แมกโนเลีย
สกุลของพืช
| แมกโนเลีย | |
|---|---|
| |
| Magnolia sieboldii | |
| การจำแนกชั้นทางวิทยาศาสตร์ | |
| อาณาจักร: | พืช |
| ไม่ได้จัดลำดับ: | พืชดอก |
| ไม่ได้จัดลำดับ: | Magnoliids |
| อันดับ: | Magnoliales |
| วงศ์: | วงศ์จำปี |
| สกุล: | Magnolia L. |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
สกุลแมกโนเลีย (อังกฤษ: magnolia) เป็นพืชดอกในวงศ์จำปีที่มีด้วยกันทั้งหมดราว 210 สปีชีส์[1] สกุลของพืชตั้งตามชื่อนักชีววิทยาชาวฝรั่งเศสชื่อปีแยร์ มาญอล (Pierre Magnol)
ถิ่นกำเนิดของแมกโนเลียอยู่ทางตอนกลางของเอเชียตะวันออกและเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ รวมถึงในทวีปอเมริกา
แมกโนเลียเป็นสกุลไม้โบราณที่วิวัฒนาการขึ้นมาก่อนที่จะมีผึ้ง รูปทรงของดอกจึงเป็นทรงที่ล่อให้ด้วงมาช่วยผสมพันธุ์[2] ฉะนั้นเกสรตัวเมีย (carpel) จึงค่อนข้างแข็งแรงเพื่อป้องกันความเสียหายจากการถูกปีนและถูกแทะโดยด้วง[3] ซากดึกดำบรรพ์ของ Magnolia acuminata ที่พบมีอายุกว่า 20 ล้านปีและพืชที่เป็นของวงศ์จำปีมีอายุกว่า 95 ล้านปี[4] ลักษณะอีกอย่างหนึ่งแสดงว่าเป็นพันธุ์ไม้โบราณคือการขาดลักษณะแตกต่างของกลีบเลี้ยง (sepal) หรือกลีบดอก (petal)
ตัวอย่างสปีชีส์
แก้สกุลย่อย Magnolia
แก้ส่วน Magnolia
แก้- Magnolia grandiflora L. - Southern magnolia or Bull bay (SE US)
- Magnolia guatemalensis Donn. Sm. - Guatemalan magnolia or Mamey (GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, EL SALVADOR)
- Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. guatemalensis Guatemalan magnolia or Mamey (GUATEMALA)
- Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. hondurensis (Molina) Vazquez Honduran magnolia (HONDURAS, EL SALVADOR)
- Magnolia iltisiana Vazquez . (W MEXICO)
- Magnolia pacifica Vazquez . (W MEXICO)
- Magnolia pacifica ssp. pacifica . (W MEXICO)
- Magnolia pacifica ssp. pugana Iltis & Vazquez . (W MEXICO)
- Magnolia pacifica ssp. tarahumara Vazquez . (W MEXICO)
- Magnolia panamensis Vazquez & Iltis . (PANAMA)
- Magnolia poasana (Pittier) Dandy - Poas magnolia (COSTA RICA, PANAMA)
- Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl. . (E MEXICO)
- Magnolia sharpii Meranda - Sharp's magnolia (CHIAPAS MEXICO)
- Magnolia sororum Seibert - Sister magnolia (COSTA RICA, PANAMA)
- Magnolia sororum ssp. lutea Vazquez . (COSTA RICA, PANAMA)
- Magnolia sororum ssp. sororum . (PANAMA)
- Magnolia tamaulipana Vazquez - Mexican evergreen magnolia (NE MEXICO)
- Magnolia virginiana Linn - Sweetbay magnolia, Sweet magnolia, Sweet bay, Swamp bay, Swamp magnolia, Swamp laurel, Laurel magnolia, White bay, or Beaver tree (SOUTHEAST US)
- Magnolia yoroconte Dandy - Yoroconte magnolia (HONDURAS)
ส่วน Gwillimia
แก้ส่วนย่อย Gwillimia
แก้- Magnolia albosericea Chun & Tsoong. . (HAINAN IS.)
