Observation-based testing calls for analyzing profiles of executions induced by potential test ca... more Observation-based testing calls for analyzing profiles of executions induced by potential test cases, in order to select a subset of executions to be checked for conformance to requirements. A family of techniques for selecting such a subset is evaluated experimentally. These techniques employ automatic cluster analysis to partition executions, and they use various sampling techniques to select executions from clusters.
... Multivariate visualization techniques are applicable to this problem when the cost of evaluat... more ... Multivariate visualization techniques are applicable to this problem when the cost of evaluating regression tests ... This problem can be addressed by using a capturdreplay tool to capture executions in the ... If a new bug report includes an input that elicits a failure, the execution E ...
... Function caller/callee profiles were used in the first series of experiments; these were gene... more ... Function caller/callee profiles were used in the first series of experiments; these were generated by the profiler built into the Sun Java¥ virtual machine. ... Function caller/callee profiles were used in this series of experiments; these were generated with the Sun Java¥ profiler. ...
Annals of Epidemiology, Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 1-6, January 2001, Authors:Martin Mckee, MD; Vl... more Annals of Epidemiology, Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 1-6, January 2001, Authors:Martin Mckee, MD; Vladimir Shkolnikov, PhD; David A Leon, PhD.
According to published data, between 1984 and 1994 mortality rates in Russia initially underwent ... more According to published data, between 1984 and 1994 mortality rates in Russia initially underwent a rapid decline followed by an even steeper increase. In 1994, male life expectancy at birth was 57.6 years, having fallen by 6.2 years since 1990. There has been concern that such striking fluctuations in mortality are an artefact, although, among other factors, alcohol consumption has been implicated. We analysed the age-specific and cause-specific patterns of mortality decrease and increase by use of data from a newly reconstructed mortality series for Russia so that we could examine the plausibility of various explanations for the mortality trends. All major causes of death, with the exception of neoplasms, showed declines in mortality between 1984 and 1987 and increases between 1987 and 1994. In relative terms, these tended to be largest for the age-group 40-50 years; surprisingly, they were of the same magnitude among women and men. The largest declines and subsequent increases in proportional terms were observed for alcohol-related deaths and accidents and violence. However, pronounced effects were also seen for deaths from infections, circulatory disease, and respiratory disease. No substantial variations were seen for neoplasms. The stability of mortality from neoplasms in contrast to other causes over the period 1984-94 largely precludes the possibility that the changes in life expectancy are mainly an artefact, particularly one due to underestimation of the population. Although factors such as nutrition and health services may be involved, the evidence is that substantial changes in alcohol consumption over the period could plausibly explain the main features of the mortality fluctuations observed. These results provide a major challenge to public health in Russia and to our understanding of the determinants of alcohol consumption and its role in explaining mortality patterns within and between many other countries.
Rates of mortality due to cirrhosis of the liver are an important indicator of population levels ... more Rates of mortality due to cirrhosis of the liver are an important indicator of population levels of alcohol harm. Total recorded alcohol consumption in Britain doubled between 1960 and 2002, giving rise to a need to examine and assess cirrhosis mortality trends. Mortality rates were calculated for all ages and for specific age-groups (15-44 years and 45-64 years) for cirrhosis of the liver. Rates were directly age-standardised to the European standard population and compared with rates from 12 western European countries for the period 1955-2001. Cirrhosis mortality rates increased steeply in Britain during the 1990s. Between the periods 1987-1991, and 1997-2001, cirrhosis mortality in men in Scotland more than doubled (104% increase) and in England and Wales rose by over two-thirds (69%). Mortality in women increased by almost half (46% in Scotland and 44% in England and Wales). These relative increases are the steepest in western Europe, and contrast with the declines apparent in most other countries examined, particularly those of southern Europe. Cirrhosis mortality rates in Scotland are now one of the highest in western Europe, in 2002 being 45.2 per 100,000 in men and 19.9 in women. Current alcohol policies in Britain should be assessed by the extent to which they can successfully halt the adverse trends in liver cirrhosis mortality. The situation in Scotland warrants particular attention.
Jama-journal of The American Medical Association, 1998
... David A. Leon, PhD; Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, PhD. From the European Centre on Health of Societ... more ... David A. Leon, PhD; Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, PhD. From the European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ... years would have only a 1 in 2 chance of surviving to age 60 years, compared with a 9 in 10 chance for men born in ...
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1998
In explaining recent trends in Russian mortality, alcohol drinking has often been put forward as ... more In explaining recent trends in Russian mortality, alcohol drinking has often been put forward as a major factor. However, cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of death in Russia and alcohol is currently viewed as having a protective effect on heart disease. This study explores this apparent paradox by examining daily trends in deaths from cardiovascular disease in Moscow. Those dying in Moscow in the years 1993-1995. Analysis of daily variation in deaths based on data from Moscow City death certificates. There is a significant increase in deaths from alcohol poisoning, accidents, and violence and cardiovascular diseases on Saturdays, Sundays, and Mondays. This is especially marked for sudden deaths. This pattern is consistent with the known pattern of drinking in Russia, which is more likely to take place in binges than is the case in other countries. A possible causative role for alcohol in sudden cardiovascular death is suggested as there are no other obvious explanations for this pattern, which cannot be accounted for by daily variations in traditional risk factors such as smoking or lipids. Although this is inconsistent with the prevailing view in the West that alcohol is seen as cardioprotective, there is considerable supporting evidence from a necropsy study and from studies in other places with a similar pattern of drinking. In countries such as Russia, where patterns of drinking differ considerably from that in the West, binge drinking can be an important cause of sudden cardiac death. This has important implications for estimates of the amount of mortality worldwide attributable to specific risk factors and thus for national and international policy.
