CERN Accelerating science

002715407 001__ 2715407
002715407 005__ 20240621044641.0
002715407 0248_ $$aoai:cds.cern.ch:2715407$$pcerncds:CERN$$pcerncds:CERN:FULLTEXT$$pcerncds:FULLTEXT
002715407 0247_ $$2DOI$$9bibmatch$$a10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08801-2
002715407 037__ $$9arXiv$$aarXiv:2004.02024$$cphysics.ins-det
002715407 037__ $$aFERMILAB-PUB-20-155-PPD
002715407 035__ $$9arXiv$$aoai:arXiv.org:2004.02024
002715407 035__ $$9Inspire$$aoai:inspirehep.net:1789768$$d2024-06-20T10:02:37Z$$h2024-06-21T02:19:37Z$$mmarcxml$$ttrue$$uhttps://inspirehep.net/api/oai2d
002715407 035__ $$9Inspire$$a1789768
002715407 041__ $$aeng
002715407 100__ $$aAalseth, C.E.$$tGRID:grid.451303.0$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 245__ $$9arXiv$$aSiPM-matrix readout of two-phase argon detectors using electroluminescence in the visible and near infrared range
002715407 269__ $$c2020-04-04
002715407 260__ $$c2021-02-15
002715407 300__ $$a26 p
002715407 500__ $$9arXiv$$a26 pages, 22 figures, 3 tables
002715407 520__ $$9Springer$$aProportional electroluminescence (EL) in noble gases is used in two-phase detectors for dark matter searches to record (in the gas phase) the ionization signal induced by particle scattering in the liquid phase. The “standard” EL mechanism is considered to be due to noble gas excimer emission in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV). In addition, there are two alternative mechanisms, producing light in the visible and near infrared (NIR) ranges. The first is due to bremsstrahlung of electrons scattered on neutral atoms (“neutral bremsstrahlung”, NBrS). The second, responsible for electron avalanche scintillation in the NIR at higher electric fields, is due to transitions between excited atomic states. In this work, we have for the first time demonstrated two alternative techniques of the optical readout of two-phase argon detectors, in the visible and NIR range, using a silicon photomultiplier matrix and electroluminescence due to either neutral bremsstrahlung or avalanche scintillation. The amplitude yield and position resolution were measured for these readout techniques, which allowed to assess the detection threshold for electron and nuclear recoils in two-phase argon detectors for dark matter searches. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical application of the NBrS effect in detection science.
002715407 520__ $$9arXiv$$aProportional electroluminescence (EL) in noble gases is used in two-phase detectors for dark matter searches to record (in the gas phase) the ionization signal induced by particle scattering in the liquid phase. The "standard" EL mechanism is considered to be due to noble gas excimer emission in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV). In addition, there are two alternative mechanisms, producing light in the visible and near infrared (NIR) ranges. The first is due to bremsstrahlung of electrons scattered on neutral atoms ("neutral bremsstrahlung", NBrS). The second, responsible for electron avalanche scintillation in the NIR at higher electric fields, is due to transitions between excited atomic states. In this work, we have for the first time demonstrated two alternative techniques of the optical readout of two-phase argon detectors, in the visible and NIR range, using a silicon photomultiplier matrix and electroluminescence due to either neutral bremsstrahlung or avalanche scintillation. The amplitude yield and position resolution were measured for these readout techniques, which allowed to assess the detection threshold for electron and nuclear recoils in two-phase argon detectors for dark matter searches. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical application of the NBrS effect in detection science.
002715407 540__ $$3preprint$$aarXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0$$uhttp://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
002715407 540__ $$3publication$$aCC-BY-4.0$$bSpringer$$fSCOAP3$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
002715407 542__ $$3publication$$dThe Author(s)$$g2021
002715407 65017 $$2arXiv$$ahep-ex
002715407 65017 $$2SzGeCERN$$aParticle Physics - Experiment
002715407 65017 $$2arXiv$$aastro-ph.IM
002715407 65017 $$2SzGeCERN$$aAstrophysics and Astronomy
002715407 65017 $$2arXiv$$aphysics.ins-det
002715407 65017 $$2SzGeCERN$$aDetectors and Experimental Techniques
002715407 693__ $$eDARKSIDE
002715407 690C_ $$aCERN
002715407 690C_ $$aARTICLE
002715407 700__ $$aAbdelhakim, S.$$uOrsay, IPN$$vInstitut de Physique Nuclèaire d'Orsay, 91406, Orsay, France
002715407 700__ $$aAgnes, P.$$uHouston U.$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
002715407 700__ $$aAjaj, R.$$uCarleton U.$$vDepartment of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aAlbuquerque, I.F.M.$$uSao Paulo U.$$vInstituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
002715407 700__ $$aAlexander, T.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aAlici, A.$$uU. Bologna, DIFA$$uINFN, Bologna$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aAlton, A.K.$$uAugustana Coll., Sioux Falls$$vPhysics Department, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD 57197, USA
002715407 700__ $$aAmaudruz, P.$$uTRIUMF$$vTRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aAmeli, F.$$uINFN, Rome$$vINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aAnstey, J.$$uCarleton U.$$vDepartment of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aAntonioli, P.$$uINFN, Bologna$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aArba, M.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aArcelli, S.$$uU. Bologna, DIFA$$uINFN, Bologna$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aArdito, R.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vCivil and Environmental Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aArnquist, I.J.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aArpaia, P.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$vDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80125, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aAsner, D.M.$$uBrookhaven$$vBrookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
002715407 700__ $$aAsunskis, A.$$uBlack Hills State U.$$vSchool of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD 57799, USA
002715407 700__ $$aAve, M.$$uSao Paulo U.$$vInstituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
