Prospects for Beyond the Standard Model Physics Searches at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
- Abi, B. et al
- arXiv:2008.12769FERMILAB-PUB-20-459-LBNF-NDFERMILAB-PUB-20-459-LBNF-ND
| Regions of $L/E$ probed by the DUNE detector compared to 3-flavor and 3+1-flavor neutrino disappearance and appearance probabilities. The gray-shaded areas show the range of true neutrino energies probed by the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}. The top axis shows true neutrino energy, increasing from right to left. The top plot shows the probabilities assuming mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.05$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the slow oscillations regime. The middle plot assumes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.5$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the intermediate oscillations regime. The bottom plot includes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=50$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the rapid oscillations regime. As an example, the slow sterile oscillations cause visible distortions in the three-flavor \numu~survival probability (blue curve) for neutrino energies $\sim10$\,GeV, well above the three-flavor oscillation minimum. |
| Regions of $L/E$ probed by the DUNE detector compared to 3-flavor and 3+1-flavor neutrino disappearance and appearance probabilities. The gray-shaded areas show the range of true neutrino energies probed by the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}. The top axis shows true neutrino energy, increasing from right to left. The top plot shows the probabilities assuming mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.05$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the slow oscillations regime. The middle plot assumes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.5$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the intermediate oscillations regime. The bottom plot includes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=50$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the rapid oscillations regime. As an example, the slow sterile oscillations cause visible distortions in the three-flavor \numu~survival probability (blue curve) for neutrino energies $\sim10$\,GeV, well above the three-flavor oscillation minimum. |
| Regions of $L/E$ probed by the DUNE detector compared to 3-flavor and 3+1-flavor neutrino disappearance and appearance probabilities. The gray-shaded areas show the range of true neutrino energies probed by the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}. The top axis shows true neutrino energy, increasing from right to left. The top plot shows the probabilities assuming mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.05$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the slow oscillations regime. The middle plot assumes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.5$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the intermediate oscillations regime. The bottom plot includes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=50$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the rapid oscillations regime. As an example, the slow sterile oscillations cause visible distortions in the three-flavor \numu~survival probability (blue curve) for neutrino energies $\sim10$\,GeV, well above the three-flavor oscillation minimum. |
| Regions of $L/E$ probed by the DUNE detector compared to 3-flavor and 3+1-flavor neutrino disappearance and appearance probabilities. The gray-shaded areas show the range of true neutrino energies probed by the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}. The top axis shows true neutrino energy, increasing from right to left. The top plot shows the probabilities assuming mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.05$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the slow oscillations regime. The middle plot assumes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.5$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the intermediate oscillations regime. The bottom plot includes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=50$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the rapid oscillations regime. As an example, the slow sterile oscillations cause visible distortions in the three-flavor \numu~survival probability (blue curve) for neutrino energies $\sim10$\,GeV, well above the three-flavor oscillation minimum. |
| Regions of $L/E$ probed by the DUNE detector compared to 3-flavor and 3+1-flavor neutrino disappearance and appearance probabilities. The gray-shaded areas show the range of true neutrino energies probed by the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}. The top axis shows true neutrino energy, increasing from right to left. The top plot shows the probabilities assuming mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.05$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the slow oscillations regime. The middle plot assumes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.5$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the intermediate oscillations regime. The bottom plot includes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=50$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the rapid oscillations regime. As an example, the slow sterile oscillations cause visible distortions in the three-flavor \numu~survival probability (blue curve) for neutrino energies $\sim10$\,GeV, well above the three-flavor oscillation minimum. |
