Background and Objectives: Toxoplasmosis is a most common parasitic infection in humans and animals, it has two acute and chronic phases that related to IgM and IgG, respectively. This prevalence is affected by different variables, so determination of the prevalence of serum IgG and IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma in terms of these variables like age, occupation and education level is so important.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic cross sectional study was done on 350 pregnant women referred to health - Therapeutic centers of Hamadan city. After obtaining informed consent from volunteers, their serum samples were tested by IgG ELISA and IgM ELISA methods and their associations with age, occupation and education level variables were measured.
Results: From total of 350 pregnant women, 105 cases (%30) had anti Toxoplasma IgG, and 3 cases (%2.9) had anti-Toxoplasma IgM. Antibody titer of IgM with variable age, occupation and education level was not significant, but antibody titer of IgG with these variables was significant.
Conclusion: Given the significant association between the disease and age, occupation and education level in pregnant women, it should be provide the necessary training and knowledge about prevention and avoid of being infected with toxoplasmosis infection.

Background and Objectives: appendicitis is a common urgent surgical operation. Since early diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis is necessary and also some disease mimic its clinical manifestation and rate of negative appendectomy was high (%30-15), so surgeons were trying to increase the accuracy of diagnosis of appendicitis by using laboratory facilities. The main aim of this study was to investigation of sensitivity and specificity CRP in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis and compares it with routine laboratory tests such as leukocyte count and neutrophil count.
Methods: In this descriptive - analytical study, blood samples of 191 patients with diagnosis of acute appendicitis that underwent appendectomy at the Besat hospital, were used to measuring of CRP. The surgical specimens were reviewed by pathologists and pathologic findings were considered as gold standard. Then by using of the results of pathology tests, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive value of CRP, WBC and neutrophils were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS14.0 software and t test and chi square test.
Results: about 74 percent of the patients were male and 25.7% were female and the mean age was 26 ±3.4 years. The most common symptom, sign and pathologic stage of patients were loss of appetite (95.2%), local tenderness (95.8%) and Acute suppurative 64.9%. about thirteen percent of patients had normal appendectomies that consist of 35% of women and 6% of men appendectomy. The sensitivity and specificity of CRP, WBC and neutrophils respectively were: 93.3%, 50%, 84.8%, 61.5%, 98.1% and 19.2%.
Conclusion: According to the results, the CRP test at diagnosis and in finding of negative appendectomy has high value, but was not reliable as an exclusive test. Therefore, the use of CRP as a paraclinical criterion along with other criteria of Alvarado scoring system can be very useful in diagnosis of appendicitis.

Background and Objectives: in the recent years, organizational culture has been an important research concept in the management domain. This study intends to determine the organizational culture of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences form the view point of faculty members based on Hofstede Model.
Methods: in this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, faculty members of Hamadan University of medical sciences were research population that sample involved 162 people which have been selected through random sampling. To gather the data, Hofstede Organizational Culture Questionnaire was used as well as demographic variables questionnaire. To analyze the data SPSS was used.
Results: THE sample consisted of %63.59 male. The mean age of the sample was 36.45±4.35 and the mean years of employment was 16.43 ±5.77. Lecturer, assistant professor and associate professor were %34.573, %52.47 and %12.86, respectively. The findings revealed the characteristics of the organizational culture of the research population as follows: cultural balance with a trend to masculinity, collectivism, low uncertainty avoidance and relatively balanced of power distance. Also factors such as age and years of employment have negative significant relation with uncertainty avoidance and masculinity femininity rate in the man and women are different.
Conclusion: Faculty members in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences consider organizational culture supportive and they believe that University beside being emphasized over the social responsibilities, tends to avoid injustice.