- Magnolia championii Benth - Champion's magnolia (S & SE CHINA)
- Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC. - Coconut magnolia (SE CHINA)
- Magnolia delavayi Franchet - Chinese evergreen magnolia or Delavay's magnolia (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia fistulosa (Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy . (SE YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia henryi Dunn - Henry's magnolia (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia nana Dandy - Dwarf magnolia (VIETNAM)
- Magnolia odoratissima Law et Zhou . (S CHINA)
- Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb. . (NEPAL, BURMA)
ส่วนย่อย Blumiana
แก้- Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) Noot. . (BORNEO, SUMATRA)
- Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. & Thom.) H.Keng - Gai lie mu (NEPAL, BURMA)
- Magnolia lasia Noot. . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baillon - Egg magnolia (SE ASIA, BORNEO, PHILIPPINES, SINGAPORE, SUMATRA)
- Magnolia liliifera var. angatensis (Blanco) Noot. . (PHILIPPINES)
- Magnolia liliifera var. beccarii (Ridley) Noot. . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia liliifera var. liliifera . (SE ASIA)
- Magnolia liliifera var. obovata (Korth.) Govaerts . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia liliifera var. singapurensis (Ridley) Noot. . (SINGAPORE, SUMATRA)
- Magnolia mariusjacobsia Noot. . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia persuaveolens Dandy - Fragrant magnolia (BORNEO)
- Magnolia persuaveolens ssp. persuaveolens . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia persuaveolens ssp. rigida Noot. . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia sarawakensis (Agostini) Noot. . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H.Keng . (SUMATRA, BORNEO)
ส่วน Talauma
แก้ส่วนย่อย Talauma
แก้- Magnolia allenii Standl. . (PANAMA)
- Magnolia amazonica Ducke . (BRAZIL, PERU)
- Magnolia arcabucoana (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia boliviana (M.Nee) Govaerts . (BOLIVIA)
- Magnolia caricifragrans (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planch) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia chocoensis (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia dixonii (Little) Govaerts . (ECUADOR)
- Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.) Govaerts . (LESSER ANTILLES)
- Magnolia espinalii (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia georgii (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia gilbertoi (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia gloriensis (Pittier) Govaerts . (CENTRAL AMERICA)
- Magnolia hernandezii (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia irwiniana (Lozano) Govaerts . (BRAZIL)
- Magnolia katiorum (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia lacandonica Vazquez-Garcia, Perez-Farrera, Martinez-Camilo, Muniz-Castro & Martinez-Melendez . (MEXICO)
- Magnolia mexicana DC. . (MEXICO)
- Magnolia minor (Urb.) Govaerts . (CUBA)
- Magnolia morii (Lozano) Govaerts . (PANAMA)
- Magnolia narinensis (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia neillii (Lozano) Govaerts . (ECUADOR)
- Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. . (BRAZIL)
- Magnolia polyhypsophilla (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia quetzel Vazquez-Garcia, Veliz-Perez, Triboullier-Navas & Muniz-Castro . (GUATEMALA)
- Magnolia rimachii (Lozano) Govaerts . (PERU, ECUADOR)
- Magnolia sambuensis (Pittier) Govaerts . (PANAMA, COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia santanderiana (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia sellowiana (A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts . (BRAZIL)
- Magnolia silvioi (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia venezuelensis (Lozano) Govaerts . (VENEZUELA)
- Magnolia virolinensis (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia wolfii (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
ส่วนย่อย Dugandiodendron
แก้- Magnolia argyrothricha (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia calophylla (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia cararensis (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia chimantensis Steyermark & Maguire - Chimanta magnolia (VENEZUELA)
- Magnolia colombiana (Little) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia guatapensis (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia lenticellata (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia magnifolia (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia mahechae (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia ptaritepuiana Steyermark - Ptari-tepui magnolia (VENEZUELA)
- Magnolia striatifolia Little . (COLOMBIA, ECUADOR)
- Magnolia urraoense (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
- Magnolia yarumalense (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
ส่วนย่อย Cubenses
แก้- Magnolia cacuminoides Bisse . (CUBA)
- Magnolia cristalensis Bisse . (CUBA)
- Magnolia cubensis Urb. - Cuban magnolia (CUBA)
- Magnolia domingensis Urb. - Dominican magnolia (HAITI)
- Magnolia ekmannii Urb. . (HAITI)
- Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Ekman - Small-notched magnolia (HAITI)
- Magnolia hamorii Howard - Hamor's magnolia (DOM. REP.)
- Magnolia pallescens Urb. & Ekman - Pale magnolia (DOM. REP.)