| Regions of $L/E$ probed by the DUNE detector compared to 3-flavor and 3+1-flavor neutrino disappearance and appearance probabilities. The gray-shaded areas show the range of true neutrino energies probed by the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}. The top axis shows true neutrino energy, increasing from right to left. The top plot shows the probabilities assuming mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.05$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the slow oscillations regime. The middle plot assumes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=0.5$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the intermediate oscillations regime. The bottom plot includes mixing with one sterile neutrino with $\Delta m^2_{\rm{41}}=50$~eV$^2$, corresponding to the rapid oscillations regime. As an example, the slow sterile oscillations cause visible distortions in the three-flavor \numu~survival probability (blue curve) for neutrino energies $\sim10$\,GeV, well above the three-flavor oscillation minimum. |
| The top plot shows the DUNE sensitivities to $\theta_{14}$ from the $\nu_e$ \dword{cc} samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}, along with a comparison with the combined reactor result from Daya Bay and Bugey-3. The bottom plot is adapted from Ref.~\cite{Todd:2018hin} an displays sensitivities to $\theta_{24}$ using the $\nu_\mu$ \dword{cc} and \dword{nc} samples at both detectors, along with a comparison with previous and existing experiments. In both cases, regions to the right of the contours are excluded. |
| The top plot shows the DUNE sensitivities to $\theta_{14}$ from the $\nu_e$ \dword{cc} samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}, along with a comparison with the combined reactor result from Daya Bay and Bugey-3. The bottom plot is adapted from Ref.~\cite{Todd:2018hin} and displays sensitivities to $\theta_{24}$ using the $\nu_\mu$ \dword{cc} and \dword{nc} samples at both detectors, along with a comparison with previous and existing experiments. In both cases, regions to the right of the contours are excluded. |
| The top plot shows the DUNE sensitivities to $\theta_{14}$ from the $\nu_e$ \dword{cc} samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}, along with a comparison with the combined reactor result from Daya Bay and Bugey-3. The bottom plot is adapted from Ref.~\cite{Todd:2018hin} an displays sensitivities to $\theta_{24}$ using the $\nu_\mu$ \dword{cc} and \dword{nc} samples at both detectors, along with a comparison with previous and existing experiments. In both cases, regions to the right of the contours are excluded. |
| The top plot shows the DUNE sensitivities to $\theta_{14}$ from the $\nu_e$ \dword{cc} samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd}, along with a comparison with the combined reactor result from Daya Bay and Bugey-3. The bottom plot is adapted from Ref.~\cite{Todd:2018hin} and displays sensitivities to $\theta_{24}$ using the $\nu_\mu$ \dword{cc} and \dword{nc} samples at both detectors, along with a comparison with previous and existing experiments. In both cases, regions to the right of the contours are excluded. |
| Comparison of the DUNE sensitivity to $\theta_{34}$ using the \dword{nc} samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd} with previous and existing experiments. Regions to the right of the contour are excluded. |
| Comparison of the DUNE sensitivity to $\theta_{34}$ using the \dword{nc} samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd} with previous and existing experiments. Regions to the right of the contour are excluded. |
| DUNE sensitivities to $\theta_{\mu e}$ from the appearance and disappearance samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd} is shown on the top plot, along with a comparison with previous existing experiments and the sensitivity from the future \dword{sbn} program. Regions to the right of the DUNE contours are excluded. The plot is adapted from Ref.~\cite{Todd:2018hin}. In the bottom plot, the ellipse displays the DUNE discovery potential assuming $\theta_{\mu e}$ and $\Delta m_{41}^2$ set at the best-fit point determined by \dword{lsnd}~\cite{LSNDSterile} (represented by the star) for the best-case scenario referenced in the text. |
| DUNE sensitivities to $\theta_{\mu e}$ from the appearance and disappearance samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd} are shown on the top plot, along with a comparison with previous existing experiments and the sensitivity from the future \dword{sbn} program. Regions to the right of the DUNE contours are excluded. The plot is adapted from Ref.~\cite{Todd:2018hin}. In the bottom plot, the ellipse displays the DUNE discovery potential assuming $\theta_{\mu e}$ and $\Delta m_{41}^2$ set at the best-fit point determined by \dword{lsnd}~\cite{LSNDSterile} (represented by the star) for the best-case scenario referenced in the text. |
| DUNE sensitivities to $\theta_{\mu e}$ from the appearance and disappearance samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd} is shown on the top plot, along with a comparison with previous existing experiments and the sensitivity from the future \dword{sbn} program. Regions to the right of the DUNE contours are excluded. The plot is adapted from Ref.~\cite{Todd:2018hin}. In the bottom plot, the ellipse displays the DUNE discovery potential assuming $\theta_{\mu e}$ and $\Delta m_{41}^2$ set at the best-fit point determined by \dword{lsnd}~\cite{LSNDSterile} (represented by the star) for the best-case scenario referenced in the text. |