Background and Objectives: cerebrovascular accidents are the third leading cause of mortality and the most important cause of morbidity in adults in the most of the world. Multiple factors such as Socioeconomic, lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors may be the cause of stroke risk differences in our community. This study was designed to evaluate the Stroke Risk Factor in persons above 55 years old without history of Stroke who referred to Health Centers in Hamadan on 2012.
Methods: In a Descriptive- Analytical study, 300 persons above 55 years without history of stroke who referred to Health centers of Hamadan were selected (randomly),with regarded of inclusion and exclusion criteria and after explaining the research and its purposes, their permission was obtained. Their demographic data (such as age, gender), history of heart disease, hypertension and drug reception for it, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking were filled in questionnaire. One EKG was performed (about the atrial fibrillation and signs of left ventricular hypertrophy).then data were analyzed and average tenth year stroke risk with use the Prof. Donald Smith software (stroke risk calculator) calculated.
Results: The mean age, risk factors and systolic blood pressure in men and women were: 68.62±10.6y, 1.33±2.16 and 129±18.7 mmHg. History of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking, hypertension(HTN), drug reception for HTN, drug reception in persons with history of HTN, SBP≥140mmHg, drug reception in persons with SBP≥140mmHg,Cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillation(AF rhythm) and signs of left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH)in EKG have frequency: , 19% , 28% , 19.66%, 8.33% , 3.33% , 20.33% , 59.77% , 29% , 34% , 42.23%, respectively. The mean calculated stroke risk was for tenth year %10071.This risk was %11074 in men and %9052 in women population.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that with regard to transition of socioeconomic and community especially aging and international experience of epidemiologic transition, stroke risk factors and consecutive stroke risk in Hamadan as a small sample of a developing country are rapidly increasing. It is hope that experiences obtained in developed countries applied in preventive programs and healthy planning.

Background and Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the technical efficiency of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and functional indexes based on using mathematical model analysis of inclusive data (DEA) in 2010.
Methods: This study is a cross- sectional, the data field of library and information through the use of doctoral dissertations and master and go directly to the hospital and the university's center for statistics. This method has limitations in dealing method using data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the technical efficiency of hospitals DEAP2 prescription coverage has been Hamadan University of medical sciences. The model used in this study analysis of multistage DEA model is used for the minimization of production factors and output variables.
Results: Data inputs include the number of groups of physicians (general practitioners, specialists, doctors intern in teaching hospitals, physician residents in teaching hospitals), the number of nurses (nurses, nurse aid, nurse), the number of staff and beds and the output includes the number of surgeries, number of ambulatory patients, the percentage of occupied beds, average bed day stay patient is hospitalized. Then calculate the technical efficiency of hospitals and hospital efficiency (efficiency coefficient E=1) and the inefficient (the unit) is obtained.
Conclusions: The most important factors for technical efficiency in hospitals have been incorrect use of beds patient-day in sufficiency and bed-days occupied. Finally in Hamadan average surplus factor (input), respectively: 3 physicians, 9 nurses, 8 other personnel and 3 active beds and there should be surplus production factors surplus to be removed to hospitals in the province average to reach the desired level of technical efficiency. The findings in this study shows the highest ratio of technical efficiency in Besat, Beheshti, Farshchian, Imam Hussein Malayer, ValiAsr Razan, Ali Moradian and Heydari Nahavand, Ghaem and Amiralmomenin Asadabad hospitals in comparison with other hospitals.

Background and Objectives: Advanced phonological skills are important for the acquisition of reading skills. Children with hearing impairment have reading skills are weaker than others because of auditory inputs and due to the defect in phonological skills. The use of hearing aids and cochlear implants help to collect information on people who are hard of hearing.
Methods: This descriptive - analytic study was done on 12 children with cochlear implant and 12 children with hearing aids that were selected from second grades students of Tehran primary schools. Children's phonological performance was assessed by phonological subtests of Nama reading test and the data were analyzed using version 16.0 of SPSS.
Results: The results showed that the means of scores of children with cochlear implants in Rhyme task were significantly greater than the children with hearing aids (P=0.034). But in means of scores of Phone deletion and Non-word reading tasks were not significant different between two groups (P=0.919, P=0.670).
Conclusion: Cochlear implant with accessibility auditory inputs can facilitated the acquisition of phonological awareness skills in hearing loss children. But whereas the other language inputs such as sight and touch input helped to developing these skills, children with hearing aids too also can acquisition these skills.

Background and Objectives: fluoride in low concentration is essential for human but in high concentration is very hazardous for human health. The efficacy of Snail Shell (SS) was investigated in this research work as an adsorbent for the elimination of fluoride from aqueous.
Methods: in this experimental study, the capability of SS to adsorb fluoride ions was conducted using a series of batch tests in a shaker-incubator instrument. For each batch run, 100 mL of solution containing a known initial concentration of Fluoride and with the preferred level of pH was shacked. The effects of selected parameters such as pH (3-11), reaction time (5–60 min) cyanide concentrations (5-10 mg/L) and the adsorbent dosage (0.25–2.5g/L) were investigated on the removal fluoride as a target contaminate. Chemical composition SS were analyzed using a Philips model XL30- scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The concentration of Fluoride in solution before and after treatment was determined using the HACH method.
Results: Analysis of the SS component using the EDX technique showed that the main part of it consisted of calcium and its other components were magnesium, aluminum and silicate. The experimental data showed that the maximum fluoride removal occurred at pH of 7, adsorbent dose (0.5 g/L) and 30 min contact time and 5 mg/lit initial concentration. The kinetic evaluation indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic had the best fit to the experimental results predicting a chemisorption process. The equilibrium adsorption of fluoride onto SS was well represented by the Langmuir equation.
Conclusion: As a result, SS was revealed as a very efficient and low-cost adsorbent and a promising option for removing fluoride from industrial wastewaters.

