3 681 pam 21, research 2009 N % ewelina tepe cyprUs Table 2. Composition of domesticated mammal remains rom cisterns STR 1/96–97 and HA/NEH S.16.3 cistern str 1/96–97 species/family name cattle N % cistern ha/Neh s.16.3 N % 36 3.46 1 0.81 sheep-goat 625 60.04 36 29,27 pig 361 34.38 82 66.67 equid 9 0.86 — — dog 6 0.58 3 2.44 donkey 3 0.28 — — cat 1 0.10 1 0.81 1041 100 123 100 tOtaL Table 3. Composition of wild mammal remains rom cisterns STR 1/96–97 and HA/NEH S.16.3 cistern str 1/96–97 species/family name N % cistern ha/Neh s.16.3 N % hare 20 20.20 5 1.59 least weasel 32 32.33 126 40.13 house mouse 22 22.22 39 12.42 cyprus spiny mouse 7 7.07 39 12.42 Black rat 9 9.09 96 30.57 long-eared hedgehog 2 2.02 — — mole 1 1.01 — — shrews 1 1.01 — — sorex — — 3 0.96 5 5.05 6 1.91 99 100 314 100 micro mammals tOtaL 682 pam 21, research 2009 Zooarchaeological analysis of material from cisterns in nea paphos cyprUs and one female. in the case of chicken, 14 bones were sexed and found to belong nine to males and ive to females. among the wild birds, sex was set for one male of the island chukar Alectoris chukar cypriotes. pathological changes caused by inlammation were observed on three donkey phalanges. evidence of a healed bone fracture was noted on one sheep-goat rib. a postfracture pathology was also observed on one island chukar bone. he fracture had self-healed, which suggests that this wild bird lived for some time ater that, perhaps in captivity. slaughter age analysis was done for cattle, pig and sheep-goat. he age proile for sheep/goat and pig started from one month of life. he cattle slaughter age was established on the basis of one horn core belonging to a young specimen. among birds age data were gathered for domestic chicken and all belonged to young birds. anthropogenic and animal marks were observed on 71 mammal bones. marks revealing meat preparation for consumption appeared on both domesticated and wild mammal, as well as bird bones. he most frequent were lengthwise and crosswise chopping marks, burning, charring, illeting and crosswise diaphysis cuts, also noticed on the long bone epiphysis. dog bited were noted on two sheep/goat bones and rodent gnawing on another. Burning through was observed on a fragment of hare skull. anthropogenic marks were observed on bird bones, most commonly cut of edges of long bones, burning, charring and diaphysis lengthwise cutting marks. Table 4. Composition of bird remains rom cisterns STR 1/96–97 and HA/NEH S.16.3 cistern str 1/96–97 species/family/ order names N % cistern ha/Neh s.16.3 N % hen 79 59.85 177 88.94 island chukar 31 23.48 18 9.04 common quail 1 0.76 2 1.01 owls 1 0.76 — — emberizidae 3 2.27 — — charadriidae 1 0.76 — — ciconiidae 1 0.76 — — columbidae 1 0.76 — — galliformes 12 9.09 2 1.01 anatidae 2 1.51 — — tOtaL 132 100 199 100 683 pam 21, research 2009 ewelina tepe cyprUs Table 5. Composition of molluscs in cisterns STR 1/96–97 and HA/NEH S.16.3 cistern str 1/96–97 species/genus/family acanthocardia tuberculata N % cistern ha/Neh s.16.3 N % 1 — — — antalis dentalis — — 1 0.84 antalis vulgaris — — 1 0.84 arca noae — — 2 1.68 argonauta argo — — 1 0.84 astraea rugosa 1 — 7 5.88 — — 1 0.84 4 — — — cardiidae — — 1 0.84 cerithium rupestre — — 1 0.84 chamelea — — 1 0.84 columbella rustica — — 13 10.92 conus ventricosus — — 7 5.88 cyclope neritea — — 3 2.53 eobania vermiculata — — 2 1.68 fasciolariidae — — 1 0.84 fissurella picta — — 1 0.84 fusinus pulchellus — — 1 0.84 fusinus rostratus — — 8 6.72 glycymeridae — — 15 12.60 glycymeris bimaculata — — 1 0.84 1 — — — Barbatia barbata Bollinus brandaris glycymeris insubrica 684 pam 21, research 2009 Zooarchaeological analysis of material from cisterns in nea paphos cyprUs Table 5. Composition of molluscs in cisterns STR 1/96–97 and HA/NEH S.16.3 (continued) cistern str 1/96–97 species/genus/family N % cistern ha/Neh s.16.3 N % haliotis tuberculata 1 — — — helicidae 5 — 2 1.68 helix ascemnis 20 — 3 2.53 lima lima — — 20 16.81 luria lurida — — 1 0.84 mimachlamys varia — — 4 3.36 mitridae — — 1 0.84 muricidae 9 — 5 4.20 muricopsis cristatus — — 1 0.84 mytylidae — — 3 2.53 1 — 2 1.68 olividae — — 1 0.84 ostreidae 5 — — — patella caerulea 1 — — — patella ulyssiponensis 4 — 1 0.84 pectinidae — — 1 0.84 ranellidae — — 1 0.84 spondylus gaederopus — — 2 1.68 tellina tenuis — — 2 1.68 turritella communis — — 1 0.84 tOtaL 53 — 119 100 nassarius cuvieri 685 pam 21, research 