| DUNE sensitivities to $\theta_{\mu e}$ from the appearance and disappearance samples at the \dword{nd} and \dword{fd} are shown on the top plot, along with a comparison with previous existing experiments and the sensitivity from the future \dword{sbn} program. Regions to the right of the DUNE contours are excluded. The plot is adapted from Ref.~\cite{Todd:2018hin}. In the bottom plot, the ellipse displays the DUNE discovery potential assuming $\theta_{\mu e}$ and $\Delta m_{41}^2$ set at the best-fit point determined by \dword{lsnd}~\cite{LSNDSterile} (represented by the star) for the best-case scenario referenced in the text. |
| The impact of non-unitarity on the DUNE \dword{cpv} discovery potential. See the text for details. |
| The impact of non-unitarity on the DUNE \dword{cpv} discovery potential. See the text for details. |
| Expected frequentist allowed regions at the $1 \sigma$, $90\%$ and $2\sigma$ \dword{cl}\ for DUNE. All new physics parameters are assumed to be zero so as to obtain the expected non-unitarity sensitivities. A value $\theta_{23} = 0.235 \pi \approx 0.738$ rad is assumed. The solid lines correspond to the analysis of DUNE data alone, while the dashed lines include the present constraints on non-unitarity. The values of $\theta_{23}$ are shown in radians. |
| Expected frequentist allowed regions at the $1 \sigma$, $90\%$ and $2\sigma$ \dword{cl}\ for DUNE. All new physics parameters are assumed to be zero so as to obtain the expected non-unitarity sensitivities. A value $\theta_{23} = 0.235 \pi \approx 0.738$ rad is assumed. The solid lines correspond to the analysis of DUNE data alone, while the dashed lines include the present constraints on non-unitarity. The values of $\theta_{23}$ are shown in radians. |
| Allowed regions of the non-standard oscillation parameters in which we see important degeneracies (top) and the complex non-diagonal ones (bottom). We conduct the analysis considering all the \dword{nsi} parameters as non-negligible. The sensitivity regions are for 68\% CL [red line (left)], 90\% CL [green dashed line (middle)], and 95\% CL [blue dotted line (right)]. Current bounds are taken from~\cite{Gonzalez-Garcia:2013usa}. |
| Allowed regions of the non-standard oscillation parameters in which we see important degeneracies (top) and the complex non-diagonal ones (bottom). We conduct the analysis considering all the \dword{nsi} parameters as non-negligible. The sensitivity regions are for 68\% CL [red line (left)], 90\% CL [green dashed line (middle)], and 95\% CL [blue dotted line (right)]. Current bounds are taken from~\cite{Gonzalez-Garcia:2013usa}. |
| Projections of the standard oscillation parameters with nonzero \dword{nsi}. The sensitivity regions are for 68\%, 90\%, and 95\% \dword{cl}. The allowed regions considering negligible \dword{nsi} (standard oscillation (SO) at 90\% \dword{cl}) are superposed to the SO+NSI. |
| Projections of the standard oscillation parameters with nonzero \dword{nsi}. The sensitivity regions are for 68\%, 90\%, and 95\% \dword{cl}. The allowed regions considering negligible \dword{nsi} (standard oscillation (SO) at 90\% \dword{cl}) are superposed to the SO+NSI. |
| One-dimensional DUNE constraints compared with current constraints calculated in Ref.~\cite{Farzan:2017xzy}. The left half of the figure shows constraints on the standard oscillation parameters, written in the bottom of each comparison. The five comparisons in the right half show constraints on non-standard interaction parameters. |
| One-dimensional DUNE constraints compared with current constraints calculated in Ref.~\cite{Farzan:2017xzy}. The left half of the figure shows constraints on the standard oscillation parameters, written in the bottom of each comparison. The five comparisons in the right half show constraints on non-standard interaction parameters. |
| The sensitivities of DUNE to the difference of neutrino and antineutrino parameters: $\Delta\delta$, $\Delta(\Delta m_{31}^2)$, $\Delta(\sin^2\theta_{13})$ and $\Delta(\sin^2\theta_{23})$ for the atmospheric angle in the lower octant (black line), in the upper octant (light gray line) and for maximal mixing (dark gray line). |
| The sensitivities of DUNE to the difference of neutrino and antineutrino parameters: $\Delta\delta$, $\Delta(\Delta m_{31}^2)$, $\Delta(\sin^2\theta_{13})$ and $\Delta(\sin^2\theta_{23})$ for the atmospheric angle in the lower octant (black line), in the upper octant (light gray line) and for maximal mixing (dark gray line). |
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| Estimated sensitivity to Lorentz and CPT violation with atmospheric neutrinos in the non-minimal isotropic Standard Model Extension. The sensitivities are estimated by requiring that the Lorentz/CPT-violating effects are comparable in size to those from conventional neutrino oscillations. |
| Estimated sensitivity to Lorentz and CPT violation with atmospheric neutrinos in the non-minimal isotropic Standard Model Extension. The sensitivities are estimated by requiring that the Lorentz/CPT-violating effects are comparable in size to those from conventional neutrino oscillations. |
| Atmospheric fluxes of neutrinos and antineutrinos as a function of energy for conventional oscillations (dashed line) and in the non-minimal isotropic Standard Model Extension (solid line). |
| Atmospheric fluxes of neutrinos and antineutrinos as a function of energy for conventional oscillations (dashed line) and in the non-minimal isotropic Standard Model Extension (solid line). |