Introduction: after sanction of «the rights of disabled people convention» United Nations Organization have been stressed more on dealing with this group's needs. Therewith, most of countries in the world have been committed in this field. Therefore, with consideration of importance of identifying the needs in disabled people and making policies for them, this study conducted in order to identify the special needs in physically disabled people.
Methods: this study is a part of a qualitative research with grounded theory method. Fifteen physically disabled people were selected through a purposeful sampling participated in study. The main method for collecting data was semi-structured interview that continued until theoretical saturation of information. Data was analyzed with Strauss & Corbin coding manner or continued comparison and the assessor's viewpoints method is used for validity promotion of data.
Results: Totally, most important domains of special needs in disabled group were: family and relatives, education, movement and transportation, building and places (houses and public places), social participation and occupation, treatment and rehabilitation services, and people's attitude toward their problems.
Conclusion: the results indicated that for promoting social participation and function independency in disabled people, should be emphasis on «equality of opportunities» in society rather than «disability». Thus, public systems and services should be available equally for all, such as physical environments and places, housing, transport system, educational and vocational opportunities, and socio-cultural life like equipments for sport and amusement. Then, physically disabled people can reach to a life with more quality and same with others.

Background and Objectives: Autism is a lifetime developmental disability that determines with sever problem in social relations, communication and behavior. Regarding social interaction difficulties of these children and weakness of social skill interventions in creation of motivation. In this study we tried to examine effect of pivotal response treatment method on social skill of autistic children.
Methods: In this randomized control trial (RCT) study, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 autistic participants (6 to 11 years old) that matched based on age, gender and mean length utterance, from especial clinics of Hamedan’s autistic persons selected and placed randomly in one of groups of intervention and control. Sessions was administered individually, lasting for 60 minutes and 2 days a week for 3 months. Both groups of children were tested before and after intervention by CCC (children’s communication checklist) to assess social skill. Data analysis was done through descriptive statistics tests and covariance analysis.
Results: The findings of the study showed (according to covariance analysis between before and after of intervention in two groups) there is significant changes in social skill’s ability in intervention group.
Conclusion: the result of these study indicated effect of pivotal response treatment on social skills in autistic children, therefore this method mrecommended for speech and language pathologist.

Background and Objectives: wastwaters of textile industries contain large amounts of color can create a lot of pollution. There are different methods for decolorization of textile industries, for example the methods of coagulation, floocculation, chemical oxidation, biological treatment, electrochemical techniques, including ion exchange and other processes. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of alum and ferric chloride to remove Disperse Blue 56.
Methods: the research was according to the method Jar test. The sample PH was adjusted using NaOH and sulfuric acid 0.1 normal. Coagulants with different concentrations were added to each sample. A minute of high speed and slow speed were mixed for 15 minutes and a_er deposition, sample pH and absorbance values were measured. The dye concentration in the samples was measured by spectrometry method using a UV1700- Pharmaspec Shimadzo spectrophotometer at 550 nm wavelength.
Results: coagulation by alum to remove dye Disperse Blue has a pH optimum of 6 and optimal dose of 130 milligrams per liter, which is the pH and the optimal dose has a removal efficiency of 93 percent, while for Chloroferric the pH optimum of 9and optimal dose of 120 milligrams per liter with removal efficiency over 98 percent.
Conclusions: the results showed that the coagulation process using a lot of blue disperses dyes in textile wastewater removed from the wastewater. The e results showed that the coagulant is alum Chloroferric has better removal efficiency.