2009 ewelina tepe cyprUs cistern ha/neh s.16.3 analyzed remains counted a total of 822 with 757 (92.09%) assigned by anatomy and zoology. eggshell fragments (20) were not examined. most of the remains were small and belonged to mammals (57.73%), followed in frequency by birds and mollusks [see Table 1]. pig remains were the most common among domesticated mammals (66.67%), followed by sheep/goat (29.27%). much fewer were the remains of dog (2.44%), cattle and cat bones (both 0.81%) [see Table 2]. Wild mammals were represented mostly by least weasel mustela nivalis vulgaris (40.13%) and by black rat rattus rattus frugivorus (30.57%). house mouse Mus musculus and cypriot spiny mouse Acomys nesiotes had a similar share, which amounted to 12.42%. hare and micro mammals appeared with a share slightly higher than 1% [see Table 3]. Birds were represented by chicken (88.95%) and among the wild birds island chukar Alectoris chukar cypriotes (9.05%). Bones of common quail Coturnix coturnix and birds belonging to the order of galliformes had the same percentage share of approximately 1% [see Table 4]. mollusks were relatively numerous and were represented by 119 remnants. only seven belonged to terrestrial snails of two species, Eobania vermiculata and Helix ascemnis. two other shell fragments could not be assigned to exact species, but displayed characteristic features of the helicidae snail family. two recovered fragments of the anthozoa class could be assigned only to the order of stony corals Scleractinia. marine snail Lima lima was the most common snail among remnants of all mollusks with a percentage of 16.81%. another common marine snail was Collumbella rustica with a 10.92% percentage share. remains of other species and families appeared in lower numbers [see Table 5]. he only species represented with suicient bines to enable anatomical distribution analyses was the least weasel Mustela nivalis vulgaris, but since it is of no consumption interest to humans, Table 6. Anatomical composition of sheep/goat and pig remains rom cistern STR 1/96–97 Number of anatomical parts of sheep/goat and pig skeletons species trunk forelimb forelimb hind limb hind /group head proximal distal proximal limb names part sheep/ goat pig N % N % 49 7.84 283 45.28 117 128 35.46 136 37.67 N 38 part % N part % phalanges distal part N % N % 6.08 22 3.52 1.10 2.22 18.72 37 5.92 79 12.64 38 10.53 6 1.66 41 11.36 4 N 8 % 686 pam 21, research 2009 Zooarchaeological analysis of material from cisterns in nea paphos cyprUs its distribution was not studied. only ive bones from this cistern could be measured, the rest of the material being too fragmented. pig and sheep/goat long bones were measured, as were three length measurements of a least weasel skull. determination of sex was possible only for three specimens of least weasel. condylobasal skull length measurements indicated that these were males. Bird sex was determined for six specimens of domestic chicken: four females and two males. age was determined for 81 remains of wild and domesticated mammals. among these were bones of young and very young animals: least weasel, hare, black rat, pig, sheep-goat, dog and cat. a similar range was established only for two chicken specimens . marks, both anthropogenic and animal-made, were observed on nine bones. on bones of domesticated pig and sheep/goat there were lengthwise chopping marks, traces of cutting lengthwise and crosswise of the diaphysis and burning marks. marks made by animals, such as gnawing by rodents, were noticed on two pig bones. one sheep/goat bone had dog bite marks. one least weasel had a healed fracture with dislocation. seven bones of domestic hen exhibited pathology and anthropogenic marks. four bones had cutting marks noticed on the bone heads, three bones had pathology marks, such as deformation and self-healed fracture. two island chukar bones were charred. sUmmary animal remains from cistern str 1/96– 97 represent post-consumption refuse. domesticated mammals were a staple food at the time when the cistern was in use. he meat of sheep/goat and pig, and to lesser extent cattle was mostly consumed. domesticated birds were of lesser importance in the diet with chicken being the most popular. an overview of chicken remains indicated both small and big birds being kept, as well as diferent breeds. Wild fowl included a very popular island chukar, followed by common quail. Venison