- Magnolia portoricensis Bello - Puerto Rico magnolia (PUERTO RICO)
- Magnolia splendens Urban - Shining magnolia or Laurel magnolia (PUERTO RICO)
ส่วน Manglietia
แก้- Magnolia aromatica (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (S CHINA)
- Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) Dandy . (VIETNAM)
- Magnolia blumei Prantl . (SUMATRA, JAVA)
- Magnolia blumei var. blumei . (SUMATRA, JAVA)
- Magnolia blumei var. sumatrana (Miq.) Figlar & Noot. . (W SUMATRA)
- Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & Noot. . (W SUMATRA)
- Magnolia caveana (Hook.f. & Thoms.) D.C.Raju & M.P.Nayer . (ASSAM, N BURMA)
- Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (VIETNAM, LAOS)
- Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (SE CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia conifera var. chingii (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (SE CHINA)
- Magnolia conifera var. conifera . (SE CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia crassipes (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar . (GUANGDONG (CHINA))
- Magnolia dandyi (Gapnep.) Dandy . (S CHINA, VIETNAM, LAOS)
- Magnolia decidua (Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar . (JIANGXI (CHINA))
- Magnolia dolichogyna (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. . (BORNEO, MALAY PENIN.)
- Magnolia duclouxii Finet & Gagnep. . (VIETNAM, SW CHINA)
- Magnolia figlarii V.S.Kumar . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu . (VIETNAM, S CHINA)
- Magnolia fordiana var. calcarea (X.H.Song) Chen & Noot. . (GUIZHOU (CHINA))
- Magnolia fordiana var. fordiana . (VIETNAM, S CHINA)
- Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii (W.W.Sm. Ex Dandy) Chen & Noot. . (SW CHINA)
- Magnolia fordiana var. kwangtungensis (Merr.) Chen & Noot. . (SE CHINA)
- Magnolia garrettii (Craib) V.S.Kumar . (SW CHINA, VIETNAM, THAILAND)
- Magnolia grandis (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia hookeri Cubitt & W.W.Sm. . (SW CHINA, N BURMA, THAILAND)
- Magnolia insignis (Wall.) Blume . (S CHINA, NEPAL, BURMA)
- Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & Noot. . (SUMATRA)
- Magnolia lucida (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) V.S.Kumar . (SW CHINA)
- Magnolia megaphylla (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia moto (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (SE CHINA)
- Magnolia obovalifolia (C.Y.Yu & Law) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia ovoidea (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia phuthoensis (Dandy ex Gapnep.) V.S.Kumar . (VIETNAM)
- Magnolia rufibarbata (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (VIETNAM)
- Magnolia sabahensis (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia tibetica V.S.Kumar . (TIBET)
- Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (N BURMA, THAILAND)
- Magnolia ventii (N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia yuyuanensis (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar . (E CHINA)
ส่วน Kmeria
แก้- Magnolia duperreana Pierre . (VIETNAM, CAMBODIA)
- Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot. . (YUNNAN, GUANGXI (CHINA))
- Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin . (THAILAND)
ส่วน Rhytidospermum
แก้ส่วนย่อย Rhytidospermum
แก้- Magnolia obovata Thunb. - Japanese bigleaf magnolia or Japanese whitebark magnolia (JAPAN)
- Magnolia officinalis Rehd. & Wilson - Houpu magnolia or Magnolia-bark (W CHINA)
- Magnolia officinalis ssp. biloba Cheng & Law - Aoyehoupo magnolia (E CHINA)
- Magnolia officinalis ssp. officinalis - Houpu magnolia or Magnolia-bark (E CHINA)
- Magnolia rostrata W.W.Smith - Beaked magnolia (SW CHINA)
- Magnolia tripetala (L.) L. - Umbrella magnolia or Umbrella-tree (SE US)
ส่วนย่อย Oyama
แก้- Magnolia globosa Hook.f. & Thoms. - Globe magnolia or Hen magnolia (NEPAL, BURMA)
- Magnolia sieboldii K.Koch - Siebold's magnolia or Oyama magnolia (KOREA, E CHINA)
- Magnolia sieboldii ssp. japonica K.Ueda . (JAPAN, CENTRAL CHINA)
- Magnolia sieboldii ssp. sieboldii Siebold's magnolia or Oyama magnolia (JAPAN)
- Magnolia sieboldii ssp. sinensis (Rehd. & Wilson) Spongberg - Chinese Oyama magnolia or Floreplena magnolia (CENTRAL CHINA)
- Magnolia wilsonii (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehd. - Wilson's magnolia (SW CHINA)
ส่วน Auriculata
