CERN Accelerating science

Article
Report number	arXiv:1806.07396 ; FERMILAB-PUB-18-264-T
Title	Long-Lived Particles at the Energy Frontier: The MATHUSLA Physics Case
Author(s)	Curtin, David (Toronto U.) ; Drewes, Marco (Louvain U., CP3) ; McCullough, Matthew (CERN) ; Meade, Patrick (YITP, Stony Brook) ; Mohapatra, Rabindra N. (Maryland U.) ; Shelton, Jessie (Illinois U., Urbana) ; Shuve, Brian (Harvey Mudd Coll. ; SLAC) ; Accomando, Elena (Southampton U.) ; Alpigiani, Cristiano (Washington U., Seattle) ; Antusch, Stefan (Basel U.) ; Arteaga-Velázquez, Juan Carlos (IFM-UMSNH, Michoacan) ; Batell, Brian (Pittsburgh U.) ; Bauer, Martin (Heidelberg U.) ; Blinov, Nikita (SLAC) ; Caballero-Mora, Karen Salomé (Chiapas Autonoma U.) ; Chang, Jae Hyeok (YITP, Stony Brook) ; Chun, Eung Jin (Korea Inst. Advanced Study, Seoul) ; Co, Raymond T. (Michigan U., MCTP) ; Cohen, Timothy (Oregon U.) ; Cox, Peter (Tokyo U., IPMU) ; Craig, Nathaniel (UC, Santa Barbara) ; Csáki, Csaba (Cornell U., LEPP) ; Cui, Yanou (UC, Riverside) ; D'Eramo, Francesco (U. Padua, Dept. Phys. Astron.) ; Delle Rose, Luigi (Florence U. ; INFN, Florence) ; Bhupal Dev, P.S. (McDonnell Ctr. Space Sci.) ; Dienes, Keith R. (Arizona U. ; Maryland U.) ; Dror, Jeff A. (UC, Berkeley ; LBL, Berkeley) ; Essig, Rouven (YITP, Stony Brook) ; Evans, Jared A. (Cincinnati U. ; Illinois U., Urbana) ; Evans, Jason L. (Korea Inst. Advanced Study, Seoul) ; Tellez, Arturo Fernández (Puebla U., Mexico) ; Fischer, Oliver (KIT, Karlsruhe, IKP) ; Flacke, Thomas (IBS, Daejeon, CTPU) ; Fradette, Anthony (Victoria U.) ; Frugiuele, Claudia (Weizmann Inst.) ; Fuchs, Elina (Weizmann Inst.) ; Gherghetta, Tony (Minnesota U.) ; Giudice, Gian F. (CERN) ; Gorbunov, Dmitry (Moscow, INR ; Moscow, MIPT) ; Gupta, Rick S. (Durham U., IPPP) ; Hagedorn, Claudia (Southern Denmark U., CP3-Origins) ; Hall, Lawrence J. (UC, Berkeley ; LBL, Berkeley) ; Harris, Philip (MIT) ; Helo, Juan Carlos (La Serena U. ; CCTVal, Valparaiso) ; Hirsch, Martin (Valencia U., IFIC) ; Hochberg, Yonit (Hebrew U.) ; Hook, Anson (Maryland U.) ; Ibarra, Alejandro (Munich, Tech. U. ; Korea Inst. Advanced Study, Seoul) ; Ipek, Seyda (UC, Irvine) ; Jung, Sunghoon (Seoul Natl. U., Dept. Phys. Astron.) ; Knapen, Simon (LBL, Berkeley ; UC, Berkeley) ; Kuflik, Eric (Hebrew U.) ; Liu, Zhen (Fermilab) ; Lombardo, Salvator (Cornell U., LEPP) ; Lubatti, H.J. (Washington U., Seattle) ; McKeen, David (TRIUMF) ; Molinaro, Emiliano (Aarhus U.) ; Moretti, Stefano (Southampton U. ; Rutherford) ; Nagata, Natsumi (Tokyo U.) ; Neubert, Matthias (Mainz U., Inst. Phys. ; U. Mainz, PRISMA ; Cornell U., LEPP) ; No, Jose Miguel (Madrid, Autonoma U. ; Madrid, IFT ; King's Coll. London) ; Olaiya, Emmanuel (Rutherford) ; Perez, Gilad (Weizmann Inst.) ; Peskin, Michael E. (SLAC) ; Pinner, David (Harvard U. ; Brown U.) ; Pospelov, Maxim (Perimeter Inst. Theor. Phys. ; Victoria U.) ; Reece, Matthew (Harvard U.) ; Robinson, Dean J. (Cincinnati U.) ; Cahuantzi, Mario Rodríguez (Puebla U., Mexico) ; Santonico, Rinaldo (INFN, Rome2 ; Rome U., Tor Vergata) ; Schlaffer, Matthias (Weizmann Inst.) ; Shepherd-Themistocleous, Claire H. (Rutherford) ; Spray, Andrew (IBS, Daejeon, CTPU) ; Stolarski, Daniel (Ottawa Carleton Inst. Phys.) ; Subieta Vasquez, Martin A. (Bolivia U.) ; Sundrum, Raman (Maryland U.) ; Thamm, Andrea (CERN) ; Thomas, Brooks (Lafayette Coll.) ; Tsai, Yuhsin (Maryland U.) ; Tweedie, Brock (Pittsburgh U.) ; West, Stephen M. (Royal Holloway, U. of London) ; Young, Charles (SLAC) ; Yu, Felix (Mainz U., Inst. Phys. ; U. Mainz, PRISMA) ; Zaldivar, Bryan (Madrid, Autonoma U. ; Madrid, IFT ; Annecy, LAPTH) ; Zhang, Yongchao (McDonnell Ctr. Space Sci. ; Brussels U.) ; Zurek, Kathryn (LBL, Berkeley ; UC, Berkeley ; CERN) ; Zurita, José (KIT, Karlsruhe, IKP ; KIT, Karlsruhe, TTP)
