CERN Accelerating science

Schematic cross section through the CMS detector in the $r$-$z$ plane. The main luminometers in Run 2, as described in the text, are highlighted, showing the silicon pixel detector, PLT, BCM1F, DTs, and HF. The two RAMSES monitors used as a luminometer in Run 2 are located directly behind HF. In this view, the detector is symmetric about the horizontal and vertical axes, so only one quarter is shown here. The center of the detector, corresponding to the approximate position of the \pp collision point, is located at the origin. Solid lines represent distinct $\eta$ values.

The \cmsLeft plot shows the number of pixel clusters and their statistical uncertainty from simulation of pileup following a Poisson distribution with a mean of 45. The \cmsRight plot shows the mean number of pixel clusters from simulation as a function of mean pileup. The red curve is a first-order polynomial fit with slope and $\chi^2/\text{dof}$ values shown in the legend. Only pixel modules considered for the PCC measurement in data are included. The lower panel of the \cmsRight plot shows the difference between the simulation and the linear fit in black points. The green band is the final linearity uncertainty for the 2016 data set.

The \cmsLeft plot shows the number of pixel clusters and their statistical uncertainty from simulation of pileup following a Poisson distribution with a mean of 45. The \cmsRight plot shows the mean number of pixel clusters from simulation as a function of mean pileup. The red curve is a first-order polynomial fit with slope and $\chi^2/\text{dof}$ values shown in the legend. Only pixel modules considered for the PCC measurement in data are included. The lower panel of the \cmsRight plot shows the difference between the simulation and the linear fit in black points. The green band is the final linearity uncertainty for the 2016 data set.

Relative change in the positions of beams 1 and 2 measured by the DOROS BPMs during fill 4954 in the horizontal ($x$) or vertical ($y$) directions, as a function of the time elapsed from the beginning of the program. The gray vertical lines delineate \vdM, BI, or LSC scans.

Example \vdM scans for PCC for BCID 41, from the last scan pair in fill \FillNumberII, showing the rate normalized by the product of beam currents and its statistical uncertainty as a function of the beam separation in the $x$ (left) and $y$ (right) direction, and the fitted curves. The purple curve shows the overall double-Gaussian fit, while the blue, yellow, and green curves show the first and second Gaussian components and the constant component, respectively. All corrections described in Section~\ref{sec:ScanCorrections} are applied. The lower panels display the difference between the measured and fitted values divided by the statistical uncertainty.

Example \vdM scans for PCC for BCID 41, from the last scan pair in fill \FillNumberII, showing the rate normalized by the product of beam currents and its statistical uncertainty as a function of the beam separation in the $x$ (left) and $y$ (right) direction, and the fitted curves. The purple curve shows the overall double-Gaussian fit, while the blue, yellow, and green curves show the first and second Gaussian components and the constant component, respectively. All corrections described in Section~\ref{sec:ScanCorrections} are applied. The lower panels display the difference between the measured and fitted values divided by the statistical uncertainty.

The two figures above show comparisons of effective area (\Aeff) of cross-check luminometers with respect to the nominal PCC+PVC for fills 4266 (upper) and 4954 (lower). The points are the ratio of the \Aeff of the labeled luminometer to PCC+PVC. There are 25 \Aeff values because there are five scan pairs with five BCIDs analyzed for each scan pair. The solid lines are the average of all the \Aeff while the bands are the standard deviations. In both sets of data the average comparison is compatible with unity within or near the standard deviation.

The two figures above show comparisons of effective area (\Aeff) of cross-check luminometers with respect to the nominal PCC+PVC for fills 4266 (upper) and 4954 (lower). The points are the ratio of the \Aeff of the labeled luminometer to PCC+PVC. There are 25 \Aeff values because there are five scan pairs with five BCIDs analyzed for each scan pair. The solid lines are the average of all the \Aeff while the bands are the standard deviations. In both sets of data the average comparison is compatible with unity within or near the standard deviation.

Effect of orbit drift in the horizontal (upper) and vertical (lower) beam-separation directions during fill \FillNumberII. The dots correspond to the beam positions measured by the DOROS or LHC arc BPMs in $\mu$m at times when the beams nominally collide head-on and in three periods per scan (before, during, and after) represented by the vertical lines. First-order polynomial fits are subsequently made to the input from BPMs (dots) and are used to estimate the orbit drift at each scan step. Slow, linear orbit drifts are corrected exactly in this manner, and more discrete discontinuities are corrected on average.