| Example diagrams for muon-neutrino-induced trident processes in the Standard Model. A second set of diagrams where the photon couples to the negatively charged leptons is not shown. Analogous diagrams exist for processes induced by different neutrino flavors and by antineutrinos. A diagram illustrating trident interactions mediated by a new $Z'$ gauge boson, discussed in the text, is shown on the top right. |
| Example diagrams for muon-neutrino-induced trident processes in the Standard Model. A second set of diagrams where the photon couples to the negatively charged leptons is not shown. Analogous diagrams exist for processes induced by different neutrino flavors and by antineutrinos. A diagram illustrating trident interactions mediated by a new $Z'$ gauge boson, discussed in the text, is shown on the top right. |
| Example diagrams for muon-neutrino-induced trident processes in the Standard Model. A second set of diagrams where the photon couples to the negatively charged leptons is not shown. Analogous diagrams exist for processes induced by different neutrino flavors and by antineutrinos. A diagram illustrating trident interactions mediated by a new $Z'$ gauge boson, discussed in the text, is shown on the top right. |
| Example diagrams for muon-neutrino-induced trident processes in the Standard Model. A second set of diagrams where the photon couples to the negatively charged leptons is not shown. Analogous diagrams exist for processes induced by different neutrino flavors and by antineutrinos. A diagram illustrating trident interactions mediated by a new $Z'$ gauge boson, discussed in the text, is shown on the top right. |
| Example diagrams for muon-neutrino-induced trident processes in the Standard Model. A second set of diagrams where the photon couples to the negatively charged leptons is not shown. Analogous diagrams exist for processes induced by different neutrino flavors and by antineutrinos. A diagram illustrating trident interactions mediated by a new $Z'$ gauge boson, discussed in the text, is shown on the top right. |
| Example diagrams for muon-neutrino-induced trident processes in the Standard Model. A second set of diagrams where the photon couples to the negatively charged leptons is not shown. Analogous diagrams exist for processes induced by different neutrino flavors and by antineutrinos. A diagram illustrating trident interactions mediated by a new $Z'$ gauge boson, discussed in the text, is shown on the top right. |
| Example diagrams for muon-neutrino-induced trident processes in the Standard Model. A second set of diagrams where the photon couples to the negatively charged leptons is not shown. Analogous diagrams exist for processes induced by different neutrino flavors and by antineutrinos. A diagram illustrating trident interactions mediated by a new $Z'$ gauge boson, discussed in the text, is shown on the top right. |
| Example diagrams for muon-neutrino-induced trident processes in the Standard Model. A second set of diagrams where the photon couples to the negatively charged leptons is not shown. Analogous diagrams exist for processes induced by different neutrino flavors and by antineutrinos. A diagram illustrating trident interactions mediated by a new $Z'$ gauge boson, discussed in the text, is shown on the top right. |
| Event kinematic distributions of signal and background considered for the selection of muonic trident interactions in the \dword{nd} \dword{lartpc}: number of tracks (top left), angle between the two main tracks (top right), length of the shortest track (bottom left), and the difference in length between the two main tracks (bottom right). The dashed, black vertical lines indicate the optimal cut values used in the analysis. |
| Event kinematic distributions of signal and background considered for the selection of muonic trident interactions in the \dword{nd} \dword{lartpc}: number of tracks (top left), angle between the two main tracks (top right), length of the shortest track (bottom left), and the difference in length between the two main tracks (bottom right). The dashed, black vertical lines indicate the optimal cut values used in the analysis. |
| Event kinematic distributions of signal and background considered for the selection of muonic trident interactions in the \dword{nd} \dword{lartpc}: number of tracks (top left), angle between the two main tracks (top right), length of the shortest track (bottom left), and the difference in length between the two main tracks (bottom right). The dashed, black vertical lines indicate the optimal cut values used in the analysis. |
| Event kinematic distributions of signal and background considered for the selection of muonic trident interactions in the \dword{nd} \dword{lartpc}: number of tracks (top left), angle between the two main tracks (top right), length of the shortest track (bottom left), and the difference in length between the two main tracks (bottom right). The dashed, black vertical lines indicate the optimal cut values used in the analysis. |
| Event kinematic distributions of signal and background considered for the selection of muonic trident interactions in the \dword{nd} \dword{lartpc}: number of tracks (top left), angle between the two main tracks (top right), length of the shortest track (bottom left), and the difference in length between the two main tracks (bottom right). The dashed, black vertical lines indicate the optimal cut values used in the analysis. |
| Event kinematic distributions of signal and background considered for the selection of muonic trident interactions in the \dword{nd} \dword{lartpc}: number of tracks (top left), angle between the two main tracks (top right), length of the shortest track (bottom left), and the difference in length between the two main tracks (bottom right). The dashed, black vertical lines indicate the optimal cut values used in the analysis. |