002715407 700__ $$aBack, H.O.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aBarbaryan, V.$$uSINP, Moscow$$vSkobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aBarrado Olmedo, A.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aBatignani, G.$$uINFN, Pisa$$uPisa U.$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aBisogni, M.G.$$uINFN, Pisa$$uPisa U.$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aBocci, V.$$uINFN, Rome$$vINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aBondar, A.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aBonfini, G.$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aBonivento, W.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aBorisova, E.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aBottino, B.$$uGenoa U.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aBoulay, M.G.$$uCarleton U.$$vDepartment of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aBunker, R.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aBussino, S.$$uINFN, Rome3$$uRome III U.$$vINFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy$$vMathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aBuzulutskov, A.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aCadeddu, M.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCadoni, M.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCaminata, A.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCanci, N.$$uHouston U.$$uGran Sasso$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCandela, A.$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCantini, C.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aCaravati, M.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCariello, M.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCarnesecchi, F.$$uU. Bologna, DIFA$$uINFN, Bologna$$uEnrico Fermi Ctr., Rome$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vMuseo della fisica e Centro studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Roma 00184, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCastellani, A.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vCivil and Environmental Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCastello, P.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Università degli Studi, Cagliari 09023, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCavalcante, P.$$uVirginia Tech.$$uGran Sasso$$vVirginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCavazza, D.$$uINFN, Bologna$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCavuoti, S.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCebrian, S.$$uZaragoza U.$$vCentro de Astropartículas y Física de Altas Energías, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aCela Ruiz, J.M.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aCelano, B.$$uINFN, Naples$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCereseto, R.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aChashin, S.$$uSINP, Moscow$$vSkobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aCheng, W.$$uINFN, Turin$$uTurin Polytechnic$$vINFN Torino, Torino 10125, Italy$$vDepartment of Electronics and Communications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aChepurnov, A.$$uSINP, Moscow$$vSkobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aCicalò, C.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCifarelli, L.$$uU. Bologna, DIFA$$uINFN, Bologna$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCitterio, M.$$uINFN, Milan$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCoccetti, F.$$uEnrico Fermi Ctr., Rome$$vMuseo della fisica e Centro studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Roma 00184, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCocco, V.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aColocci, M.$$uU. Bologna, DIFA$$uINFN, Bologna$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aConde Vidal, E.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aConsiglio, L.$$uGSSI, Aquila$$vGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCossio, F.$$uINFN, Turin$$uTurin Polytechnic$$vINFN Torino, Torino 10125, Italy$$vDepartment of Electronics and Communications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCovone, G.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aCrivelli, P.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aD'Antone, I.$$uINFN, Bologna$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aD'Incecco, M.$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDa Rocha Rolo, M.D.$$uINFN, Turin$$vINFN Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDadoun, O.$$uParis U., VI-VII$$vLPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
002715407 700__ $$aDaniel, M.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aDavini, S.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDe Cecco, S.$$uINFN, Rome$$uRome U.$$vINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy$$vPhysics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDe Deo, M.$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDe Falco, A.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$uCagliari U.$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDe Gruttola, D.$$uSalerno U.$$uINFN, Salerno$$vPhysics Department, Universitá degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy$$vINFN Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDe Guido, G.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vChemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Department ``G. ~Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDe Rosa, G.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDellacasa, G.$$uINFN, Turin$$vINFN Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDemontis, P.$$uVienna U.$$uINFN, LNS$$uEuropa Metalli LMI, Florence$$vChemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy$$vInteruniversity Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Firenze 50121, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDe Pasquale, S.$$uSalerno U.$$uINFN, Salerno$$vPhysics Department, Universitá degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy$$vINFN Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDerbin, A.V.$$uSt. Petersburg, INP$$vSaint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aDevoto, A.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDi Eusanio, F.$$uPrinceton U.$$uGran Sasso$$vPhysics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDi Noto, L.$$uGenoa U.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDi Pietro, G.$$uGran Sasso$$uINFN, Milan$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDi Stefano, P.$$uQueen's U., Kingston$$vDepartment of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aDionisi, C.$$uINFN, Rome$$uRome U.$$vINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy$$vPhysics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDolganov, G.$$uKurchatov Inst., Moscow$$vNational Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aDordei, F.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aDowning, M.$$uMassachusetts U., Amherst$$vAmherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
002715407 700__ $$aEdalatfar, F.$$uTRIUMF$$vTRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aEmpl, A.$$uHouston U.$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
002715407 700__ $$aFernandez Diaz, M.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aFilip, C.$$uINCDTIM, Cluj Napoca$$vNational Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, 400293, Romania
002715407 700__ $$aFiorillo, G.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aFomenko, K.$$uDubna, JINR$$vJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aFranceschi, A.$$uFrascati$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati 00044, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aFranco, D.$$uAPC, Paris$$vAPC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, USPC, Paris 75205, France