played a lesser role in the diet and was seldom consumed. terrestrial snail could have supplemented meals, as in the modern-day diet. mostly lamb and young pork was eaten. domesticated predators, that is, dogs and cats were kept assuredly because of sentimental and utilitarian reasons. apart from their role as guardians, dogs could be used for hunting wild birds. cats were kept to be rid of rodents. he latter had a large share in the collected material: house mouse Mus musculus, cypriot spiny mouse Acomys nesiotes and black rat Rattus rattus rugivorus, as well as least weasel Mustela nivalis vulgaris, longeared hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus and several rodents connected with the shrew (Sorex) family and micro mammal group. Both the mice species and rat, as well as the weasel which hunted these pests, may have lived inside the cistern or around houses heir remains inside the cistern could have also been introduced with the ill. he long-eared hedgehog, mole, shrews and other micro mammals must have fallen in by accident or as in case of mollusks and sea urchins, could have been brought with soil dumped in the cistern. he post-consumption character of much of the analyzed material supports the idea posed on archaeological grounds 687 pam 21, research 2009 ewelina tepe cyprUs that the cistern had been illed with kitchen refuse brought from elsewhere. he remains from cistern ha/neh s.16.3 are entirely diferent in character, representing more than likely accidental ill. he zooarchaeological analysis of the remains indicates that the identiied species for the most part did not have consumption signiicance. other wild animal remains, in particular least weasel, rodent, mollusk and coral, suggest that the cistern was illed with soil brought from outside of the nearest area. domesticated animal bones could have been thrown inside with discarded pottery and other objects. he cistern evidently served as a dump ater it had lost its primary function of water storage. he zooarchaeological analysis of remains from the two cisterns does not provide a basis for studying the consumption preferences of residents of the early roman buildings in the maloutena district of paphos. nonetheless, it has opened a window onto the fauna present in an urban context on cyprus in the late hellenistic and early roman periods. ewelina tepe ewelin_1982@o2.pl references columeau, p. 1996 les restes de faune du sanctuaire d’aphrodite à amathonte, BCH 120/2, 779–797 2006 les restes de faune et la consommation des animaux sacriiés [in:] s. fourrier, a. hermary, Amathonte Vi. 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Kolda Krysiak, K., Kobryń, h., Kobryńczuk, f. 2004 Anatomia zwierząt i. Aparat ruchowy, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo naukowe pWn lasota-moskalewska, a. 2008 Archeozoologia. Ssaki, Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego lichocka, B. 1992 Un trésor de monnaies hellénistiques à nea paphos [in:] s. Jakobielski, J. Karkowski (eds), 50 Years of Polish Excavations in Egypt and the Near East. Acts of the Symposium at the Warsaw University 1986, Warsaw: ZaŚ pan, 206–214 lichocka, B., meyza, h. 2001 seismic events and the evidence of coins and pottery. he case of destruction of the house of aion in paphos, EtTrav 19, 145–208 lutnicki, W. 1972 Uzębienie zwierząt domowych, Kraków: państwowe Wydawnictwo naukowe meyza, h. 2011 nea paphos. season 2008, PAM 20 (Research 2008), 283–294 młynarczyk, J. 1990 Nea Paphos in the Hellenistic Period [=Nea Paphos 3], Warsaw: Éditions géologiques orr, J. 2000 Seashells of Cyprus, athens: efstathiadis papuci-Władyka, e. 1995 Nea Pafos. Studia nad ceramiką hellenistyczną z polskich wykopalisk (1965–1991), Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński 1998 he cistern south of the Villa of heseus, PAM 9 (Reports 1997), 130–135 pierce, l.J. 1986 report on the mule remains. 1984 excavations at Kourion, RDAC, 207–211 pucek, Z. (ed.) 1984 Klucz do oznaczania ssaków Polski, rev. ed., Warsaw: państwowe Wydawnictwo naukowe reese, d.s. 2003 marine and fresh-water shells [in:] m. rautman, A Cypriot Village of Late Antiquity: Kalavassos-Kopetra in the Vasilikos Valley [=JRA Supplementary Series 52], portsmouth, rhode island: University of arizona press, 272–274 schramm, Z. 1967 różnice morfologiczne niektórych kości kozy i owcy, Roczniki Wyższej Szkoły Rolniczej w Poznaniu 36, 107–133 689 pam 21, research 2009 polish centre of mediterranean archaeology UniVersity of WarsaW polish archaeology in the mediterranean XXi research 2009 contents cONteNts acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 obituaries Aleksandra Krzyżanowska ...................................... ........................ 