Vocabulary 3.1
1.Seismic Waves- Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energyreleased during an earthquake.
2.Pressure- The force pushing on a surface divided by the area of thatsurface.
3.Crust The layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface.
4.Basalt- A dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine texture, found in oceaniccrust.
5.Granite- A usually light-colored igneous rock that is found in continentalcrust.
6.Mantle- The layer of hot, solid material between Earth’s crust and core.
7.Lithosphere- A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantleand the crust.
8.Asthenosphere- the soft layer of the mantle on which the lithospherefloats.
9.Outer core- a layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the innercore of Earth.
10.Inner Core- a dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth.
How Do Geologists Learn About Earth’sInterior? Pgs. 98-99
Geologists have used 2 main types of evidence to learnabout Earth’s interior:
1. Direct Evidence From Rock Samples
2.Indirect Evidence From Seismic Waves.
1. Evidence From Rock Samples
•Geologists have drilled holes as deep as12.3 kilometers into Earth.
•The drills bring up samples of rock.
•These rocks give geologists clues aboutEarth’s structure and conditions deepinside Earth.
Example of a cylindrical wholerock core.
2. Evidence From Seismic Waves
When earthquakes occur they produce seismic waves.
Geologists record the seismic waves and study how they travel throughEarth.
Infer: Geologists have found that the paths of
seismic waves change When the waves reach
specific depths Inside Earth.
What can you infer about the Earth’s
structure from this Observation?
_______________________________
_______________________________
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Paths of the ocean waves
change when the wavesreach an island.
Paths of ocean waves change
when the waves reach an island.
Assess Your Understanding
I get it! Now I know that, to learn about Earth’s Interior,Geologists use two main types of evidence:
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What Are The Features of Earth’s Crust, Mantle,and Core? Pg. 100
the crust
The three main layers of Earth are: the mantle,
the core.
These layers vary greatly in size, composition, temperature,and pressure.
Pressure results from a force pressing on an area.
The Deeper Down Inside Earth,
The Greater the Pressure and the greater the Temperature!
Earth’s Crust pg. 101
Earth’s crust is the layer of rockthat forms Earth’s outer skin.
•The crust is a layer of solid rock thatincludes both dry land and the oceanfloor.
•The composition of oceanic crustis much like basalt- a dark rock thathas fine grains.
•The composition of continentalcrust is much like granite- a rock thatusually is a light color and has coarsegrains.
Earth’s Mantle pg. 102
Earth’s Mantle Is the solidmaterial of the mantle is a layer ofhot rock.
•Earth’s mantle is made of rockthat is very hot, but solid.
•Overall, the mantle is nearly 3,000kilometers thick.
•Scientists divide the mantle intolayers based on the physicalcharacteristics of those layers.
Mantle’s Layers
Layers
•the Lithosphere is the crust anduppermost mantle.
•Just beneath the lithosphere theAsthenosphere- Is the soft layer.
•Beneath is a layer called theMesosphere- which is hot butmore rigid.
Earth’s Core pg. 103
The core is made mostly of themetals iron and nickel.
The Core consists of 2 parts:
1. a liquid outer core- The outercore is a layer of molten metalsurrounding the inner core.
2.a solid inner core- The innercore is a dense ball of solid metal.
Scientists think that movements in the liquidouter core create Earth’s magnetic field
Figure 2 Pressure and Depth
The deeper that this swimmer goes, the greater the pressure fromthe surrounding water.
Compare and Contrast:
How is the water in the pool similar to Earth’s Interior? How is itDifferent? (Hint: Consider both temperature and pressure in youranswer.)
Depth
0
0.5m
1 m
pressure
increases 1.5 m
Earth’s Crust- the crust is the Earth’s Outer Layer of Solid Rock.
The circle graph shows the composition of Earth’s crust.
1.Read Graphs In Total, How much
Of Earth’s crust is made up of
Oxygen and Silicon?
________________________
2. Summarize Fill in the missing
Information in the two charts.
Oceanic crust
Typical rock: ________________
Relative Grain Size: ___________
Color: ______________
Continental Crust
Typical rock: ________________
Relative Grain Size: ___________
Color: ______________
The Earth’s Crust – fig. 3 pg. 101
Earth’s mantle is nearly 3,000 kilometers thick. The rigid lithosphererests on the softer material of the asthenosphere.
Describe Earth’s Layers by filling in the boxes next to the diagramof the upper mantle.
The Mantle pg. 102
The Core of It
Earth’s core consists of two separate layers.
Where do these terms go on the Venn diagram?
The Core – Fig. 5 pg. 103
The graph shows how temperatures change between
Earth’s surface and the core.
1.Read Graphs:
Between what depths does
Earth’s temperature increase
the slowest?
____________________________
2. Challenge:
Why does the graph show a temp.
Of 16 C at 0 meters of depth?
____________________________
____________________________
3. Interpret Data:
How does temperature change with
Depth in Earth’s Interior?
____________________________
____________________________
Do the math! Temperature Inside Earth pg. 103
The Core and Earth’s Magnetic Field pg. 104
Scientists think that movements in the liquid outer core createEarth’s magnetic field.
Because Earth has a magnetic field, the planet acts like a giant barmagnet which has a North and South Pole. This affects the entireplanet.
Identify Benefits:
What is one benefit of
Using a bar magnet
As a model of Earth’s
Magnetic field?
_____________________
_____________________
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Assess Your Understanding pg. 105
1a. Identify: Earth’s thin outer layer of solid rock is called
(the crust / the mantle / the core.
b. Summarize: What is the structure of Earth?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I get it! Now I know that each of the three main layers of Earthhas its own features, as follows:
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What is the Structure of the Earth?Figure 7 pg. 104
1.Describe: Draw each of the Earth’s Layers. Include both the outer andinner core. Label each layer. Then, fill in the chart below.
Thickness/Radius Composition Solid/Liquid
Crust_________________________________________________________
Mantle________________________________________________________
Outer Core_____________________________________________________
Inner Core_____________________________________________________
TOTAL 6,371 km
2. Compare and Contrast: Pick any two points inside Earth and label themA and B. Compare and Contrast Earth at those two points.
My Point A is in the ______________________________________________
My Point B is in the ______________________________________________
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