002715407 700__ $$aFrolov, E.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aFroudakis, G.E.$$uCrete U.$$vDepartment of Chemistry, University of Crete, P. O. Box 2208, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
002715407 700__ $$aFunicello, N.$$uSalerno U.$$uINFN, Salerno$$vPhysics Department, Universitá degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy$$vINFN Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGabriele, F.$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGabrieli, A.$$uVienna U.$$uINFN, LNS$$vChemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGalbiati, C.$$uPrinceton U.$$uGSSI, Aquila$$vPhysics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA$$vGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGarbini, M.$$uINFN, Bologna$$uEnrico Fermi Ctr., Rome$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vMuseo della fisica e Centro studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Roma 00184, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGarcia Abia, P.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aGascón Fora, D.$$uICC, Barcelona U.$$vUniversitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Catalonia, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aGendotti, A.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aGhiano, C.$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGhisi, A.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vCivil and Environmental Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGiampa, P.$$uTRIUMF$$vTRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aGiampaolo, R.A.$$uINFN, Turin$$uTurin Polytechnic$$vINFN Torino, Torino 10125, Italy$$vDepartment of Electronics and Communications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGiganti, C.$$uParis U., VI-VII$$vLPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
002715407 700__ $$aGiorgi, M.A.$$uPisa U.$$uINFN, Pisa$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGiovanetti, G.K.$$uPrinceton U.$$vPhysics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
002715407 700__ $$aGligan, M.L.$$uINCDTIM, Cluj Napoca$$vNational Institute for R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, 400293, Romania
002715407 700__ $$aGorchakov, O.$$uDubna, JINR$$vJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aGrab, M.$$uJagiellonian U.$$vM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
002715407 700__ $$aGraciani Diaz, R.$$uICC, Barcelona U.$$vUniversitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Catalonia, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aGrassi, M.$$uINFN, Pisa$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGrate, J.W.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aGrobov, A.$$uKurchatov Inst., Moscow$$uMoscow Phys. Eng. Inst.$$vNational Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia$$vNational Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aGromov, M.$$uSINP, Moscow$$uDubna, JINR$$vSkobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia$$vJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aGuan, M.$$uBeijing, Inst. High Energy Phys.$$vInstitute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
002715407 700__ $$aGuerra, M.B.B.$$uBlack Hills State U.$$vSchool of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD 57799, USA
002715407 700__ $$aGuerzoni, M.$$uINFN, Bologna$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aGulino, M.$$uLibera U. Kore$$uINFN, LNS$$vEngineering and Architecture Faculty, Università di Enna Kore, Enna 94100, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aHaaland, R.K.$$uFort Lewis Coll.$$vDepartment of Physics and Engineering, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81301, USA
002715407 700__ $$aHackett, B.R.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aHallin, A.$$uAlberta U.$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aHaranczyk, M.$$uJagiellonian U.$$vM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
002715407 700__ $$aHarrop, B.$$uPrinceton U.$$vPhysics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
002715407 700__ $$aHoppe, E.W.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aHorikawa, S.$$uGSSI, Aquila$$uGran Sasso$$vGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aHosseini, B.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aHubaut, F.$$uMarseille, CPPM$$vCentre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
002715407 700__ $$aHumble, P.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aHungerford, E.V.$$uHouston U.$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
002715407 700__ $$aIanni, An.$$uPrinceton U.$$uGran Sasso$$vPhysics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aIlyasov, A.$$uKurchatov Inst., Moscow$$uMoscow Phys. Eng. Inst.$$vNational Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia$$vNational Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aIppolito, V.$$uINFN, Rome$$vINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aJillings, C.$$uLaurentian U.$$uSNOLAB, Lively$$vDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada$$vSNOLAB, Lively, ON P3Y 1N2, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aKeeter, K.$$uBlack Hills State U.$$vSchool of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, SD 57799, USA
002715407 700__ $$aKendziora, C.L.$$uFermilab$$vFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
002715407 700__ $$aKochanek, I.$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aKondo, K.$$uGSSI, Aquila$$vGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aKopp, G.$$uPrinceton U.$$vPhysics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
002715407 700__ $$aKorablev, D.$$uDubna, JINR$$vJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aKorga, G.$$uHouston U.$$uGran Sasso$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aKubankin, A.$$uBelgorod State U.$$vRadiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aKugathasan, R.$$uINFN, Turin$$uTurin Polytechnic$$vINFN Torino, Torino 10125, Italy$$vDepartment of Electronics and Communications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aKuss, M.$$uINFN, Pisa$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aLa Commara, M.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$vPharmacy Department, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80131, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aLa Delfa, L.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aLai, M.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aLebois, M.$$uOrsay, IPN$$vInstitut de Physique Nuclèaire d'Orsay, 91406, Orsay, France
002715407 700__ $$aLehnert, B.$$uAlberta U.$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aLevashko, N.$$uKurchatov Inst., Moscow$$uMoscow Phys. Eng. Inst.$$vNational Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia$$vNational Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aLi, X.$$uPrinceton U.$$vPhysics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
002715407 700__ $$aLiqiang, Q.$$uOrsay, IPN$$vInstitut de Physique Nuclèaire d'Orsay, 91406, Orsay, France
