A multi-component SIMP model with $U(1)_X \rightarrow Z_2 \times Z_3$

Article
Report number	arXiv:2103.05956 ; TUM-HEP-1319/21 ; CERN-TH-2021-030 ; KIAS-P21008
Title	A multi-component SIMP model with $U(1)_X \rightarrow Z_2 \times Z_3$
Author(s)	Choi, Soo-Min (Munich, Tech. U.) ; Kim, Jinsu (CERN) ; Ko, Pyungwon (Korea Inst. Advanced Study, Seoul) ; Li, Jinmian (Sichuan U.)
Publication	2021-09-06
Imprint	2021-03-10
Number of pages	25
Note	v1: 25 pages; v2: 27 pages, references updated, analysis improved; v3: 31 pages, version accepted for publication in JHEP
In:	JHEP 2109 (2021) 028
DOI	10.1007/JHEP09(2021)028
Subject category	astro-ph.CO ; Astrophysics and Astronomy ; hep-ph ; Particle Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract	Multi-component dark matter scenarios are studied in the model with $U(1)_X$ dark gauge symmetry that is broken into its product subgroup $Z_2 \times Z_3$á la Krauss-Wilczek mechanism. In this setup, there exist two types of dark matter fields, $X$ and $Y$, distinguished by different $Z_2 \times Z_3$ charges. The real and imaginary parts of the $Z_2$-charged field, $X_R$ and $X_I$, get different masses from the $U(1)_X$ symmetry breaking. The field $Y$, which is another dark matter candidate due to the unbroken $Z_3$ symmetry, belongs to the Strongly Interacting Massive Particle (SIMP)-type dark matter. Both $X_I$ and $X_R$ may contribute to $Y$'s $3\rightarrow 2$ annihilation processes, opening a new class of SIMP models with a local dark gauge symmetry. Depending on the mass difference between $X_I$ and $X_R$, we have either two-component or three-component dark matter scenarios. In particular two- or three-component SIMP scenarios can be realised not only for small mass difference between $X$ and $Y$, but also for large mass hierarchy between them, which is a new and unique feature of the present model. We consider both theoretical and experimental constraints, and present four case studies of the multi-component dark matter scenarios.
Copyright/License	publication: © 2021-2024 The Authors (License: CC-BY-4.0), sponsored by SCOAP³ preprint: (License: CC-BY-4.0)

$Kinetic decoupling and $Z^\prime$-search constraints for the case {\it i)} (left) and cases {\it ii)}, {\it iii)}, and {\it iv)} (right) in the ($m_{Z^\prime}$, $\epsilon$) plane. See the main text in Section \ref{subsec:constraints} for details of the used constraints. We have the same plot for {\it ii)}, {\it iii)}, and {\it iv)} since the same $m_Y$, $m_{Z^\prime}$, and $\epsilon$ are used. Furthermore, we do not see a clearly visible difference between the left and right plots since the difference in $m_Y$ is small. The blue points represent our benchmark cases shown in Table \ref{tab:inputparams}.$ $Kinetic decoupling and $Z^\prime$-search constraints for the case {\it i)} (left) and cases {\it ii)}, {\it iii)}, and {\it iv)} (right) in the ($m_{Z^\prime}$, $\epsilon$) plane. See the main text in Section \ref{subsec:constraints} for details of the used constraints. We have the same plot for {\it ii)}, {\it iii)}, and {\it iv)} since the same $m_Y$, $m_{Z^\prime}$, and $\epsilon$ are used. Furthermore, we do not see a clearly visible difference between the left and right plots since the difference in $m_Y$ is small. The blue points represent our benchmark cases shown in Table \ref{tab:inputparams}.$ $For each case, the unitarity bound (grey), direct detection bound (orange), and large self-scattering cross section bound $\sigma_{\rm self}/m_{\rm DM}$ 10$ ${\rm cm^2/g}$ (red) are shown for different values of the dark gauge coupling $g_X$ and the fraction of the $Y$ relic density $\Omega_y h^2/0.12$. The black lines represent DM--electron scattering cross section values, $10^{-40}$ ${\rm cm^2}$ (dashed), $10^{-41}$ ${\rm cm^2}$ (dot-dashed), and $10^{-42}$ ${\rm cm^2}$ (dotted) from top to bottom, respectively. The red lines correspond to two different values of the self-scattering cross section, $0.1$ ${\rm cm^2/g}$ (dotted) and $1$ ${\rm cm^2/g}$ (dashed). For details of the used constraints, see the main text in Section \ref{subsec:constraints}. The blue points represent our benchmark cases shown in Table \ref{tab:inputparams}. Here we vary only $g_X$ and the fraction of the $Y$ relic density, with the condition $(\Omega_y +\Omega_{X_I} + \Omega_{X_R}) h^2= 0.12$. For the two-component DM cases {\it i)} and {\it ii)}, $\Omega_{X_R} = 0$ is chosen, while for the three-component DM cases {\it iii)} and {\it iv)}, $\Omega_{X_R} = \Omega_{X_I}$ is assumed, except for the self-scattering cross section for which we follow the method outlined in Section \ref{subsec:constraints}. The other input parameters are fixed (see Table \ref{tab:inputparams}). We note that the correct present-day DM relic density constraint is not strictly imposed, except at the benchmark points. Thus, it is important to note that not all the white region is allowed. On the other hand, this approach allows one to comprehensively understand the various constraints and where our benchmark cases lie. The full picture requires an intensive parameter scan by numerically solving the coupled Boltzmann equations which is beyond the scope of the current work." width="200px"/> Show more plots

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