แก้- Magnolia fraseri Walt. - Fraser magnolia or Ear-leaved magnolia (SE US)
- Magnolia fraseri var. fraseri - Fraser magnolia or Ear-leaved magnolia (SE US)
- Magnolia fraseri var. pyramidata (Bartram) Pampanini - Pyramid magnolia (SE US)[5]
ส่วน Macrophylla
แก้- Magnolia macrophylla Michx. - Bigleaf magnolia (SE US, E MEXICO)
สกุลย่อย Yulania
แก้ส่วน Yulania
แก้ส่วนย่อย Yulania
แก้- Magnolia amoena W.C.Cheng - Tianmu magnolia or Tienmu magnolia (E CHINA)
- Magnolia biondii Pampan - Spring hope magnolia (E CHINA)
- Magnolia campbellii Hook.f. & Thomson - Campbell's magnolia (W CHINA, HIMALAYAS)
- Magnolia campbellii var. alba Treseder . (HIMALAYAS)
- Magnolia campbellii var. campbellii . (HIMALAYAS)
- Magnolia campbellii var. mollicomata (W.W.Smith) F.Kingdon-Ward . (W CHINA, HIMALAYAS)
- Magnolia cylindrica Wilson - Huangshan magnolia (E CHINA)
- Magnolia dawsoniana Rehd. & Wilson - Dawson's magnolia (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia denudata Desr. - Yulan magnolia or Lilytree (E CHINA)
- Magnolia kobus DC. - Kobushi magnolia (JAPAN, KOREA)
- Magnolia liliiflora Desr. - Mulan magnolia, Purple magnolia, Red magnolia or Woody-orchid (C CHINA)
- Magnolia salicifolia (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. - Willow-leafed magnolia (JAPAN)
- Magnolia sargentiana Rehd. & Wilson - Sargent's magnolia (W CHINA)
- Magnolia sargentiana var. robusta Rehd. & Wilson . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia sargentiana var. sargentiana . (W CHINA)
- Magnolia sprengeri Pampan - Sprenger's magnolia (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia sprengeri var. elongata (Rehd. & Wilson) Johnstone . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia sprengeri var. sprengeri . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia stellata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. - Star magnolia (JAPAN)
- Magnolia × soulangeana Thiéb.-Bern. - Saucer magnolia (HYBRID ORIGIN)
- Magnolia zenii Cheng - Zen magnolia (E CHINA)
ส่วนย่อย Tulipastrum
แก้- Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. - Cucumber tree or Blue magnolia (E NORTH AMERICA)
- Magnolia acuminata var. acuminata - Cucumber tree or Blue magnolia (E NORTH AMERICA)
- Magnolia acuminata var. subcordata (Spach) Dandy - Yellow cucumber tree (SE US)
ส่วนMichelia
แก้ส่วนย่อย Michelia
แก้- Magnolia × alba (DC.) Figlar & Noot. - White champaca (HYBRID ORIGIN)
- Magnolia angustioblonga (Law & Wu) Figlar . (SW CHINA)
- Magnolia baillonii Pierre . (SW CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia balansae A.DC. . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia banghamii (Noot.) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAYSIA, SUMATRA)
- Magnolia braianensis (Gagnep.) Figlar . (VIETNAM)
- Magnolia cavaleriei (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar . (S CHINA)
- Magnolia champaca (L.) Baillon ex Pierre . (S INDIA, LESSER SUNDA IS., JAVA, MALAY PENIN.)
- Magnolia champaca var. champaca . (S INDIA, LESSER SUNDA IS.)
- Magnolia champaca var. pubinervia (Blume) Figlar & Noot. . (JAVA, MALAY PENIN.)
- Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima . (S CHINA, N VIETNAM)
- Magnolia compressa Maxim. . (JAPAN, SW CHINA)
- Magnolia coriacea (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar . (SE YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia dianica Sima & Figlar . (SW CHINA)
- Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar . (SW CHINA, HIMALAYAS)
- Magnolia elliptilimba (B.L.Chen & Noot.) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia ernestii Figlar . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia ernestii ssp. ernestii . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia ernestii ssp. szechuanica (Dandy) Sima & Figlar . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC. - Banana-shrub or Chenille copperleaf (SE CHINA)
- Magnolia figo var. crassipes (Law) Figlar & Noot. . (SE CHINA)
- Magnolia figo var. figo . (SE CHINA)
- Magnolia figo var. skinneriana ined. . (SE CHINA)
- Magnolia flaviflora (Law & Wu) Figlar . (VIETNAM, SW CHINA)
- Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia foveolata (Merr. Ex Dandy) Figlar . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia fujianensis (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar . (SE CHINA)
- Magnolia fulva (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA), VIET.?)