002715407 700__ $$aLissia, M.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aLodi, G.U.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vChemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Department ``G. ~Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aLongo, G.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aLussana, R.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vElectronics, Information, and Bioengineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aLuzzi, L.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vEnergy Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMachado, A.A.$$uCampinas State U.$$vPhysics Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083, Brazil
002715407 700__ $$aMachulin, I.N.$$uKurchatov Inst., Moscow$$uMoscow Phys. Eng. Inst.$$vNational Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia$$vNational Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aMandarano, A.$$uGSSI, Aquila$$uGran Sasso$$vGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aManecki, S.$$uSNOLAB, Lively$$uQueen's U., Kingston$$vSNOLAB, Lively, ON P3Y 1N2, Canada$$vDepartment of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aMapelli, L.$$uPrinceton U.$$vPhysics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
002715407 700__ $$aMargotti, A.$$uINFN, Bologna$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMari, S.M.$$uINFN, Rome3$$uRome III U.$$vINFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy$$vMathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMariani, M.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vEnergy Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMaricic, J.$$uHawaii U.$$vDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
002715407 700__ $$aMarinelli, M.$$uGenoa U.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMarras, D.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMartínez, M.$$uZaragoza U.$$uARAID, Zaragoza$$vCentro de Astropartículas y Física de Altas Energías, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain$$vARAID, Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aMartinez Rojas, A.D.$$uINFN, Turin$$uTurin Polytechnic$$vINFN Torino, Torino 10125, Italy$$vDepartment of Electronics and Communications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMascia, M.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vDepartment of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering, Università degli Studi, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMason, J.$$uCarleton U.$$vDepartment of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aMasoni, A.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMcDonald, A.B.$$uQueen's U., Kingston$$vDepartment of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aMessina, A.$$uINFN, Rome$$uRome U.$$vINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy$$vPhysics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMiletic, T.$$uHawaii U.$$vDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
002715407 700__ $$aMilincic, R.$$uHawaii U.$$vDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
002715407 700__ $$aMoggi, A.$$uINFN, Pisa$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMoioli, S.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vChemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Department ``G. ~Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMonroe, J.$$uRoyal Holloway, U. of London$$vDepartment of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
002715407 700__ $$aMorrocchi, M.$$uINFN, Pisa$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMroz, T.$$uJagiellonian U.$$vM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
002715407 700__ $$aMu, W.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aMuratova, V.N.$$uSt. Petersburg, INP$$vSaint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aMurphy, S.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aMuscas, C.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Università degli Studi, Cagliari 09023, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aMusico, P.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aNania, R.$$uINFN, Bologna$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aNapolitano, T.$$uFrascati$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati 00044, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aNavrer Agasson, A.$$uParis U., VI-VII$$vLPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
002715407 700__ $$aNessi, M.$$uCERN$$vCERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research 1211 Geneve 23, Switzerland, CERN
002715407 700__ $$aNikulin, I.$$uBelgorod State U.$$vRadiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aNosov, V.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aNowak, J.A.$$uLancaster U.$$vLancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
002715407 700__ $$aOleinik, A.$$uBelgorod State U.$$vRadiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aOleynikov, V.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aOrsini, M.$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aOrtica, F.$$uU. Perugia (main)$$uINFN, Perugia$$vChemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy$$vINFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPagani, L.$$uUC, Davis$$vDepartment of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
002715407 700__ $$aPallavicini, M.$$uGenoa U.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPalmas, S.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vDepartment of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering, Università degli Studi, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPandola, L.$$uINFN, LNS$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPantic, E.$$uUC, Davis$$vDepartment of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
002715407 700__ $$aPaoloni, E.$$uINFN, Pisa$$uPisa U.$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPazzona, F.$$uVienna U.$$uINFN, LNS$$vChemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPeeters, S.$$uSussex U.$$vPhysics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
002715407 700__ $$aPegoraro, P.A.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Università degli Studi, Cagliari 09023, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPelczar, K.$$uJagiellonian U.$$vM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
002715407 700__ $$aPellegrini, L.A.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vChemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering Department ``G. ~Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPellegrino, C.$$uINFN, Bologna$$uEnrico Fermi Ctr., Rome$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vMuseo della fisica e Centro studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Roma 00184, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPelliccia, N.$$uU. Perugia (main)$$uINFN, Perugia$$vChemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy$$vINFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPerotti, F.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vCivil and Environmental Engineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPesudo, V.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aPicciau, E.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPietropaolo, F.$$uCERN$$vCERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research 1211 Geneve 23, Switzerland, CERN