| Event kinematic distributions of signal and background considered for the selection of muonic trident interactions in the \dword{nd} \dword{lartpc}: number of tracks (top left), angle between the two main tracks (top right), length of the shortest track (bottom left), and the difference in length between the two main tracks (bottom right). The dashed, black vertical lines indicate the optimal cut values used in the analysis. |
| Event kinematic distributions of signal and background considered for the selection of muonic trident interactions in the \dword{nd} \dword{lartpc}: number of tracks (top left), angle between the two main tracks (top right), length of the shortest track (bottom left), and the difference in length between the two main tracks (bottom right). The dashed, black vertical lines indicate the optimal cut values used in the analysis. |
| 95\% CL. sensitivity of a 40\% (blue hashed regions) and a 25\% (dashed contours) uncertainty measurement of the $\nu_\mu N \to \nu_\mu \mu^+\mu^- N$ cross section at the DUNE near detector to modifications of the vector and axial-vector couplings of muon-neutrinos to muons. The gray regions are excluded at 95\% CL by existing measurements of the cross section by the CCFR Collaboration. The intersection of the thin black lines indicates the \dword{sm} point. A 40\% precision measurement could be possible with 6 ~years of data taking in neutrino mode. |
| 95\% CL. sensitivity of a 40\% (blue hashed regions) and a 25\% (dashed contours) uncertainty measurement of the $\nu_\mu N \to \nu_\mu \mu^+\mu^- N$ cross section at the DUNE near detector to modifications of the vector and axial-vector couplings of muon-neutrinos to muons. The gray regions are excluded at 95\% CL by existing measurements of the cross section by the CCFR Collaboration. The intersection of the thin black lines indicates the \dword{sm} point. A 40\% precision measurement could be possible with 6 ~years of data taking in neutrino mode. |
| Existing constraints and projected DUNE sensitivity in the $L_\mu - L_\tau$ parameter space. Shown in green is the region where the $(g-2)_\mu$ anomaly can be explained at the $2\sigma$ level. The parameter regions already excluded by existing constraints are shaded in gray and correspond to a CMS search for $pp \to \mu^+\mu^- Z' \to \mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^-$~\cite{Sirunyan:2018nnz} (``LHC''), a BaBar search for $e^+e^- \to \mu^+\mu^- Z' \to \mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^-$~\cite{TheBABAR:2016rlg} (``BaBar''), precision measurements of $Z \to \ell^+ \ell^-$ and $Z \to \nu\bar\nu$ couplings~\cite{ALEPH:2005ab,Altmannshofer:2014cfa} (``LEP''), a previous measurement of the trident cross section~\cite{Mishra:1991bv,Altmannshofer:2014pba} (``CCFR''), a measurement of the scattering rate of solar neutrinos on electrons~\cite{Bellini:2011rx,Harnik:2012ni,Agostini:2017ixy} (``Borexino''), and bounds from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis~\cite{Ahlgren:2013wba,Kamada:2015era} (``BBN''). The DUNE sensitivity shown by the solid blue line assumes 6 years of data running in neutrino mode, leading to a measurement of the trident cross section with 40\% precision. |
| Existing constraints and projected DUNE sensitivity in the $L_\mu - L_\tau$ parameter space. Shown in green is the region where the $(g-2)_\mu$ anomaly can be explained at the $2\sigma$ level. The parameter regions already excluded by existing constraints are shaded in gray and correspond to a CMS search for $pp \to \mu^+\mu^- Z' \to \mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^-$~\cite{Sirunyan:2018nnz} (``LHC''), a BaBar search for $e^+e^- \to \mu^+\mu^- Z' \to \mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^-$~\cite{TheBABAR:2016rlg} (``BaBar''), a previous measurement of the trident cross section~\cite{Mishra:1991bv,Altmannshofer:2014pba} (``CCFR''), a measurement of the scattering rate of solar neutrinos on electrons~\cite{Bellini:2011rx,Harnik:2012ni,Agostini:2017ixy} (``Borexino''), and bounds from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis~\cite{Ahlgren:2013wba,Kamada:2015era} (``BBN''). The DUNE sensitivity shown by the solid blue line assumes 6 years of data running in neutrino mode, leading to a measurement of the trident cross section with 40\% precision. |
| Production of fermionic \dword{dm} via two-body pseudoscalar meson decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma V$, when $M_{V} < m_\mathfrak{m}$ (top) or via three-body decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma \chi \overline{\chi}$ (center) and \dword{dm}-electron elastic scattering (bottom). |
| Production of fermionic \dword{dm} via two-body pseudoscalar meson decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma V$, when $M_{V} < m_\mathfrak{m}$ (top) or via three-body decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma \chi \overline{\chi}$ (center) and \dword{dm}-electron elastic scattering (bottom). |
| Production of fermionic \dword{dm} via two-body pseudoscalar meson decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma V$, when $M_{V} < m_\mathfrak{m}$ (top) or via three-body decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma \chi \overline{\chi}$ (center) and \dword{dm}-electron elastic scattering (bottom). |
| Production of fermionic \dword{dm} via two-body pseudoscalar meson decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma V$, when $M_{V} < m_\mathfrak{m}$ (top) or via three-body decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma \chi \overline{\chi}$ (center) and \dword{dm}-electron elastic scattering (bottom). |
