In chemistry, a mixed oxide is a somewhat informal name for an oxide that contains cations of more than one chemical element or cations of a single element in several states of oxidation.[1]
The term is usually applied to solid ionic compounds that contain the oxide anion O2− and two or more element cations. Typical examples are ilmenite (FeTiO3), a mixed oxide of iron (Fe2+) and titanium (Ti4+) cations, perovskite and garnet.The cations may be the same element in different ionization states: a notable example is magnetite Fe3O4, which is also known as ferrosoferric oxide , contains the cations Fe2+ ("ferrous" iron) and Fe3+ ("ferric" iron) in 1:2 ratio. Other notable examples include red lead Pb3O4, the ferrites,[2] and the yttrium aluminum garnet Y3Al5O12,[3] used in lasers.
The term is sometimes also applied to compounds of oxygen and two or more other elements, where some or all of the oxygen atoms are covalently bound into oxyanions. In sodium zincate Na2ZnO2, for example, the oxygens are bound to the zinc atoms forming zincate anions.[4] (On the other hand, strontium titanate SrTiO3, despite its name, contains Ti4+ cations and not the TiO2−3 anion.)
Sometimes the term is applied loosely to solid solutions of metal oxides rather than chemical compounds, or to fine mixtures of two or more oxides.
Mixed oxide minerals are plentiful in nature. Synthetic mixed oxides are components of many ceramics with remarkable properties and important advanced technological applications, such as strong magnets, fine optics, lasers, semiconductors, piezoelectrics, superconductors, catalysts, refractories, gas mantles, nuclear fuels, and more. Piezoelectric mixed oxides, in particular, are extensively used in pressure and strain gauges, microphones, ultrasound transducers, micromanipulators, delay lines, etc.
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See also
References
- ^ Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Interscience, 2d Edition, 1966
- ^ Alex Goldman (1990), Modern ferrite technology
- ^ K. Byrappa, Masahiro Yoshimura (2001), Handbook of hydrothermal technology. William Andrew. 870 pages.
- ^ D. Trinschek, M. Jansen (1996): "Na2ZnO2, ein neues Natriumzinkat". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, volume 51, issue 5, pages 711-714. doi:10.1515/znb-1996-0515
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