002715407 700__ $$aPocar, A.$$uMassachusetts U., Amherst$$vAmherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
002715407 700__ $$aPollmann, T.R.$$uMunich U.$$vPhysik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany
002715407 700__ $$aPortaluppi, D.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vElectronics, Information, and Bioengineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aPoudel, S.S.$$uHouston U.$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
002715407 700__ $$aPralavorio, P.$$uMarseille, CPPM$$vCentre de Physique des Particules de Marseille, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
002715407 700__ $$aPrice, D.$$uManchester U.$$vThe University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
002715407 700__ $$aRadics, B.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aRaffaelli, F.$$uINFN, Pisa$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aRagusa, F.$$uMilan U.$$uINFN, Milan$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aRazeti, M.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aRegenfus, C.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aRenshaw, A.L.$$uHouston U.$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
002715407 700__ $$aRescia, S.$$uBrookhaven$$vBrookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
002715407 700__ $$aRescigno, M.$$uINFN, Rome$$vINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aRetiere, F.$$uTRIUMF$$vTRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aRignanese, L.P.$$uU. Bologna, DIFA$$uINFN, Bologna$$uEnrico Fermi Ctr., Rome$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vMuseo della fisica e Centro studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Roma 00184, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aRipoli, C.$$uSalerno U.$$uINFN, Salerno$$vPhysics Department, Universitá degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy$$vINFN Salerno, Salerno 84084, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aRivetti, A.$$uINFN, Turin$$vINFN Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aRode, J.$$uAPC, Paris$$uParis U., VI-VII$$vAPC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, USPC, Paris 75205, France$$vLPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
002715407 700__ $$aRomani, A.$$uU. Perugia (main)$$uINFN, Perugia$$vChemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy$$vINFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aRomero, L.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aRossi, N.$$uINFN, Rome$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aRubbia, A.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aSala, P.$$uCERN$$vCERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research 1211 Geneve 23, Switzerland, CERN
002715407 700__ $$aSalatino, P.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$vChemical, Materials, and Industrial Production Engineering Department, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSamoylov, O.$$uDubna, JINR$$vJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aSánchez García, E.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aSandford, E.$$uManchester U.$$vThe University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
002715407 700__ $$aSanfilippo, S.$$uRome III U.$$uINFN, Rome3$$vMathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy$$vINFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSant, M.$$uVienna U.$$uINFN, LNS$$vChemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSantone, D.$$uRoyal Holloway, U. of London$$vDepartment of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
002715407 700__ $$aSantorelli, R.$$uMadrid, CIEMAT$$vCIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
002715407 700__ $$aSavarese, C.$$uPrinceton U.$$vPhysics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
002715407 700__ $$aScapparone, E.$$uINFN, Bologna$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSchlitzer, B.$$uUC, Davis$$vDepartment of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
002715407 700__ $$aScioli, G.$$uU. Bologna, DIFA$$uINFN, Bologna$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSegreto, E.$$uCampinas State U.$$vPhysics Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083, Brazil
002715407 700__ $$aSeifert, A.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aSemenov, D.A.$$uSt. Petersburg, INP$$vSaint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aShchagin, A.$$uBelgorod State U.$$vRadiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aSheshukov, A.$$uDubna, JINR$$vJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aSiddhanta, S.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSimeone, M.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$vChemical, Materials, and Industrial Production Engineering Department, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSingh, P.N.$$uHouston U.$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
002715407 700__ $$aSkensved, P.$$uQueen's U., Kingston$$vDepartment of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aSkorokhvatov, M.D.$$uKurchatov Inst., Moscow$$uMoscow Phys. Eng. Inst.$$vNational Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia$$vNational Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aSmirnov, O.$$uDubna, JINR$$vJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aSobrero, G.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSokolov, A.$$uNovosibirsk, IYF$$uNovosibirsk State U.$$vBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia$$vNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aSotnikov, A.$$uDubna, JINR$$vJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aStainforth, R.$$uCarleton U.$$vDepartment of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aSteri, A.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aStracka, S.$$uINFN, Pisa$$vINFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aStrickland, V.$$uCarleton U.$$vDepartment of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aSuffritti, G.B.$$uVienna U.$$uINFN, LNS$$uEuropa Metalli LMI, Florence$$vChemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy$$vInteruniversity Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Firenze 50121, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSulis, S.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Università degli Studi, Cagliari 09023, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aSuvorov, Y.$$uNaples U.$$uINFN, Naples$$uKurchatov Inst., Moscow$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi ``Federico II'' di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy$$vINFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy$$vNational Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aSzelc, A.M.$$uManchester U.$$vThe University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
002715407 700__ $$aTartaglia, R.$$uGran Sasso$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aTestera, G.$$uINFN, Genoa$$vINFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aThorpe, T.$$uGSSI, Aquila$$uGran Sasso$$vGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy$$vINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aTonazzo, A.$$uAPC, Paris$$vAPC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, USPC, Paris 75205, France