13 abbreviations and standard references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 PaM rePOrts pcma field missions and projects in 2009 (with map) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 egyPt aleXandria alexandria Kom el-dikka: excavations and preservation work. preliminary report 2008/2009 Grzegorz Majcherek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Appendix: auditorium e: exploration in season 2009 Karol Juchniewicz, Katarzyna Lach ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Kom el-dikka 2005–2009: selected anthropological research Robert Mahler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 marea marea. report 2009 Hanna Szymańska , Krzysztof Babraj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 59 marea 2009: pottery from the excavations Anna Drzymuchowska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 marina el-alamein marina el-alamein. conservation work in the 2009 season Stanisław Medeksza , Rafał Czerner, Grażyna Bąkowska with contributions by I. FuksRembisz, W. Grzegorek, G. Majcherek, M. Mrozek-Wysocka, P. Zambrzycki . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5 pam 21, research 2009 contents tell el-retaBa tell el-retaba: season 2009 Sławomir Rzepka, Jozef Hudec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Appendix: tell el-retaba: archaeobotanical studies Claire Malleson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 tell el-retaba 2009: the pottery Anna Wodzińska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 tell el-farKha tell el-farkha (ghazala). season 2009 Marek Chłodnicki, Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 saqqara saqqara 2008–2009 Karol Myśliwiec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Appendix: conservation work in saqqara (2008–2009) Zbigniew Godziejewski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 saqqara 2008–2009: the pottery Teodozja I. Rzeuska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 naqlUn naqlun (nekloni) excavations in 2008–2009 Włodzimierz Godlewski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Appendix: naqlun 2008: archaeobotanical studies Jarosław Zieliński . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 refuse dump in sector B in naqlun: excavation report 2008–2009 Tomasz Derda, Dorota Dzierzbicka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 pottery from the refuse dump under unit B.26 in naqlun Katarzyna Danys-Lasek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 two burials from cemetery a in naqlun: archaeological and anthropological remarks Dorota Dzierzbicka, Marzena Ożarek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 on the collection of wooden finds from naqlun again Jarosław Zieliński, Iwona Zych .................................. ..................... 244 deir el-Bahari conservation work in the hatshepsut temple in deir el-Bahari (2009) Rajmund Gazda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 sandstone sphinxes of Queen hatshepsut from deir el-Bahari: preliminary remarks Agata Smilgin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 6 pam 21, research 2009 contents temple of tuthmosis iii in deir el-Bahari in 2008 and 2009: work in the stores and field Monika Dolińska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 the temple of tuthmosis i rediscovered Jadwiga Iwaszczuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 daKhleh oasis dakhleh oasis project. petroglyph Unit: rock art research, 2009 Ewa Kuciewicz, Michał Kobusiewicz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 279 sUdaN old dongola dongola 2008–2009 Włodzimierz Godlewski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Appendix: conservation of wall paintings inside the former throne hall of the makurian kings in dongola (2009 season) Cristobal Calaforra-Rzepka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 dongola 2009: pottery from Building i (Kom a) Katarzyna Danys-Lasek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Wall inscriptions in a burial vault under the northwest annex of the monastery on Kom h (dongola 2009) Adam