The measured \sigmaVisPCC, corrected for all the effects described in Section~\ref{sec:ScanCorrections}, shown chronologically for all \vdM scan pairs (where 3 and 4 are BI scans) taken in fills 4266 (\cmsLeft) and 4954 (\cmsRight), respectively. Each of the five colliding bunch pairs is marked with a different color. The error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainty propagated from the \vdM fit to \sigmaVisPCC. The band is the standard deviation of all fitted \sigmaVisPCC values.

The beam-separation residuals in $y$ during all scans in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower) are shown on the left. The dots correspond to the difference (in terms of beam separation in $\mu$m) between the corrected beam positions measured by the DOROS BPMs and the beam separation provided by LHC magnets (``nominal''). The error bars denote the standard deviation in the measurements. The figures on the right show the residual position differences per beam between the DOROS BPMs and LHC positions for the first vdM scans in $y$ in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower).

The measured \sigmaVisPCC, corrected for all the effects described in Section~\ref{sec:ScanCorrections}, shown chronologically for all \vdM scan pairs (where 3 and 4 are BI scans) taken in fills 4266 (\cmsLeft) and 4954 (\cmsRight), respectively. Each of the five colliding bunch pairs is marked with a different color. The error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainty propagated from the \vdM fit to \sigmaVisPCC. The band is the standard deviation of all fitted \sigmaVisPCC values.

The beam-separation residuals in $y$ during all scans in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower) are shown on the left. The dots correspond to the difference (in terms of beam separation in $\mu$m) between the corrected beam positions measured by the DOROS BPMs and the beam separation provided by LHC magnets (``nominal''). The error bars denote the standard deviation in the measurements. The figures on the right show the residual position differences per beam between the DOROS BPMs and LHC positions for the first vdM scans in $y$ in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower).

Effect of orbit drift in the horizontal (upper) and vertical (lower) beam-separation directions during fill \FillNumberII. The dots correspond to the beam positions measured by the DOROS or LHC arc BPMs in $\mu$m at times when the beams nominally collide head-on and in three periods per scan (before, during, and after) represented by the vertical lines. First-order polynomial fits are subsequently made to the input from BPMs (dots) and are used to estimate the orbit drift at each scan step. Slow, linear orbit drifts are corrected exactly in this manner, and more discrete discontinuities are corrected on average.

The beam-separation residuals in $y$ during all scans in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower) are shown on the left. The dots correspond to the difference (in terms of beam separation in $\mu$m) between the corrected beam positions measured by the DOROS BPMs and the beam separation provided by LHC magnets (``nominal''). The error bars denote the standard deviation in the measurements. The figures on the right show the residual position differences per beam between the DOROS BPMs and LHC positions for the first vdM scans in $y$ in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower).

The beam-separation residuals in $y$ during all scans in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower) are shown on the left. The dots correspond to the difference (in terms of beam separation in $\mu$m) between the corrected beam positions measured by the DOROS BPMs and the beam separation provided by LHC magnets (``nominal''). The error bars denote the standard deviation in the measurements. The figures on the right show the residual position differences per beam between the DOROS BPMs and LHC positions for the first vdM scans in $y$ in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower).

The beam-separation residuals in $y$ during all scans in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower) are shown on the left. The dots correspond to the difference (in terms of beam separation in $\mu$m) between the corrected beam positions measured by the DOROS BPMs and the beam separation provided by LHC magnets (``nominal''). The error bars denote the standard deviation in the measurements. The figures on the right show the residual position differences per beam between the DOROS BPMs and LHC positions for the first vdM scans in $y$ in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower).

The beam-separation residuals in $y$ during all scans in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower) are shown on the left. The dots correspond to the difference (in terms of beam separation in $\mu$m) between the corrected beam positions measured by the DOROS BPMs and the beam separation provided by LHC magnets (``nominal''). The error bars denote the standard deviation in the measurements. The figures on the right show the residual position differences per beam between the DOROS BPMs and LHC positions for the first vdM scans in $y$ in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower).

The beam-separation residuals in $y$ during all scans in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower) are shown on the left. The dots correspond to the difference (in terms of beam separation in $\mu$m) between the corrected beam positions measured by the DOROS BPMs and the beam separation provided by LHC magnets (``nominal''). The error bars denote the standard deviation in the measurements. The figures on the right show the residual position differences per beam between the DOROS BPMs and LHC positions for the first vdM scans in $y$ in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower).