002715407 700__ $$aTosi, A.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vElectronics, Information, and Bioengineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aTuveri, M.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aUnzhakov, E.V.$$uSt. Petersburg, INP$$vSaint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aUsai, G.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$uCagliari U.$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vPhysics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aVacca, A.$$uCagliari U.$$uINFN, Cagliari$$vDepartment of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering, Università degli Studi, Cagliari 09042, Italy$$vINFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aVázquez-Jáuregui, E.$$uMexico U.$$vInstituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México 01000, Mexico
002715407 700__ $$aViant, T.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aViel, S.$$uCarleton U.$$vDepartment of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aVilla, F.$$uMilan Polytechnic$$uINFN, Milan$$vElectronics, Information, and Bioengineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy$$vINFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aVishneva, A.$$uDubna, JINR$$vJoint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
002715407 700__ $$aVogelaar, R.B.$$uVirginia Tech.$$vVirginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
002715407 700__ $$aWahl, J.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aWalding, J.J.$$uRoyal Holloway, U. of London$$vDepartment of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
002715407 700__ $$aWang, H.$$uUCLA$$vPhysics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
002715407 700__ $$aWang, Y.$$uUCLA$$vPhysics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
002715407 700__ $$aWesterdale, S.$$uCarleton U.$$vDepartment of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
002715407 700__ $$aWheadon, R.J.$$uINFN, Turin$$vINFN Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aWilliams, R.$$uPNL, Richland$$vPacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
002715407 700__ $$aWilson, J.$$uOrsay, IPN$$vInstitut de Physique Nuclèaire d'Orsay, 91406, Orsay, France
002715407 700__ $$aWojcik, Marcin$$uJagiellonian U.$$vM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
002715407 700__ $$aWojcik, Mariusz$$uLodz, Tech. U.$$vInstitute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
002715407 700__ $$aWu, S.$$uZurich, ETH$$vInstitute for Particle Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
002715407 700__ $$aXiao, X.$$uUCLA$$vPhysics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
002715407 700__ $$aYang, C.$$uBeijing, Inst. High Energy Phys.$$vInstitute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
002715407 700__ $$aYe, Z.$$uHouston U.$$vDepartment of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
002715407 700__ $$aZuffa, M.$$uINFN, Bologna$$vINFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
002715407 700__ $$aZuzel, G.$$uJagiellonian U.$$vM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
002715407 710__ $$gDarkSide Collaboration
002715407 773__ $$c153$$n2$$pEur. Phys. J. C$$v81$$y2021
002715407 8564_ $$uhttps://lss.fnal.gov/archive/2020/pub/fermilab-pub-20-155-ppd.pdf$$yFermilab Library Server (fulltext available)
002715407 8564_ $$81768252$$s2409870$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/fermilab-pub-20-155-ppd.pdf$$yFulltext
002715407 8564_ $$82208739$$s9904$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig4b.png$$y00004 : width=0.4\columnwidth : Two alternative concepts of SiPM-matrix readout of two-phase argon detectors with EL gap proposed elsewhere \cite{Buzulutskov2011,Buzulutskov2018} and experimentally studied in the present work: that of SiPM matrix directly coupled to EL gap (``direct SiPM-matrix readout'') (left) and that of combined THGEM/SiPM-matrix multiplier coupled to EL gap (``THGEM/SiPM-matrix readout'') (right)
002715407 8564_ $$82208740$$s9310$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig4a.png$$y00003 : width=0.4\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82208741$$s20948$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig18.png$$y00020 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: true coordinate of interaction point $x_{0}$ as a function of reconstructed coordinate $x_{sim}$ (black dots), the latter obtained using MC simulation with experimental $LRF$, and fit of this dependence by polynomial function (red curve). For comparison, the dependence $x_0 = x_{sim}$ is shown (blue dotted line)
002715407 8564_ $$82208742$$s2553906$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/2004.02024.pdf$$yFulltext
002715407 8564_ $$82208743$$s12472$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig14.png$$y00015 THGEM/SiPM-matrix readout: amplitude spectrum of the total SiPM-matrix signal obtained with $^{109}$Cd source, at THGEM1 charge gain of 37
002715407 8564_ $$82208744$$s14590$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig15.png$$y00016 : width=0.6\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82208745$$s56126$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig16.png$$y00017 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: the averaged distribution of photoelectrons over the SiPM-matrix channels in x,y plane for ``central'' events, in which the distribution maximum hits the central channel. The data were obtained at the maximum reduced EL field, of 8.4~Td, when the detector was irradiated by pulsed X-rays
002715407 8564_ $$82208746$$s15486$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig10.png$$y00011 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: amplitude spectrum of the total 3PMT+WLS signal obtained with $^{109}$Cd source for the maximum field in the EL gap. The higher energy peak, corresponding to  60-88~keV gamma-rays, is hatched
002715407 8564_ $$82208747$$s24557$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig11.png$$y00012 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: correlation between the amplitude of the total SiPM-matrix and 3PMT+WLS signals
002715407 8564_ $$82208748$$s13871$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig12.png$$y00013 : width=0.65\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82208749$$s10521$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig13.png$$y00014 THGEM/SiPM-matrix readout: charge gain of the THGEM1 multiplier as a function of the THGEM1 voltage, at fixed electric fields in the drift and EL regions
002715407 8564_ $$82208750$$s1316120$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig5b.png$$y00005 :
002715407 8564_ $$82208751$$s1337125$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig5c.png$$y00006 : Photographs of SiPM matrices progressively developed in this work. \subref{image:fig_5x5el_CPTA_2x2mm2}: 5$\times$5 SiPM matrix made from MRS APD 149-35 (CPTA) with an active area of 2.1$\times$2.1~mm$^2$. \subref{image:fig_5x5el_Ham_3x3mm2}: 5$\times$5 SiPM matrix made from MPPC S10931-100P (Hamamatsu) with an active area of 3$\times$3~mm$^2$. \subref{image:fig_SiPM_11x11_matrix_photo}: 11$\times$11 SiPM matrix made from MPPC S13360-6050PE (Hamamatsu) with an active area of 6$\times$6~mm$^2$. Everywhere the SiPM channel pitch is 1~cm
