Original Word: ὑπό
Part of Speech: Preposition
Transliteration: hupo
Pronunciation: hoo-PO
Phonetic Spelling: (hoop-o')
Definition: by, under, beneath, through
Meaning: by, under, about.

Word Origin: A primary preposition

Corresponding Greek / Hebrew Entries: The Hebrew equivalent often used in similar contexts is תַּחַת (tachath), Strong's Hebrew 8478, which also means "under" or "beneath."

Usage: The Greek preposition "hupo" is used to denote a position or condition of being under or beneath something. It can indicate physical position, such as being under an object, or metaphorical subjection, such as being under authority or influence. It is often used to express agency, particularly in passive constructions, where it denotes the agent performing an action.

Cultural and Historical Background: In the Greco-Roman world, prepositions like "hupo" were essential for conveying spatial and relational concepts. The idea of being "under" something often carried connotations of authority and hierarchy, reflecting the structured nature of ancient societies. In the New Testament, "hupo" is frequently used to describe the relationship between believers and Christ, as well as the subjection of all things under God's sovereignty.

5259 hypó (a preposition) – properly, under, often meaning "under authority" of someone working directly as a subordinate (under someone/something else).

[5259 (hypó), before a smooth breathing mark becomes hph.]

Word Origin
a prim. preposition
Definition
by, under
NASB Translation
about (1), hands (3), power (1), under (46).

STRONGS NT 5259: ὑπό

ὑπό (i. e. Latinsub (Curtius, § 393)), preposition, under, in secular authors used with the genitive, dative, and accusative, but in the N. T. with the genitive and accusative only. (On the use and the omission of elision with it before words beginning with a vowel, see WH's Appendix, p. 146{b}; Tdf Proleg., p. 4, (addenda et emendanda).)

I. with the genitive (cf. Winers Grammar, 364 (342), 368f, (346); Buttmann, § 147, 29), it is used:

1. properly, in a local sense, of situation or position under something higher, as ὑπό χτονος, often from Homer down; ὁ ἐπί γῆς καί ὑπό γῆς χρυσός, Plato, legg. 5, p. 728 a.; hence,

2. metaphorically, of the efficient cause, as that under the power of which an event is conceived of as being; here the Latin uses ἆ or ἀβ, and the English by; thus a. after passive verbs — with the genitive of a person: Matthew 1:22; Matthew 2:15; Mark 1:5; Mark 2:3; ( L T Tr WH); Luke 2:18; ( Rec.); John 10:14 R G; ; Acts 4:11; Acts 15:4; ( L T Tr WH); Romans 15:15 (R G L); 1 Corinthians 1:11; 2 Corinthians 1:4, 16; Galatians 1:11; Ephesians 2:11; Philippians 3:12; 1 Thessalonians 1:4; 2 Thessalonians 2:13; Hebrews 3:4, and in many other passages; φωνῆς ἐνεχθείσης ὑπό τῆς μεγαλοπρεποῦς δόξης, when a voice was brought by the majestic glory (cf. R. V. marginal reading), i. e. came down to him from God, 2 Peter 1:17; after γίνομαι, to be done, effected, Luke 9:7 R L in brackets; Luke 13:17; Luke 23:8; Ephesians 5:12; γίνεται τίνι ἐπιβουλή, Acts 20:3; ἡ ἐπιτιμία ἡ ὑπό τῶν πλειόνων, namely, ἐπιτιμηθεισα, 2 Corinthians 2:6; — with the genitive of a thing: Matthew 8:24; Matthew 11:7; Matthew 14:24; Luke 7:24; Luke 8:14 (see πορεύω, at the end); John 8:9; Acts 27:41; Romans 3:21; Romans 12:21; 1 Corinthians 10:29; 2 Corinthians 5:4; Ephesians 5:13; Colossians 2:18; James 1:14; James 2:9; James 3:4, 6; 2 Peter 2:7, 17; Jude 1:12; Revelation 6:13.

b. with neuter verbs, and with active verbs which carry a passive meaning: πάσχειν ὑπό τίνος, Matthew 17:12; Mark 5:26; 1 Thessalonians 2:14 (Homer, Iliad 11, 119; Thucydides 1, 77; Xenophon, symp. 1, 9; Cyril 6, 1, 36; Hier. 7, 8); ἀπολέσθαι, to perish, 1 Corinthians 10:9f (very often in secular authors from Herodotus 3, 32 on); ὑπομένειν τί, Hebrews 12:3 (cf. ἀντιλογία, 2); λαμβάνειν namely, πληγάς, to be beaten, 2 Corinthians 11:24; after a term purely active, of a force by which something is bidden to be done: ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν ῤομφαία καί ὑπό τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς, by the wild beasts, Revelation 6:8 (cf. 9:18 Rec.) (so ὠλεσε θυμόν ὑφ' Ἐκτορος, Homer, Iliad 17, 616; cf. Matthiae, ii., p. 1393; (Buttmann, 341 (293))).