The beam-separation residuals in $y$ during all scans in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower) are shown on the left. The dots correspond to the difference (in terms of beam separation in $\mu$m) between the corrected beam positions measured by the DOROS BPMs and the beam separation provided by LHC magnets (``nominal''). The error bars denote the standard deviation in the measurements. The figures on the right show the residual position differences per beam between the DOROS BPMs and LHC positions for the first vdM scans in $y$ in fills \FillNumberI (upper) and \FillNumberII (lower).

Calculated beam-beam deflection due to closed-orbit shift (left) and the multiplicative rate correction for PLT due to the dynamic-$\beta$ effect (right) as a function of the nominal beam separation for the beam parameters associated with fill \FillNumberII (first scan, BCID 992). Lines represent first-order polynomial interpolations between any two adjacent values.

Calculated beam-beam deflection due to closed-orbit shift (left) and the multiplicative rate correction for PLT due to the dynamic-$\beta$ effect (right) as a function of the nominal beam separation for the beam parameters associated with fill \FillNumberII (first scan, BCID 992). Lines represent first-order polynomial interpolations between any two adjacent values.

Fits to LSC forward (purple) and backward (green) scan data for the $x$ (\cmsLeft) and $y$ (\cmsRight) LSC scans in fill \FillNumberIII. The error bars denote the statistical uncertainty in the fitted luminous region centroid.

Fits to LSC forward (purple) and backward (green) scan data for the $x$ (\cmsLeft) and $y$ (\cmsRight) LSC scans in fill \FillNumberIII. The error bars denote the statistical uncertainty in the fitted luminous region centroid.

Example of the pull distributions of the fit model of Eq.~(\ref{eq:BeamImagingFitModelComp}) with respect to the vertex distribution that constrains beam 2 in the $y$ direction recorded in fill \FillNumberII. The upper plot shows the two-dimensional pull distributions, and the lower plots show the per-bin pulls averaged over the same radial distance (lower left) or angle (lower right). The error bars in the lower plot denote the standard error in the mean of the pulls in each bin. The fluctuations observed in the radial projection of the residuals are included in the uncertainty estimation.

Example of the pull distributions of the fit model of Eq.~(\ref{eq:BeamImagingFitModelComp}) with respect to the vertex distribution that constrains beam 2 in the $y$ direction recorded in fill \FillNumberII. The upper plot shows the two-dimensional pull distributions, and the lower plots show the per-bin pulls averaged over the same radial distance (lower left) or angle (lower right). The error bars in the lower plot denote the standard error in the mean of the pulls in each bin. The fluctuations observed in the radial projection of the residuals are included in the uncertainty estimation.

Example of the pull distributions of the fit model of Eq.~(\ref{eq:BeamImagingFitModelComp}) with respect to the vertex distribution that constrains beam 2 in the $y$ direction recorded in fill \FillNumberII. The upper plot shows the two-dimensional pull distributions, and the lower plots show the per-bin pulls averaged over the same radial distance (lower left) or angle (lower right). The error bars in the lower plot denote the standard error in the mean of the pulls in each bin. The fluctuations observed in the radial projection of the residuals are included in the uncertainty estimation.

Example of the pull distributions of the fit model of Eq.~(\ref{eq:BeamImagingFitModelComp}) with respect to the vertex distribution that constrains beam 2 in the $y$ direction recorded in fill \FillNumberII. The upper plot shows the two-dimensional pull distributions, and the lower plots show the per-bin pulls averaged over the same radial distance (lower left) or angle (lower right). The error bars in the lower plot denote the standard error in the mean of the pulls in each bin. The fluctuations observed in the radial projection of the residuals are included in the uncertainty estimation.

Factorization bias estimated from the fits to the BI bunch-by-bunch data in fills \FillNumberI (\cmsLeft) and \FillNumberII (\cmsRight). The error bars denote sources of uncertainty (statistical and systematic), added in quadrature, in the factorization bias estimates.

Factorization bias estimated from the fits to the BI bunch-by-bunch data in fills \FillNumberI (\cmsLeft) and \FillNumberII (\cmsRight). The error bars denote sources of uncertainty (statistical and systematic), added in quadrature, in the factorization bias estimates.