Introduction: the professional ethics in the medical _eld is an important concept. Understanding of EMS with professional ethic provide better services and to minimum professional stress. The group discussion method in the teaching of professional ethics is efficiency. The authors benefited of the method to evaluate the awareness of the ethical issues based on training classes.
Methods: the study was cross-sectional. The study population included all of the students of EMS in the final year. Number of samples was 30 and method of sampling was the census. After of expression course plan pretest was taken and after the end of class final examination was taken. Rate of knowledge of student was assessed after 3 semesters and data obtained were analyzed by software SPSS 16.
Results: rate of knowledge of students before teaching were %97 weak and %3 moderate. The scores of students was between 14-20 and the mean of was 16.58. Results after 3 terms were this: the average student score 24.69, most samples (%80) have a high awareness and %20 had poor knowledge.
Conclusion: the ministry of health policy is edification prior knowledge. the students› awareness of duty was high (%80), in the legal field was very weak and in some areas, such as respect, altruism was moderate.

Introduction: Mission of universities is to respond to the needs and expectations of its key stakeholders and specially their students. Quality promotion and continuous improvement of education and research processes in universities of medical sciences is important. Determining of student satisfaction level as the most important indicators to reach the desired quality should be considered. Thus, this study was performed with purpose of student satisfaction evaluation from education and research processes in Hamadan medical sciences faculties.
Methods: this cross - sectional study was conducted in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences at 385 .2012-2011 students selected from all schools based on stratified method. To measure student satisfaction a researcher made questionnaire consisted of 71 questions related to various aspects of educational services (9 compasses) was used. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS16 software the chi-square test.
Results: Most of the participants (%72.2) were in the age group 25 to 21 years. 50.3 percent of students were female. Most of students were at the undergraduate level (%38.8) and physician (%32.9). Level of satisfaction for all compasses was at moderate level. Based on statistic result only in internships and apprenticeships compasses satisfaction level showed a significant correlation with studying duration (P<0.05). Also in the teachers counseling, workshops and laboratory activity compasses the strati_cation level had a significant relation with degree (P<0.05).
Conclusion: the results showed that the student’s satisfaction from educational processes is at moderate level. Satisfaction level based on degree of students is different, so managers and policy makers of educational system as well as teachers of various degrees can utilize the present study results to restructure of educational strategy in order to promotion the quality and the satisfaction level of educational services.

Introduction: one of the common problems among older people is falling. Falling inside the houses and streets makes up a large incidence between Iranian elderly, then the effort to identify environmental factors at home and home modification can reduce falls and injury in the elderly. The aim of this study was identifying elderly at risk of fall with using screening tool (HOME FAST) and determines reliability of this tool.
Methods: as reliability, through the health housing of the town councils in five geographical regions of Tehran, 60 old persons were selected. Participants aged 60 to 65 years and the HOME FAST tool was used in the two stages (inter rater and test-retest).
Results: test-retest reliability in the study showed that agreement between the items is over than 0.8, which shows very good reliability. The results showed that the relative of the each item in the Agreement between the domain is 0.65 - 1, which shows moderate to high reliability. And the results in this study showed that agreement between the items in Inter rater reliability is over than 0.8, which shows the level of reliability is very good. Also it showed that the relative of the each item in the agreement between the domain is 0.01 - 1, which shows poor to high reliability.
Conclusion: this study shows that the reliability of the HOME FAST is high. The findings of these comments have been expected that the test objectives were appropriate to prevent falls and the tools showed acceptable reliability, then this test can be used as a tool for to professionals.

Background and Objectives: cyanides as carbon-nitrogen radicals are very toxic compounds and highly harmful to humans and aquatic organisms. The efficacy of eggshells (ES) was investigated in this research work as an adsorbent for the elimination of cyanide from polluted streams.
Methods: In this experimental study, the capability of ES to adsorb cyanide ions was conducted using a series of batch tests in a shaker-incubator instrument. For each batch run, 100 mL of solution containing a known initial concentration of cyanide and with the preferred level of pH was shacked. The effects of selected parameters such as pH (11-3), reaction time (60–5 min) cyanide concentrations (150–50 mg/L) and the adsorbent dosage (2–0.25 g/L) were investigated on the removal cyanide as a target contaminate. Chemical composition ES were analyzed using a Philips model XL- 30 scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). The specific surface and pore size distributions of ES were measured via Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherm and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods using a Micrometrics particle size analyzer. The concentration of cyanide in solution before and after treatment was determined using the titrimetric method as described in the standard methods.
Results: Analysis of the ES component using the EDX technique showed that the main part of it consisted of calcium and its other components were magnesium, iron, aluminum and silicate. The experimental data showed that the maximum cyanide removal occurred at pH of 11, adsorbent dose (0.5 g/L) and 40 min contact time. The kinetic evaluation indicated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic had the best fit to the experimental results predicting a chemisorptions process. The equilibrium adsorption of cyanide onto ES was well represented by the Langmuir equation.