002715407 8564_ $$82208752$$s31644$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig20b.png$$y00023 : width=0.5\columnwidth : Direct SiPM-matrix readout: projections of the 2D distribution presented in Figure~\ref{image:fig_171123_coorg_2Dgr_xray_2mm_MC_20kV} on $x$ and $y$ axes. Also shown are the fit of the $x_{exp}$ and $y_{exp}$ distributions (red curves) and the expected $x_{0}$ and $y_{0}$ distributions of the true coordinates of the interaction region (blue dotted curves), defined by the positions of the X-ray tube and collimator and by the X-ray range in liquid Ar. Note that here the signal is produced by several X-ray photons in a pulse, with the average energy of 25 keV, absorbed in a thin (3 mm) liquid Ar layer near the cathode
002715407 8564_ $$82208753$$s31858$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig20a.png$$y00022 : width=0.5\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82208754$$s20537$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig19.png$$y00021 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: 2D coordinate distribution of reconstructed events in $x_{exp}$, $y_{exp}$ plane. The solid boxes are the active SiPMs and the dashed box is the passive SiPM (the photoelectron number in which was determined as the average of two adjacent channels). The data were obtained at the maximum reduced EL field, of 8.4~Td, when the detector was irradiated by pulsed X-rays through a 2~mm collimator
002715407 8564_ $$82208755$$s14427$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig21.png$$y00024 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: amplitude spectrum of the total SiPM-matrix signal obtained with pulsed X-rays and 2 mm collimator. Red curve is fit by Gauss function. The data were obtained at the maximum reduced EL field, of 8.4~Td
002715407 8564_ $$82208756$$s18233$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig22.png$$y00025 Summary of position resolution results obtained in the  two-phase detector for the direct SiPM-matrix and THGEM/SiPM-matrix readout.  Shown is the position resolution (standard deviation) as a function of the total number of photoelectrons recorded by the SiPM matrix. Red curve is the fit by inverse root function using all data points
002715407 8564_ $$82208757$$s11736$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig17a.png$$y00018 : width=0.5\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82208758$$s11698$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig17b.png$$y00019 : width=0.5\columnwidth : Direct SiPM-matrix readout: 2D cross-section of Figure~\ref{image:fig_171123_PE_distr_xray_2mm_20kV} at $y$ = 0 (left) and $x$ = 0 (right)
002715407 8564_ $$82208759$$s13031$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig6.png$$y00007 Gain-voltage characteristics of different SiPM types at 87~K
002715407 8564_ $$82208760$$s11772$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig7.png$$y00008 Noise rates of different SiPM types as a function of the bias voltage at 87~K
002715407 8564_ $$82208761$$s31480$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig2.png$$y00001 Summary of experimental data on reduced EL yield in argon for all known electroluminescence (EL) mechanisms: for NBrS EL at wavelengths of 0-1000 nm, measured in~\cite{Bondar2019} at 87~K; for ordinary EL in the VUV, going via Ar$^*$(3p$^5$4s$^1$), measured in~\cite{Bondar2019} at 87~K and in~\cite{Monteiro2008} at 293~K; for EL in the NIR going via Ar$^*$(3p$^5$4p$^1$), measured in~\cite{Buzulutskov2011} at 163~K
002715407 8564_ $$82208762$$s22072$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig3.png$$y00002 ``Standard'' concept of SiPM matrix readout of two-phase argon detectors with EL gap
002715407 8564_ $$82208763$$s15844$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig1.png$$y00000 Photon emission spectra in gaseous Ar due to ordinary scintillations in the VUV measured in \cite{Morozov2008}, NBrS electroluminescence at 8.3~Td theoretically calculated in \cite{Buzulutskov2018} and avalanche scintillations in the NIR measured in \cite{Lindblom1988,Fraga2000}. Also shown are the Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) of SiPM (MPPC 13360-6050PE~\cite{hamamatsu}) at overvoltage of 5.6~V obtained from~\cite{Otte2017} using the PDE voltage dependence and the transmittance of the acrylic plate (1.5~mm thick) in front of the SiPM matrix, used in this study
002715407 8564_ $$82208764$$s39623$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig8.png$$y00009 Schematic view of the experimental setup. The electric fields lines in the TPC were presented elsewhere \cite{Bondar2019_field_sim}
002715407 8564_ $$82208765$$s13821$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/Fig9.png$$y00010 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: amplitude spectrum of the total SiPM-matrix signal obtained with $^{109}$Cd source. The hatched area corresponds to the higher energy peak of the 3PMT+WLS signals (see Figure~\ref{image:fig_171123_3PMT_Cd_and_Bkg_Npe_spec_6mm_20kV})
002715407 8564_ $$82334513$$s1879932$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/scoap.pdf$$yArticle from SCOAP3
002715407 8564_ $$82470975$$s15373$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w8_Fig6.png$$y00008 Gain-voltage characteristics of different SiPM types at 87~K
002715407 8564_ $$82470976$$s29142$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w22_Fig19.png$$y00022 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: 2D coordinate distribution of reconstructed events in $x_0(x_{exp})$, $y_0(y_{exp})$ plane. The solid boxes are the active SiPMs and the dashed box is the inactive SiPM (the photoelectron number in which was determined as the average of two adjacent channels). The data were obtained at the maximum reduced EL field, of 8.4~Td, when the detector was irradiated by pulsed X-rays through a 2~mm collimator
002715407 8564_ $$82470977$$s19206$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w16_Fig14.png$$y00016 THGEM/SiPM-matrix readout: amplitude spectrum of the total SiPM-matrix signal obtained with $^{109}$Cd source, at THGEM1 charge gain of 37
002715407 8564_ $$82470978$$s12863$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w15_Fig13.png$$y00015 THGEM/SiPM-matrix readout: charge gain of the THGEM1 multiplier as a function of the voltage across it, at fixed electric fields in the drift and EL regions
002715407 8564_ $$82470979$$s16213$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w14_Fig12.png$$y00014  : width=0.65\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82470980$$s23309$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w2_Fig3.png$$y00002 ``Standard'' concept of SiPM-matrix readout of two-phase argon detectors with an EL gap
002715407 8564_ $$82470981$$s14725$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w9_Fig7.png$$y00009 Dark count rates of different SiPM types as a function of the bias voltage at 87~K