Beam-separation dependence of the luminosity and some luminous region parameters during the first horizontal \vdM scan in fill \FillNumberII. The points represent the luminosity normalized by the beam current product (upper left), the horizontal position of the luminous centroid (upper right), and the horizontal and vertical luminous region widths (lower left and right). The error bars represent the statistical uncertainty in the luminosity, and the fit uncertainty in the luminous region parameters. The line is the result of the three-Gaussian ($g_1+g_2\pm g_3$) fit described in the text. In all cases, the lower panels show the one-dimensional pulls.

Beam-separation dependence of the luminosity and some luminous region parameters during the first horizontal \vdM scan in fill \FillNumberII. The points represent the luminosity normalized by the beam current product (upper left), the horizontal position of the luminous centroid (upper right), and the horizontal and vertical luminous region widths (lower left and right). The error bars represent the statistical uncertainty in the luminosity, and the fit uncertainty in the luminous region parameters. The line is the result of the three-Gaussian ($g_1+g_2\pm g_3$) fit described in the text. In all cases, the lower panels show the one-dimensional pull distributions.

Beam-separation dependence of the luminosity and some luminous region parameters during the first horizontal \vdM scan in fill \FillNumberII. The points represent the luminosity normalized by the beam current product (upper left), the horizontal position of the luminous centroid (upper right), and the horizontal and vertical luminous region widths (lower left and right). The error bars represent the statistical uncertainty in the luminosity, and the fit uncertainty in the luminous region parameters. The line is the result of the three-Gaussian ($g_1+g_2\pm g_3$) fit described in the text. In all cases, the lower panels show the one-dimensional pulls.

Beam-separation dependence of the luminosity and some luminous region parameters during the first horizontal \vdM scan in fill \FillNumberII. The points represent the luminosity normalized by the beam current product (upper left), the horizontal position of the luminous centroid (upper right), and the horizontal and vertical luminous region widths (lower left and right). The error bars represent the statistical uncertainty in the luminosity, and the fit uncertainty in the luminous region parameters. The line is the result of the three-Gaussian ($g_1+g_2\pm g_3$) fit described in the text. In all cases, the lower panels show the one-dimensional pull distributions.

Beam-separation dependence of the luminosity and some luminous region parameters during the first horizontal \vdM scan in fill \FillNumberII. The points represent the luminosity normalized by the beam current product (upper left), the horizontal position of the luminous centroid (upper right), and the horizontal and vertical luminous region widths (lower left and right). The error bars represent the statistical uncertainty in the luminosity, and the fit uncertainty in the luminous region parameters. The line is the result of the three-Gaussian ($g_1+g_2\pm g_3$) fit described in the text. In all cases, the lower panels show the one-dimensional pulls.

Beam-separation dependence of the luminosity and some luminous region parameters during the first horizontal \vdM scan in fill \FillNumberII. The points represent the luminosity normalized by the beam current product (upper left), the horizontal position of the luminous centroid (upper right), and the horizontal and vertical luminous region widths (lower left and right). The error bars represent the statistical uncertainty in the luminosity, and the fit uncertainty in the luminous region parameters. The line is the result of the three-Gaussian ($g_1+g_2\pm g_3$) fit described in the text. In all cases, the lower panels show the one-dimensional pulls.

The instantaneous luminosity measured from PCC as a function of BCID before (filled blue points) and after (open red points) afterglow corrections are applied for each colliding bunch. The upper panel shows a subset of bunch crossings colliding at IP 5, and the lower panel shows empty bunch crossings (the scale is different in the two panels to show differences more clearly). The open red points in the lower panel lie close to 0, indicating that any residual PCC response is small in empty bunch slots.

Ratio of the \sigmaVis evaluated from the overlap integral of the reconstructed single-bunch profiles in two (BI method) or three (luminous region evolution) spatial dimensions to that determined by the \vdM method, assuming factorization, and their combination. The central values are displayed as points or with a line while the corresponding full uncertainties are shown as hatched areas. Different methods (including the combination) are color coded. Each point corresponds to one scan pair in fills \FillNumberI (left) and \FillNumberII (right). The statistical uncertainty is shown by the error bars.

The relative contribution to the total number of observed pixel clusters from the four regions of the pixel detector used in the luminosity measurement (barrel layers 2 and 3, and inner and outer forward pixel disks), as a function of time throughout 2016. The lines represent first-order polynomial fits to the relative contributions from each region.

