Mercurius Cimbrianus or Cimbrius is a Germanic god mentioned in seven Roman dedicatory inscriptions. These inscriptions are from the territory of the Roman province of Germania Superior from the second to third centuries CE.
Three inscriptions were found in a Roman cult complex on the Heiligenberg, near present-day Heidelberg, which was used until late Antiquity.[1] Two finds from the vicinity of Miltenberg[2] and two inscriptions from near Mogontiacum (present-day Mainz[3]) make up the remainder of the documentation on this god.
The name ‘Cimbrianus’ is derived from that of the Germanic tribe[4] of Cimbri, whose homeland is placed in the Jutland peninsula by ancient sources such as Strabo and Tacitus,[5] and who began migrating southward in the late 2nd century BCE.[6] From this it has been conjectured that the cult of Mercurius Cimbrianus was established in the Odenwald by some detachments of such Cimbri. Also near Miltenberg, another inscription mentions the presence of Teutons,[7] who were associated with the Cimbri in their great 2nd-century BCE migration. As the god is identified with the Roman Mercury, this ‘Mercury of the Cimbri’ is generally thought to represent the Germanic god Odin or *Wōđanaz.
Literature
- Kauffmann, Friedrich [in German] (1909). "Mercurius Cimbrianus". Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie. 38: 289–297.
- Gutenbrunner, Siegfried (1936). Germanische Götternamen der antiken Inschriften. Halle an der Saale: Niemeyer. p. 52ff.
References
- ^ The three inscriptions are (A) CIL XIII, 6399, dating to the 2nd century CE; (B) CIL XIII, 6402, also dating to the 2nd century CE; and (C) AE 1921, 52, dating from 171 to 250 CE.
- ^ These two inscriptions are (A) CIL XIII, 6604, dating to the consulship of Apronianus and Bradua in 191 CE, and (B) CIL XIII, 6605, dating to 189 or 212 CE.
- ^ These inscriptions are (A) CIL XIII, 6742 and (B) AE 1990, 742, from sometime from 171 to 250 CE.
- ^ The Cimbri are characterized as Germanic by Julius Caesar (B. G. 1.33.3-4), Strabo (Geographica 4.4.3 and 7.1.3), Pliny (Nat. Hist. 4.100), and Tacitus (Germania 37, Histories 4.73), but as Celtic by Appian (Civil Wars 1.4.29, Illyrica 8.3).
- ^ Strabo, Geogr. 7.2.1
- ^ The Cimbri defeated a Roman army at the Battle of Noreia, for example, in 112 BCE; they were not decisively defeated by the Romans until the Battle of Vercellae in 101 BCE.
- ^ CIL XIII, 6610