- Magnolia fulva var. calcicola Sima & Yu . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia fulva var. fulva . (YUNNAN (CHINA), VIET.?)
- Magnolia guangxiensis (Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima . (GUANGXI (CHINA))
- Magnolia hypolampra (Dandy) Figlar . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia ingrata (B.L.Chen & S.C.Lang) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia jiangxiensis (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar . (JIANGXI (CHINA))
- Magnolia kingii (Dandy) Figlar . (BANGLADESH, ASSAM)
- Magnolia kisopa (Bush.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar . (VIETNAM, NEPAL)
- Magnolia koordersiana (Noot.) Figlar . (MALAYSIA, W SUMATRA)
- Magnolia lacei (W.W.Smith) Figlar . (SW CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar & Noot. . (YUNNAN (CHINA), NEPAL)
- Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar . (SW CHINA)
- Magnolia macclurei (Dandy) Figlar . (S CHINA, N VIETNAM)
- Magnolia macclurei var. macclurei . (S CHINA, N VIETNAM)
- Magnolia macclurei var. sublanea Dandy . (GUANGDONG (CHINA))
- Magnolia mannii (King) King . (ASSAM)
- Magnolia martinii H.Lev. . (SE CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia masticata (Dandy) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA), LAOS)
- Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar . (SE CHINA, HAINAN IS.)
- Magnolia maudiae var. hunanensis (C.L.Peng & L.H.Yan) Sima . (HUNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia maudiae var. maudiae . (SE CHINA, HAINAN IS.)
- Magnolia maudiae var. platypetala (Hand.-Mazz.) Sima . (S-CENTRAL CHINA)
- Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
- Magnolia microcarpa (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) Sima . (S CHINA)
- Magnolia microtricha (Hand.-Mazz.) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia montana (Blume) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAYSIA to BORNEO)
- Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar . (S INDIA, SRI LANKA)
- Magnolia oblonga (Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar . (ASSAM)
- Magnolia odora (Chun) Figlar & Noot. . (SE CHINA, N VIETNAM)
- Magnolia opipara (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia philippinensis P.Pharm . (PHILIPPINES)
- Magnolia punduana (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Figlar . (ASSAM)
- Magnolia rajaniana (Craib.) Figlar . (THAILAND)
- Magnolia scortechinii (King) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAY PENIN., W SUMATRA)
- Magnolia shiluensis (Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar . (HAINAN IS.)
- Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin - Princess Sirindhorn's magnolia (THAILAND)
- Magnolia sphaerantha (C.Y.Wu ex Z.S.Yue) Sima . (SW CHINA)
- Magnolia subulifera (Dandy) Figlar . (VIETNAM)
- Magnolia sumatrae (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAYSIA, SUMATRA)
- Magnolia xanthantha (C.Y.Wu ex Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
ส่วนย่อย Elmerrillia
แก้- Magnolia platyphylla (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. . (PHILIPPINES)
- Magnolia pubescens (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. . (PHILIPPINES)
- Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar & Noot. . (SUMATRA, NEW GUINEA, MALAYSIA, BORNEO)
- Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. mollis (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (SUMATRA, BORNEO)
- Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. tsiampacca . (SUMATRA, NEW GUINEA, MALAYSIA)
- Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. tsiampacca var. glaberrima (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAYSIA, NEW GUINEA)
- Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. tsiampacca var. tsiampacca . (SUMATRA, NEW GUINEA)
- Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. Ex Pierre . (SULAWESI, MOLUCCAS)
ส่วนย่อย Maingola
แก้- Magnolia annamensis Dandy . (VIETNAM)
- Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot. . (BORNEO, CELEBES)
- Magnolia carsonii var. carsonii . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia carsonii var. drymifolia Noot. . (BORNEO)
- Magnolia carsonii var. phaulanta (Dandy ex Noot.) S.Kim . (CELEBES)
- Magnolia cathcartii (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Noot. . (SW CHINA, BURMA)
- Magnolia griffithii King . (INDIA, ASSAM)
- Magnolia gustavii King - Gustav's magnolia (INDIA, ASSAM)