Ratio of the \sigmaVis evaluated from the overlap integral of the reconstructed single-bunch profiles in two (BI method) or three (luminous region evolution) spatial dimensions to that determined by the \vdM method, assuming factorization, and their combination. The central values are displayed as points or with a line while the corresponding full uncertainties are shown as hatched areas. Different methods (including the combination) are color coded. Each point corresponds to one scan pair in fills \FillNumberI (left) and \FillNumberII (right). The statistical uncertainty is shown by the error bars.

The \cmsLeft plot shows the instantaneous luminosity measured from PCC as a function of BCID before (filled blue points) and after (open red points) afterglow corrections are applied for each colliding bunch. The upper panel shows a subset of bunch crossings colliding at IP 5, and the lower panel shows empty bunch crossings (the scale is different in the two panels to show differences more clearly). The open red points in the lower panel lie close to 0, indicating that any residual PCC response is small in empty bunch slots. The \cmsRight plot shows the estimated residual T1 and T2 afterglow as a function of time during the full range of 2016 data for both PCC and HFOC, which use the same afterglow subtraction methodology.

The ratio of the primary (best available) to secondary (next-best available) luminosity as computed in time windows of approximately 20\unit{min} each. The left plot shows the 2015 results (principally PCC/RAMSES), and the right plot shows the 2016 results (principally PCC/HFOC). Each entry is weighted by the integrated luminosity for the time period.

The \cmsLeft plot shows the instantaneous luminosity measured from PCC as a function of BCID before (filled blue points) and after (open red points) afterglow corrections are applied for each colliding bunch. The upper panel shows a subset of bunch crossings colliding at IP 5, and the lower panel shows empty bunch crossings (the scale is different in the two panels to show differences more clearly). The open red points in the lower panel lie close to 0, indicating that any residual PCC response is small in empty bunch slots. The \cmsRight plot shows the estimated residual T1 and T2 afterglow as a function of time during the full range of 2016 data for both PCC and HFOC, which use the same afterglow subtraction methodology.

The ratio of the primary (best available) to secondary (next-best available) luminosity as comput

The relative contribution to the total number of observed pixel clusters from the four regions of the pixel detector used in the luminosity measurement (barrel layers 2 and 3, and inner and outer forward pixel disks), as a function of time throughout 2016. The lines represent first-order polynomial fits to the relative contributions from each region.

The luminosity measurements from PCC, HFOC, and RAMSES are compared as a function of the integrated luminosity in 2016. Comparison among three luminometers facilitates the identification of periods where a single luminometer suffers from transient stability issues. The ratios that are plotted in red contain invalidated data. The dashed line delineates the \vdM calibration (fill \FillNumberII).

The ratio of the primary (best available) to secondary (next-best available) luminosity as computed in time windows of approximately 20\unit{min} each. The left plot shows the 2015 results (principally PCC/RAMSES), and the right plot shows the 2016 results (principally PCC/HFOC). Each entry is weighted by the integrated luminosity for the time period.

The ratio of the primary (best available) to secondary (next-best available) luminosity as computed in time windows of approximately 20\unit{min} each. The left plot shows the 2015 results (principally PCC/RAMSES), and the right plot shows the 2016 results (principally PCC/HFOC). Each entry is weighted by the integrated luminosity for the time period.

Linearity summary for 2015 (\cmsLeft) and 2016 (\cmsRight) at \highEnergy. The slopes are plotted for each detector relative to PCC. The markers are averages of fill-by-fill slopes from fits binned in roughly equal fractions of the total integrated luminosity through the year. The error bars on the markers are the propagated statistical uncertainty from fitted slope parameters in each fill, which are weighted by integrated luminosities of each fill. The dashed lines and corresponding hatched areas show the average from the entire data set and its uncertainty.

Linearity summary for 2015 (\cmsLeft) and 2016 (\cmsRight) at \highEnergy. The slopes are plotted for each detector relative to PCC. The markers are averages of fill-by-fill slopes from fits binned in roughly equal fractions of the total integrated luminosity through the year. The error bars on the markers are the propagated statistical uncertainty from fitted slope parameters in each fill, which are weighted by integrated luminosities of each fill. The dashed lines and corresponding hatched areas show the average from the entire data set and its uncertainty.