| Production of fermionic \dword{dm} via two-body pseudoscalar meson decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma V$, when $M_{V} < m_\mathfrak{m}$ (top) or via three-body decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma \chi \overline{\chi}$ (center) and \dword{dm}-electron elastic scattering (bottom). |
| Production of fermionic \dword{dm} via two-body pseudoscalar meson decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma V$, when $M_{V} < m_\mathfrak{m}$ (top) or via three-body decay $\mathfrak{m} \to \gamma \chi \overline{\chi}$ (center) and \dword{dm}-electron elastic scattering (bottom). |
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| The inelastic BDM signal under consideration. |
| The inelastic BDM signal under consideration. |
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| Top: model-independent experimental sensitivities of $i$\dword{bdm} search in $\bar{\ell}_{\rm lab}^{\rm max} - \sigma_\epsilon \cdot \mathcal F$ plane. The reference experiments are DUNE \SI{20}{\kt} (green), and DUNE \SI{40}{\kt} (blue) with zero-background assumption for 1-year time exposure. Bottom: Experimental sensitivities of $i$\dword{bdm} search in $M_{\Psi} - \sigma_\epsilon$ plane. The sensitivities for $\bar{\ell}_{\rm lab}^{\rm max} = 0$ m and 100 m are shown as solid and dashed lines for each reference experiment in the top panel. |
| Top: model-independent experimental sensitivities of $i$\dword{bdm} search in $\bar{\ell}_{\rm lab}^{\rm max} - \sigma_\epsilon \cdot \mathcal F$ plane. The reference experiments are DUNE \SI{20}{\kt} (green), and DUNE \SI{40}{\kt} (blue) with zero-background assumption for 1-year time exposure. Bottom: Experimental sensitivities of $i$\dword{bdm} search in $M_{\Psi} - \sigma_\epsilon$ plane. The sensitivities for $\bar{\ell}_{\rm lab}^{\rm max} = 0$ m and 100 m are shown as solid and dashed lines for each reference experiment in the top panel. |
| Top: model-independent experimental sensitivities of $i$\dword{bdm} search in $\bar{\ell}_{\rm lab}^{\rm max} - \sigma_\epsilon \cdot \mathcal F$ plane. The reference experiments are DUNE \SI{20}{\kt} (green), and DUNE \SI{40}{\kt} (blue) with zero-background assumption for 1-year time exposure. Bottom: Experimental sensitivities of $i$\dword{bdm} search in $M_{\Psi} - \sigma_\epsilon$ plane. The sensitivities for $\bar{\ell}_{\rm lab}^{\rm max} = 0$ m and 100 m are shown as solid and dashed lines for each reference experiment in the top panel. |
| Top: model-independent experimental sensitivities of $i$\dword{bdm} search in $\bar{\ell}_{\rm lab}^{\rm max} - \sigma_\epsilon \cdot \mathcal F$ plane. The reference experiments are DUNE \SI{20}{\kt} (green), and DUNE \SI{40}{\kt} (blue) with zero-background assumption for 1-year time exposure. Bottom: Experimental sensitivities of $i$\dword{bdm} search in $M_{\Psi} - \sigma_\epsilon$ plane. The sensitivities for $\bar{\ell}_{\rm lab}^{\rm max} = 0$ m and 100 m are shown as solid and dashed lines for each reference experiment in the top panel. |
| The chain of processes leading to boosted DM signal from the sun. The semi-annihilation and two-component DM models refer to the two examples of the non-minimal dark-sector scenarios introduced in the beginning of Section~\ref{sec:DM}. DM$'$ denotes the lighter DM in the two-component DM model. $X$ is a lighter dark sector particle that may decay away. |
| The chain of processes leading to boosted DM signal from the sun. The semi-annihilation and two-component DM models refer to the two examples of the non-minimal dark-sector scenarios introduced in the beginning of Section~\ref{sec:DM}. DM$'$ denotes the lighter DM in the two-component DM model. $X$ is a lighter dark sector particle that may decay away. |
| Diagram illustrating each of the three processes contributing to dark matter scattering in argon: elastic (left), baryon resonance (middle), and deep inelastic (right). |
| Diagram illustrating each of the three processes contributing to dark matter scattering in argon: elastic (left), baryon resonance (middle), and deep inelastic (right). |
| Diagram illustrating each of the three processes contributing to dark matter scattering in argon: elastic (left), baryon resonance (middle), and deep inelastic (right). |
| Diagram illustrating each of the three processes contributing to dark matter scattering in argon: elastic (left), baryon resonance (middle), and deep inelastic (right). |
| Diagram illustrating each of the three processes contributing to dark matter scattering in argon: elastic (left), baryon resonance (middle), and deep inelastic (right). |
| Diagram illustrating each of the three processes contributing to dark matter scattering in argon: elastic (left), baryon resonance (middle), and deep inelastic (right). |
| Angular distribution of the \dword{bdm} signal events for a \dword{bdm} mass of 10\,GeV and different boosted factors, $\gamma$, and of the atmospheric neutrino NC background events. $\theta$ represents the angle of the sum over all the stable final state particles as detailed in the text. The amount of background represents one-year data collection, magnified by a factor 100, while the amount of signal reflects the detection efficiency of 10,000 \dword{mc} events, as described in this note. The top plot shows the scenario where neutrons can be reconstructed, while the bottom plot represents the scenario without neutrons. |