II. with the accusative (Winer's Grammar, § 49, k.);

1. of motion, in answer to the question 'whither?': to come ὑπό τήν στέγην, Matthew 8:8; Luke 7:6; ἐπισυνάγειν, Matthew 23:37; Luke 13:34; with verbs of putting or placing: Matthew 5:15; Mark 4:21; Luke 11:33; 1 Corinthians 15:25; of placing under or subjecting, Luke 7:8; Romans 7:14; Romans 16:20; 1 Corinthians 15:27; Galatians 3:22; Galatians 4:3; Ephesians 1:22; 1 Peter 5:6; ἔχω τινα ὑπ' ἐμαυτόν, Matthew 8:9; Luke 7:8, γίνεσθαι, born under i. e. subject to, Galatians 4:4; of falling, tropically, James 5:12 (where Rst εἰς ὑπκρισιν).

2. of situation, position, tarrying: after κατασκηνοῦν, Mark 4:32; κάθημαι, James 2:3; with the verb εἶναι: (to and under) in a local or proper sense, John 1:48(49); Acts 4:12; Romans 3:13; 1 Corinthians 10:1; ἡ ὑπό (τόν) ὀυρνανος namely, χώρα, Luke 17:24; πάσῃ κτίσει τῇ ὑπό τόν οὐρανοῦ, namely, οὔσῃ, Colossians 1:23; τά ὑπό τόν οὐρανόν namely, ὄντα, Acts 2:5 (τά ὑπό σελήνην, Philo de vit. Moys. ii., § 12); εἶναι ὑπό τινα or τί, to be under, i. e. subject to the power of, any person or thing: Romans 3:9; Romans 6:14, 15; 1 Corinthians 9:20; Galatians 3:10, 25; Galatians 4:2, 21; Galatians 5:18; 1 Timothy 6:1; ὑπό ἐξουσίαν namely, ὤν, Matthew 8:9 (where L WH brackets read ὑπό ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος (set under authority), so also the Sinaiticus manuscript); οἱ ὑπό νόμον, namely, ὄντες, 1 Corinthians 9:20; Galatians 4:5 (ὑπό ἐκπληξιν εἶναι, Protevangelium Jacobi, 18). τηρεῖν τινα, Jude 1:6; φρουρεῖσθαι, Galatians 3:23.

3. of time, like the Latinsub (cf.sub vespe. ram), equivalent to about (see examples from the Greek writings in Passow, p. 2111{a}; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, C. III.)): ὑπό τόν ὄρθρον, about daybreak, Acts 5:21. This preposition occurs with the accusative nowhere else in the N. T. The apostle John uses it only twice with the genitive (John 14:21; 3 John 1:12 — three times, if John 10:14 R G is counted (cf. John 8:9)), and once with the accusative (John 1:48 (49)).

III. in Composition ὑπό denotes:

1. locality, under: ὑποκάτω, ὑποπόδιον, ὑπωπιάζω, ὑποδέω; of the goal of motion, i. e. ὑπό τί, as ὑποδέχομαι (under one's roof); ὑπολαμβάνω (to receive by standing under); ὑποβάλλω, ὑποτίθημι; tropically, in expressions of subjection, compliance, etc., as ὑπακούω, ὑπακοή, ὑπηκως, ὑπόδικος, ὕπανδρος, ὑπάγω, ὑπολείπω, ὑποχωρέω.

2. small in degree, slightly, as ὑποπνέω.

by, from, in, of, under, with.

A primary preposition; under, i.e. (with the genitive case) of place (beneath), or with verbs (the agency or means, through); (with the accusative case) of place (whither (underneath) or where (below) or time (when (at)) -- among, by, from, in, of, under, with. In the comparative, it retains the same general applications, especially of inferior position or condition, and specially, covertly or moderately.

υπ υπ' ὑπ' υπο υπό ὑπό ὑπὸ υφ υφ' ὑφ' hyp' hyph' hypo hypó hypò up uph upoInterlinear Greek • Interlinear Hebrew • Strong's Numbers • Englishman's Greek Concordance • Englishman's Hebrew Concordance • Parallel Texts