Observation-based testing calls for analyzing profiles of executions induced by potential test ca... more Observation-based testing calls for analyzing profiles of executions induced by potential test cases, in order to select a subset of executions to be checked for conformance to requirements. A family of techniques for selecting such a subset is evaluated experimentally. These techniques employ automatic cluster analysis to partition executions, and they use various sampling techniques to select executions from clusters.
... Multivariate visualization techniques are applicable to this problem when the cost of evaluat... more ... Multivariate visualization techniques are applicable to this problem when the cost of evaluating regression tests ... This problem can be addressed by using a capturdreplay tool to capture executions in the ... If a new bug report includes an input that elicits a failure, the execution E ...
... Function caller/callee profiles were used in the first series of experiments; these were gene... more ... Function caller/callee profiles were used in the first series of experiments; these were generated by the profiler built into the Sun Java¥ virtual machine. ... Function caller/callee profiles were used in this series of experiments; these were generated with the Sun Java¥ profiler. ...
Annals of Epidemiology, Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 1-6, January 2001, Authors:Martin Mckee, MD; Vl... more Annals of Epidemiology, Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 1-6, January 2001, Authors:Martin Mckee, MD; Vladimir Shkolnikov, PhD; David A Leon, PhD.
According to published data, between 1984 and 1994 mortality rates in Russia initially underwent ... more According to published data, between 1984 and 1994 mortality rates in Russia initially underwent a rapid decline followed by an even steeper increase. In 1994, male life expectancy at birth was 57.6 years, having fallen by 6.2 years since 1990. There has been concern that such striking fluctuations in mortality are an artefact, although, among other factors, alcohol consumption has been implicated. We analysed the age-specific and cause-specific patterns of mortality decrease and increase by use of data from a newly reconstructed mortality series for Russia so that we could examine the plausibility of various explanations for the mortality trends. All major causes of death, with the exception of neoplasms, showed declines in mortality between 1984 and 1987 and increases between 1987 and 1994. In relative terms, these tended to be largest for the age-group 40-50 years; surprisingly, they were of the same magnitude among women and men. The largest declines and subsequent increases in proportional terms were observed for alcohol-related deaths and accidents and violence. However, pronounced effects were also seen for deaths from infections, circulatory disease, and respiratory disease. No substantial variations were seen for neoplasms. The stability of mortality from neoplasms in contrast to other causes over the period 1984-94 largely precludes the possibility that the changes in life expectancy are mainly an artefact, particularly one due to underestimation of the population. Although factors such as nutrition and health services may be involved, the evidence is that substantial changes in alcohol consumption over the period could plausibly explain the main features of the mortality fluctuations observed. These results provide a major challenge to public health in Russia and to our understanding of the determinants of alcohol consumption and its role in explaining mortality patterns within and between many other countries.
Rates of mortality due to cirrhosis of the liver are an important indicator of population levels ... more Rates of mortality due to cirrhosis of the liver are an important indicator of population levels of alcohol harm. Total recorded alcohol consumption in Britain doubled between 1960 and 2002, giving rise to a need to examine and assess cirrhosis mortality trends. Mortality rates were calculated for all ages and for specific age-groups (15-44 years and 45-64 years) for cirrhosis of the liver. Rates were directly age-standardised to the European standard population and compared with rates from 12 western European countries for the period 1955-2001. Cirrhosis mortality rates increased steeply in Britain during the 1990s. Between the periods 1987-1991, and 1997-2001, cirrhosis mortality in men in Scotland more than doubled (104% increase) and in England and Wales rose by over two-thirds (69%). Mortality in women increased by almost half (46% in Scotland and 44% in England and Wales). These relative increases are the steepest in western Europe, and contrast with the declines apparent in most other countries examined, particularly those of southern Europe. Cirrhosis mortality rates in Scotland are now one of the highest in western Europe, in 2002 being 45.2 per 100,000 in men and 19.9 in women. Current alcohol policies in Britain should be assessed by the extent to which they can successfully halt the adverse trends in liver cirrhosis mortality. The situation in Scotland warrants particular attention.
Jama-journal of The American Medical Association, 1998
... David A. Leon, PhD; Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, PhD. From the European Centre on Health of Societ... more ... David A. Leon, PhD; Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, PhD. From the European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ... years would have only a 1 in 2 chance of surviving to age 60 years, compared with a 9 in 10 chance for men born in ...
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1998
In explaining recent trends in Russian mortality, alcohol drinking has often been put forward as ... more In explaining recent trends in Russian mortality, alcohol drinking has often been put forward as a major factor. However, cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of death in Russia and alcohol is currently viewed as having a protective effect on heart disease. This study explores this apparent paradox by examining daily trends in deaths from cardiovascular disease in Moscow. Those dying in Moscow in the years 1993-1995. Analysis of daily variation in deaths based on data from Moscow City death certificates. There is a significant increase in deaths from alcohol poisoning, accidents, and violence and cardiovascular diseases on Saturdays, Sundays, and Mondays. This is especially marked for sudden deaths. This pattern is consistent with the known pattern of drinking in Russia, which is more likely to take place in binges than is the case in other countries. A possible causative role for alcohol in sudden cardiovascular death is suggested as there are no other obvious explanations for this pattern, which cannot be accounted for by daily variations in traditional risk factors such as smoking or lipids. Although this is inconsistent with the prevailing view in the West that alcohol is seen as cardioprotective, there is considerable supporting evidence from a necropsy study and from studies in other places with a similar pattern of drinking. In countries such as Russia, where patterns of drinking differ considerably from that in the West, binge drinking can be an important cause of sudden cardiac death. This has important implications for estimates of the amount of mortality worldwide attributable to specific risk factors and thus for national and international policy.
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Papers by David H Leon