| Angular distribution of the \dword{bdm} signal events for a \dword{bdm} mass of 10\,GeV and different boosted factors, $\gamma$, and of the atmospheric neutrino NC background events. $\theta$ represents the angle of the sum over all the stable final state particles as detailed in the text. The amount of background represents one-year data collection, magnified by a factor 100, while the amount of signal reflects the detection efficiency of 10,000 \dword{mc} events. The top plot shows the scenario where neutrons can be reconstructed, while the bottom plot represents the scenario without neutrons. |
| Angular distribution of the \dword{bdm} signal events for a \dword{bdm} mass of 10\,GeV and different boosted factors, $\gamma$, and of the atmospheric neutrino NC background events. $\theta$ represents the angle of the sum over all the stable final state particles as detailed in the text. The amount of background represents one-year data collection, magnified by a factor 100, while the amount of signal reflects the detection efficiency of 10,000 \dword{mc} events, as described in this note. The top plot shows the scenario where neutrons can be reconstructed, while the bottom plot represents the scenario without neutrons. |
| Angular distribution of the \dword{bdm} signal events for a \dword{bdm} mass of 10\,GeV and different boosted factors, $\gamma$, and of the atmospheric neutrino NC background events. $\theta$ represents the angle of the sum over all the stable final state particles as detailed in the text. The amount of background represents one-year data collection, magnified by a factor 100, while the amount of signal reflects the detection efficiency of 10,000 \dword{mc} events. The top plot shows the scenario where neutrons can be reconstructed, while the bottom plot represents the scenario without neutrons. |
| Expected $5\sigma$ discovery reach with one year of DUNE livetime for one \nominalmodsize module including neutrons in reconstruction (top) and excluding neutrons (bottom). |
| Expected $5\sigma$ discovery reach with one year of DUNE livetime for one \nominalmodsize module including neutrons in reconstruction (top) and excluding neutrons (bottom). |
| Expected $5\sigma$ discovery reach with one year of DUNE livetime for one \nominalmodsize module including neutrons in reconstruction (top) and excluding neutrons (bottom). |
| Expected $5\sigma$ discovery reach with one year of DUNE livetime for one \nominalmodsize module including neutrons in reconstruction (top) and excluding neutrons (bottom). |
| Comparison of sensitivity of DUNE for 10 years of data collection and \SI{40}{\kt} of detector mass with Super Kamiokande, assuming 10\% and 100\% of the selection efficiency on the atmospheric neutrino analysis in Ref.~\cite{Fechner:2009aa}, and with the reinterpretations of the current results from PICO-60~\cite{Amole:2019fdf} and PandaX~\cite{Xia:2018qgs}. The samples with two boosted factors, $\gamma = 1.25$ (top) and $\gamma = 10$ (bottom), are also presented. |
| Comparison of sensitivity of DUNE for 10 years of data collection and \SI{40}{\kt} of detector mass with Super Kamiokande, assuming 10\% and 100\% of the selection efficiency on the atmospheric neutrino analysis in Ref.~\cite{Fechner:2009aa}, and with the reinterpretations of the current results from PICO-60~\cite{Amole:2019fdf} and PandaX~\cite{Xia:2018qgs}. The samples with two boosted factors, $\gamma = 1.25$ (top) and $\gamma = 10$ (bottom), are also presented. |
| Comparison of sensitivity of DUNE for 10 years of data collection and \SI{40}{\kt} of detector mass with Super Kamiokande, assuming 10\% and 100\% of the selection efficiency on the atmospheric neutrino analysis in Ref.~\cite{Fechner:2009aa}, and with the reinterpretations of the current results from PICO-60~\cite{Amole:2019fdf} and PandaX~\cite{Xia:2018qgs}. The samples with two boosted factors, $\gamma = 1.25$ (top) and $\gamma = 10$ (bottom), are also presented. |
| Comparison of sensitivity of DUNE for 10 years of data collection and \SI{40}{\kt} of detector mass with Super Kamiokande, assuming 10\% and 100\% of the selection efficiency on the atmospheric neutrino analysis in Ref.~\cite{Fechner:2009aa}, and with the reinterpretations of the current results from PICO-60~\cite{Amole:2019fdf} and PandaX~\cite{Xia:2018qgs}. The samples with two boosted factors, $\gamma = 1.25$ (top) and $\gamma = 10$ (bottom), are also presented. |
| Kinetic energy of kaons in simulated proton decay events, \ptoknubar, in \dword{dune}. The kinetic energy distribution is shown before and after final state interactions in the argon nucleus. |
| Kinetic energy of kaons in simulated proton decay events, \ptoknubar, in \dword{dune}. The kinetic energy distribution is shown before and after final state interactions in the argon nucleus. |
| Tracking efficiency for kaons in simulated proton decay events, \ptoknubar, as a function of kaon kinetic energy (top) and true path length (bottom). |
| Tracking efficiency for kaons in simulated proton decay events, \ptoknubar, as a function of kaon kinetic energy (top) and true path length (bottom). |
| Tracking efficiency for kaons in simulated proton decay events, \ptoknubar, as a function of kaon kinetic energy (top) and true path length (bottom). |
| Tracking efficiency for kaons in simulated proton decay events, \ptoknubar, as a function of kaon kinetic energy (top) and true path length (bottom). |
| Particle identification using $PIDA$ for muons and kaons in simulated proton decay events, \ptoknubar, and protons in simulated atmospheric neutrino background events. The curves are normalized by area. |
