The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.

The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. For a given pressure, different liquids boil at different temperatures.

The normal boiling point (also called the atmospheric boiling point or the atmospheric pressure boiling point) of a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level, 1 atmosphere. At that temperature, the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of vapor to form inside the bulk of the liquid. The standard boiling point has been defined by IUPAC since 1982 as the temperature at which boiling occurs under a pressure of 1 bar.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it can change its state from a liquid to a gas.

Boiling point may also refer to:

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The seventh series of the British medical drama television series Casualty commenced airing in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 12 September 1992 and finished on 27 February 1993.

Cast

Continuing into Series 7 were nurses Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson), Lisa "Duffy" Duffin (Cathy Shipton), Martin "Ash" Ashford (Patrick Robinson) and Sandra Nicholl (Maureen Beattie), registrar Julian Chapman (Nigel Le Vaillant), paramedics Josh Griffiths (Ian Bleasdale) and Jane Scott (Caroline Webster) and receptionist Norma Sullivan (Anne Kristen).

Joining the regular cast were staff general manager Kate Miller (Joanna Foster), consultant Mike Barratt (Clive Mantle), senior house officer Rob Khalefa (Jason Riddington), health care assistant Maxine Price (Emma Bird), administrator Simon Easton (Robert Daws) and locum registrar Andrew Bower (William Gaminara). Imogen Boorman played Nikki Wyatt – Ash’s girlfriend, Nicola Jeffries played receptionist Jenny and Ken Sharrock played Kevin Price – Maxine’s dad.

The little skate, Leucoraja erinacea, is a species of skate in the family Rajidae, found from Nova Scotia to North Carolina on sand or gravel habitats. They are one of the dominant members of the demersal fish community in the northwestern Atlantic. This species is of minimal commercial importance and is mostly used as bait for lobster traps, though its wings are also marketed for food. It is also important as a model organism for biological and medical research.

Distribution and habitat

This skate is native to the western Atlantic Ocean, from Nova Scotia, Canada, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, USA. They are most abundant in the northern Mid-Atlantic Bight and the Georges Bank. Little skates prefer sandy or gravelly habitats from the shore to a depth of 90 meters (300 ft), though they have been caught as deep as 329 m (1,079 ft). They can tolerate temperatures of 1.2–21 °C (34.2–69.8 °F) and salinities of 27–33.8 ppt (though the optimum is 29–33 ppt). They do not undertake long migrations, but at the inshore parts of the species' range individuals move into shallower water during the summer and deeper water during the fall and winter. At the southern extent of the range, many also move north and south with changing temperatures.