Results favoring one treatment over another in a randomized clinical trial can be explained
only if the favored treatment really is superior or the apparent advantage enjoyed by the …

Researchers investigated whether rapid rather than standard intravenous rehydration
resulted in improved hydration and clinical outcomes when administered to children with …

Statistical analyses and consequently statistical inferences are increasingly important
components (but not all) of inferential processes. For example, consider a transplant study …

Inferential processes including notions of cause-and-effect are increasingly dominated by
statistical analyses, a process in which the concept of the P-value has become central. Every …

Part 19: What is a P Value? - ScienceDirect … Part 19: What is a P Value? …

The P value is a pillar of statistics [1]. It appears in the majority of research papers, and both
researchers and journal editors feel comfortable with it. Yet at the same time, there are many …

It is remarkable that in the interpretation of scientific evidence, be it as reviewer for a medical
journal or as reader, clinicians appear to be the ones most impressed by p-values and …

… What is a p-value? It is a statistic. Calculate the sample mean, subtract some hypothetical
mean, and divide by the sample mean's standard error. …

… Having described what a P value is not, the question remains what is a P value? A P value
is a probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as the observed results in a study, …

The use of the p-value in quantitative research, particularly its threshold of “P < 0.05” for
determining “statistical significance,” has long been a cornerstone of statistical analysis in …