| Particle identification using $PIDA$ for muons and kaons in simulated proton decay events, \ptoknubar, and protons in simulated atmospheric neutrino background events. The curves are normalized by area. |
| Boosted Decision Tree response for \ptoknubar for signal (blue) and background (red). |
| Boosted Decision Tree response for \ptoknubar for signal (blue) and background (red). |
| Event display for an easily recognizable \ptoknubar signal event. The vertical axis is TDC value, and the horizontal axis is wire number. The bottom view is induction plane one, the middle is induction plane two, and the top is the collection plane. Hits associated with the reconstructed muon track are shown in red, and hits associated with the reconstructed kaon track are shown in green. Hits from the decay electron can be seen at the end of the muon track. |
| Event display for an easily recognizable \ptoknubar signal event. The vertical axis is TDC value, and the horizontal axis is wire number. The bottom view is induction plane one, the middle is induction plane two, and the top is the collection plane. Hits associated with the reconstructed muon track are shown in red, and hits associated with the reconstructed kaon track are shown in green. Hits from the decay electron can be seen at the end of the muon track. |
| Event display for an atmospheric neutrino interaction, $\nu_{\mu} n \rightarrow \mu^{-} p$, which might be selected in the \ptoknubar sample if the proton is misidentified as a kaon. The vertical axis is TDC value, and the horizontal axis is wire number. The bottom view is induction plane one, the middle is induction plane two, and the top is the collection plane. Hits associated with the reconstructed muon track are shown in red, and hits associated with the reconstructed proton track are shown in green. Hits from the decay electron can be seen at the end of the muon track. |
| Event display for an atmospheric neutrino interaction, $\nu_{\mu} n \rightarrow \mu^{-} p$, which might be selected in the \ptoknubar sample if the proton is misidentified as a kaon. The vertical axis is TDC value, and the horizontal axis is wire number. The bottom view is induction plane one, the middle is induction plane two, and the top is the collection plane. Hits associated with the reconstructed muon track are shown in red, and hits associated with the reconstructed proton track are shown in green. Hits from the decay electron can be seen at the end of the muon track. |
| Top: momentum of an individual charged pion before and after final state interactions. Bottom: momentum of an individual neutral pion before and after final state interactions. |
| Top: momentum of an individual charged pion before and after final state interactions. Bottom: momentum of an individual neutral pion before and after final state interactions. |
| Top: momentum of an individual charged pion before and after final state interactions. Bottom: momentum of an individual neutral pion before and after final state interactions. |
| Top: momentum of an individual charged pion before and after final state interactions. Bottom: momentum of an individual neutral pion before and after final state interactions. |
| Boosted Decision Tree response for \nnbar oscillation for signal (blue) and background (red). |
| Boosted Decision Tree response for \nnbar oscillation for signal (blue) and background (red). |
| Event display for an \nnbar signal event, $n \bar{n} \rightarrow n \pi^0 \pi^0 \pi^{+} \pi^{-}$. The vertical axis is TDC value, and the horizontal axis is wire number. The bottom view is induction plane one, the middle is induction plane two, and the top is the collection plane. Hits associated with the back-to-back tracks of the charged pions are shown in red. The remaining hits are from the showers from the neutral pions, neutron scatters, and low-energy de-excitation gammas. |
| Event display for an \nnbar signal event, $n \bar{n} \rightarrow n \pi^0 \pi^0 \pi^{+} \pi^{-}$. The vertical axis is TDC value, and the horizontal axis is wire number. The bottom view is induction plane one, the middle is induction plane two, and the top is the collection plane. Hits associated with the back-to-back tracks of the charged pions are shown in red. The remaining hits are from the showers from the neutral pions, neutron scatters, and low-energy de-excitation gammas. |
| Event display for a \dword{nc} \dword{dis} interaction initiated by an atmospheric neutrino. The vertical axis is TDC value, and the horizontal axis is wire number. The bottom view is induction plane one, the middle is induction plane two, and the top is the collection plane. This event mimics the \nnbar signal topology by having multi-particle production and electromagnetic showers. |
| Event display for a \dword{nc} \dword{dis} interaction initiated by an atmospheric neutrino. The vertical axis is TDC value, and the horizontal axis is wire number. The bottom view is induction plane one, the middle is induction plane two, and the top is the collection plane. This event mimics the \nnbar signal topology by having multi-particle production and electromagnetic showers. |
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| Sensitivity to the LED model in Ref.~\cite{Dienes:1998sb,ArkaniHamed:1998vp,Davoudiasl:2002fq} through its impact on the neutrino oscillations expected at DUNE. For comparison, the MINOS sensitivity~\cite{Adamson:2016yvy} is also shown. |
| Sensitivity to the LED model in Ref.~\cite{Dienes:1998sb,ArkaniHamed:1998vp,Davoudiasl:2002fq} through its impact on the neutrino oscillations expected at DUNE. For comparison, the MINOS sensitivity~\cite{Adamson:2016yvy} is also shown. |
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