Publication	2019-10-02
Imprint	2018-06-19
Number of pages	133
Note	213 pages, 73 figures. Extended Section 2 to add more detailed discussion of LLP reconstruction and analysis, and background rejection. Updated comparison of MATHUSLA RH neutrino sensitivity to other experiments. Updated analysis of long-lived ALPs produced in weak-scale processes and decaying to jets. Various clarifications, fixed typos, and added references. Results and conclusions unchanged
In:	Rep. Prog. Phys. 82 (2019) 116201
DOI	10.1088/1361-6633/ab28d6
Subject category	hep-ex ; Particle Physics - Experiment ; hep-ph ; Particle Physics - Phenomenology
Accelerator/Facility, Experiment	MATHUSLA
Abstract	We examine the theoretical motivations for long-lived particle (LLP) signals at the LHC in a comprehensive survey of Standard Model (SM) extensions. LLPs are a common prediction of a wide range of theories that address unsolved fundamental mysteries such as naturalness, dark matter, baryogenesis and neutrino masses, and represent a natural and generic possibility for physics beyond the SM (BSM). In most cases the LLP lifetime can be treated as a free parameter from the $\mu$m scale up to the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis limit of $\sim 10^7$m. Neutral LLPs with lifetimes above $\sim$ 100m are particularly difficult to probe, as the sensitivity of the LHC main detectors is limited by challenging backgrounds, triggers, and small acceptances. MATHUSLA is a proposal for a minimally instrumented, large-volume surface detector near ATLAS or CMS. It would search for neutral LLPs produced in HL-LHC collisions by reconstructing displaced vertices (DVs) in a low-background environment, extending the sensitivity of the main detectors by orders of magnitude in the long-lifetime regime. In this white paper we study the LLP physics opportunities afforded by a MATHUSLA-like detector at the HL-LHC. We develop a model-independent approach to describe the sensitivity of MATHUSLA to BSM LLP signals, and compare it to DV and missing energy searches at ATLAS or CMS. We then explore the BSM motivations for LLPs in considerable detail, presenting a large number of new sensitivity studies. While our discussion is especially oriented towards the long-lifetime regime at MATHUSLA, this survey underlines the importance of a varied LLP search program at the LHC in general. By synthesizing these results into a general discussion of the top-down and bottom-up motivations for LLP searches, it is our aim to demonstrate the exceptional strength and breadth of the physics case for the construction of the MATHUSLA detector.
Copyright/License	preprint: (License: arXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0) publication: © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd

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