Łajtar, Jacques van der Vliet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 crypts 1 and 2 in the northwest annex of the monastery on Kom h in dongola: report on the exploration in 2009 Włodzimierz Godlewski, Robert Mahler, Barbara Czaja-Szewczak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 el-ZUma the pottery from four tumuli graves in el-Zuma (2009) Edyta Klimaszewska-Drabot, Ewa Czyżewska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 foUrth cataract research in the pcma UW concession on the fourth cataract (hamdab dam rescue project). interim report 2009 Marek Chłodnicki ..................................................................... 377 rock art research in the fourth cataract region, season 2009 Ewa Kuciewicz, Andrzej Rozwadowski ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 excavations in 2009 in the environs of el-ar village (fourth cataract region, sudan) Anna Longa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 el-ar 31: excavations of late/post-meroitic tumuli. preliminary report Artur Buszek, Michał Kurzyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 7 pam 21, research 2009 contents cyPrUs nea paphos nea paphos. season 2009 Henryk Meyza in cooperation with Wiktor Andrzej Daszewski, Aleksandra Brzozowska, Joanna Michalska, Joanna K. Rądkowska, and Monika Więch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 LeBaNON Jiyeh preliminary report on the 2008 and 2009 excavation seasons at Jiyeh (porphyreon) Tomasz Waliszewski, Karol Juchniewicz, Mariusz Gwiazda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Appendix 1. sunken vessels in late roman and Byzantine houses in area d Mariusz Gwiazda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Appendix 2. preliminary remarks on thresholds from private houses in Jiyeh (porphyreon) Mariusz Gwiazda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 local hellenistic ‘phoenician’-type amphora and other pottery vessels from excavations in Jiyeh (porphyreon) (seasons 2008–2009) Urszula Wicenciak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 ground and aerial photogrammetric documentation in Jiyeh (porphyreon) Miron Bogacki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 syrIa palmyra polish archaeological mission to palmyra. seasons 2008 and 2009 Grzegorz Majcherek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 haWarte excavations in hawarte 2008–2009 Michał Gawlikowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 glass finds from the mithraeum in hawarte Krystyna Gawlikowska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 tell arBid tell arbid 2008–2009. preliminary report on the results of the thirteenth and fourteenth seasons of polish-syrian excavations Piotr Bieliński . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 8 pam 21, research 2009 contents adam mickiewicz University excavations in sector p at tell arbid (spring2009) Rafał Koliński . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 tell qaramel tell qaramel: excavations 2009 Ryszard F. Mazurowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 PaM stUdIes adult burials of ninevite 5 date on tell arbid (2007–2008) Dariusz Szeląg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 chariot terracotta models from tell arbid Mattia Raccidi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 new protodynastic serekhs from the nile delta: the case of finds from tell el-farkha Mariusz A. Jucha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Pithos-type vessels from chhÎm: preliminary assessment of finds from 1996-2009 Zoia Kowarska, Szymon Lenarczyk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 643 Buildings on site B at naqlun (nekloni) Szymon Maślak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 Zooarchaeological analysis of material from cisterns str 1/96–97 and ha/neh 2.16.3 in nea paphos Ewelina Tepe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 animal bone remains from sheikh abd el-gurna: issues and opportunities Urszula Iwaszczuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 animals in rock art. results of archaeozoological research at the site of el-gamamiya 67 (fourth cataract, sudan) Marta Osypińska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 index of sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 guidelines for authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 9 pam 21, research 2009