The Ghee Hin Kongsi (simplified Chinese: 义兴公司; traditional Chinese: 義興公司; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Gī Heng Kong-si; pinyin: Yì Xīng Gōngsī; Jyutping: ji6 hing1 gung1 si1) was a secret society in Singapore and Malaya, formed in 1820. Ghee Hin literally means "the rise of righteousness" in Chinese and was part of the Hongmen overseas network. The Ghee Hin often fought against the Hakka-dominated Hai San secret society.
Ghee Hin was initially dominated by Cantonese people, although Hokkien people formed the majority by 1860. Teochew, Hainanese, and Hakka people formed smaller minorities. One of the major leaders of Ghee Hin was Chin Ah Yam, a Hakka peasant from rural Dabu County, Guangdong.[1] The secret society was of Hongmen origin and set up to provide mutual aid and support for Chinese migrants, with the common aim of overthrowing the Qing dynasty and restoring the Ming.[2] Their main lodge in Singapore was located on Lavender Street, and contained the ancestral tablets of important ex-members, before being donated to the Tan Tock Seng Hospital when it was torn down in 1892, following the "Suppression of Secret Societies Ordinance".
The Ghee Hin were notorious for committing mass killings of such targets as the Catholic Hakka ethnic group in 1850 (with approximately 500 casualties),[3] and post office workers in 1876, due to their opposition to a new, more expensive monopoly on postage and remittances. The colonial government began to move towards surveillance, control, and finally suppression of Ghee Hin from the 1890s onwards. The Teochew people who belonged to the Ghee Hin secret society were massacred by the hundreds, if not thousands.[4]
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References
- ^ "Overseas Chinese in the British Empire - Chin Ah Yam". 5 August 2012.
- ^ "Notice of initiation ceremony of Ghee Hin Kongsi from William Stirling Collection". National Heritage Board. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
- ^ Trocki, Carl A. (2006). Singapore: Wealth, Power and the Culture of Control. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415263863.
- ^ Ding Eing Tan (1978). A Portrait of Malaysia and Singapore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-580722-6.
- Lim, Irene. (1999) Secret societies in Singapore, National Heritage Board, Singapore History Museum, Singapore ISBN 981-3018-79-8
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