002715407 8564_ $$82470982$$s870414$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w7_Fig5c.png$$y00007  : Photographs of SiPM matrices progressively developed in this work. \subref{image:fig_5x5el_CPTA_2x2mm2} 5$\times$5 SiPM matrix made from MRS APD 149-35 (CPTA) with an active area of 2.1$\times$2.1~mm$^2$. \subref{image:fig_5x5el_Ham_3x3mm2} 5$\times$5 SiPM matrix made from MPPC S10931-100P (Hamamatsu) with an active area of 3$\times$3~mm$^2$. \subref{image:fig_SiPM_11x11_matrix_photo} 11$\times$11 SiPM matrix made from MPPC S13360-6050PE (Hamamatsu) with an active area of 6$\times$6~mm$^2$. The SiPM channel pitch is 1~cm in all cases : Caption not extracted
002715407 8564_ $$82470983$$s690947$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w5_Fig5a.png$$y00005  : 
002715407 8564_ $$82470984$$s10076$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w4_Fig4b.png$$y00004  : width=0.4\columnwidth : Two alternative concepts of SiPM-matrix readout of two-phase argon detectors with EL gap proposed elsewhere \cite{Buzulutskov2011,Buzulutskov2018} and experimentally studied in the present work: that of SiPM matrix directly coupled to EL gap (``direct SiPM-matrix readout'') (left) and that of combined THGEM/SiPM-matrix multiplier coupled to EL gap (``THGEM/SiPM-matrix readout'') (right)
002715407 8564_ $$82470985$$s16769$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w25_Fig21.png$$y00025 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: amplitude spectrum of the total SiPM-matrix signal obtained with pulsed X-rays and 2 mm collimator. Red curve is fit by Gauss function. The data were obtained at the maximum reduced EL field, of 8.4~Td
002715407 8564_ $$82470986$$s34269$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w24_Fig20b.png$$y00024  : width=0.45\columnwidth : Direct SiPM-matrix readout: projections of the 2D distribution presented in Figure~\ref{image:fig_171123_coorg_2Dgr_xray_2mm_MC_20kV} on $x$ and $y$ axes. Also shown are the fit of the $x_0(x_{exp})$ and $y_0(y_{exp})$ distributions (red curves) and the expected distributions of the true coordinates of the interaction region (blue dotted curves), defined by the positions of the X-ray tube and collimator and by the X-ray range in liquid Ar. Note that here the signal is produced by several X-ray photons in a pulse, with the average energy of 25 keV, absorbed in a thin (3 mm) liquid Ar layer near the cathode
002715407 8564_ $$82470987$$s38426$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w18_Fig16.png$$y00018 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: the averaged distribution of photoelectrons over the SiPM-matrix channels in x,y plane for ``central'' events, in which the distribution's maximum is at the central channel. The data were obtained at the maximum reduced EL field, of 8.4~Td, when the detector was irradiated by pulsed X-rays
002715407 8564_ $$82470988$$s1202478$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w6_Fig5b.png$$y00006  : 
002715407 8564_ $$82470989$$s10546$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w3_Fig4a.png$$y00003  : width=0.4\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82470990$$s34455$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w23_Fig20a.png$$y00023  : width=0.45\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82470991$$s33822$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w1_Fig2.png$$y00001 Summary of experimental data on the reduced EL yield in argon for all known electroluminescence (EL) mechanisms: for NBrS EL at wavelengths of 0-1000 nm, measured in~\cite{Bondar2019} at 87~K; for ordinary EL in the VUV, going via Ar$^*$(3p$^5$4s$^1$), measured in~\cite{Bondar2019} at 87~K and in~\cite{Monteiro2008} at 293~K; for EL in the NIR going via Ar$^*$(3p$^5$4p$^1$), measured in~\cite{Buzulutskov2011} at 163~K
002715407 8564_ $$82470992$$s20575$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w26_Fig22.png$$y00026 Summary of position resolution results obtained in the two-phase detector for the direct SiPM-matrix and THGEM/SiPM-matrix readout. Shown is the position resolution (standard deviation) as a function of the total number of photoelectrons recorded by the SiPM matrix. Red curve is the fit by inverse root function using all data points
002715407 8564_ $$82470993$$s21704$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w11_Fig9.png$$y00011 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: amplitude spectrum of the total SiPM-matrix signal obtained with $^{109}$Cd source. The hatched area corresponds to the higher energy peak of the 3PMT+WLS signals (see Figure~\ref{image:fig_171123_3PMT_Cd_and_Bkg_Npe_spec_6mm_20kV})
002715407 8564_ $$82470994$$s16924$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w0_Fig1.png$$y00000 Photon emission spectra in gaseous Ar due to ordinary scintillations in the VUV measured in \cite{Morozov2008}, NBrS electroluminescence at 8.3~Td theoretically calculated in \cite{Buzulutskov2018} and avalanche scintillations in the NIR measured in \cite{Lindblom1988,Fraga2000}. Also shown are the photon detection efficiency (PDE) of the SiPMs (MPPC 13360-6050PE~\cite{hamamatsu}) at an overvoltage of 5.6~V obtained from~\cite{Otte2017} and the transmittance of the acrylic plate (1.5~mm thick) in front of the SiPM matrix, used in this study
002715407 8564_ $$82470995$$s24011$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w17_Fig15.png$$y00017  : width=0.6\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82470996$$s23290$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w21_Fig18.png$$y00021 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: true coordinate of interaction point $x_{0}$ as a function of reconstructed coordinate $x_{sim}$ (black dots), the latter obtained using MC simulation with the experimental $LRF$, and a fit of this dependence by polynomial function (red curve). For comparison, the dependence $x_0 = x_{sim}$ is shown (blue dotted line)
002715407 8564_ $$82470997$$s18389$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w20_Fig17b.png$$y00020  : width=0.45\columnwidth : Direct SiPM-matrix readout: 2D cross-section of Figure~\ref{image:fig_171123_PE_distr_xray_2mm_20kV} at $y$ = 0 (left) and $x$ = 0 (right)
002715407 8564_ $$82470998$$s18383$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w19_Fig17a.png$$y00019  : width=0.45\columnwidth
002715407 8564_ $$82470999$$s19853$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w13_Fig11.png$$y00013 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: correlation between the amplitude of the total SiPM-matrix and 3PMT+WLS signals
002715407 8564_ $$82471000$$s23793$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w12_Fig10.png$$y00012 Direct SiPM-matrix readout: amplitude spectrum of the total 3PMT+WLS signal obtained with $^{109}$Cd source for the maximum field in the EL gap. The higher energy peak, corresponding to 59-88~keV gamma-rays, is hatched
002715407 8564_ $$82471001$$s36689$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/w10_Fig8.png$$y00010 Schematic view of the experimental setup. The electric fields lines in the TPC were presented elsewhere \cite{Bondar2019_field_sim}
002715407 8564_ $$82277822$$s1879932$$uhttp://cds.cern.ch/record/2715407/files/scoap3-fulltext.pdf?subformat=pdfa$$xpdfa$$yArticle from SCOAP3
002715407 960__ $$a13
002715407 980__ $$aARTICLE