- Magnolia macklottii (Korth.) Dandy . (W JAVA, BORNEO, SUMATRA)
- Magnolia macklottii var. beccariana (Agostini) Noot. . (SUMATRA)
- Magnolia macklottii var. macklottii . (W JAVA, BORNEO)
- Magnolia pealiana King . (ASSAM)
ส่วนย่อย Aromadendron
แก้- Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex. Noot. . (SUMATRA, BORNEO)
- Magnolia bintuluensis (Agostini) Noot. . (SUMATRA, BORNEO)
- Magnolia borneensis Noot. . (BORNEO, PHILIPPINES)
- Magnolia elegans (Blume) Keng . (SUMATRA, JAVA)
- Magnolia pahangensis Noot. . (BORNEO, PHILIPPINES)
สกุลย่อย Gynopodium
แก้ส่วน Gynopodium
แก้- Magnolia kachirachirai (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy . (TAIWAN)
- Magnolia lotungensis Chun & Tsoon . (S CHINA)
- Magnolia nitida W.W.Smith - Glossy magnolia (NW YUNNAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia omeiensis (Hu & Cheng) Dandy . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
- Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Noot. . (SE YUNNAN (CHINA))
ส่วน Manglietiastrum
แก้- Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (ASSAM)
- Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (VIETNAM, MALAY PENIN.)
- Magnolia sinica (Law) Noot. . (SE YUNNAN (CHINA))
อ้างอิง
แก้- ↑ The number of species in the genus Magnolia depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera Talauma, Dugandiodendron, Manglietia, Michelia, Elmerrillia, Kmeria, Parakmeria, Pachylarnax (and a small number of monospecific genera) all belong within the same genus, Magnolia s.l. (s.l. = sensu lato: 'in a broad sense', as opposed to s.s. = sensu stricto: 'in a narrow sense'). The genus Magnolia s.s. contains about 120 species. See the section Nomenclature and classification of Magnolia in this article.
- ↑ Peigler, Richard (1988). "A review of pollination of Magnolias by beetles, with a collecting survey made in the Carolinas" (PDF). Magnolia. 24 (45): 1–7.
- ↑ Bernhardt, P. (2000). "Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated angiosperms" (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 222 (1–4): 293–320. doi:10.1007/bf00984108. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2015-12-23.
- ↑ Crane, P.R. (1988). "The phylogenetic position and fossil history of the Magnoliaceae". ใน Hunt, David R. (บ.ก.). Magnolias and their allies: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, U.K., 12-13 April 1996. Milbourne Port. p. 21. ISBN 9780951723487. OCLC 40781614.
- ↑ Often treated as a distinct species, Magnolia pyramidata.
- ↑ Often treated as a distinct species, Magnolia ashei.
- ↑ Often treated as a distinct species, Magnolia dealbata.
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
แก้วิกิสปีชีส์มีข้อมูลภาษาอังกฤษเกี่ยวกับ Magnolia
วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์มีสื่อเกี่ยวกับ แมกโนเลีย
- Magnolia images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database
- Friedman, William (Ned). "Hunting magnolia fruits at the Arboretum." เก็บถาวร 2020-05-02 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Posts from the Collection, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 20 October 2019. Accessed 29 April 2020.
- Dosmann, Michael and Nancy Rose. "Early to Evolve, Early to Flower: Collections Up Close Spotlights the Magnolia Collection." เก็บถาวร 2014-07-02 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, Spring/Summer 2014. Accessed 29 April 2020.
- "Magnolia - April Tree of the Month."[ลิงก์เสีย] Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 2014. Accessed 29 April 2020.
- Glasser, Larissa. "Magnolia madness in April." เก็บถาวร 2020-06-12 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Blog of the Arnold Arboretum Horticultural Library, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 19 April 2017. Accessed 29 April 2020.
- "NCCPG National Magnolia Collection". Caerhays Castle Garden (UK).
- "Conserving threatened Magnolia species". Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2016-03-10. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-04-01.
Background information, reports, images and related articles
- "Magnolia Society".
- "Magnolias Threatened by Logging, Development". National Public Radio.
- "Magnolia Trees". Extension. Selecting Trees for your Home. University of Illinois. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2020-04-10. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-09-11.
. สารานุกรมบริตานิกา ค.ศ. 1911 (11 ed.). 1911.
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