9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation

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Non-Cooperation
Age of Gandhi
“Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one
as this ever in flesh and blood wal...

India’s Greatest Icon
1. Mahatma Gandhi 53%
2. Mother Teresa 17%
3. Tata
4. Infosys Chief Mentor Narayana N.R. Murthy
5. A...

Swadeshi Movement
• “one’s own” “country”
• Self reliance atma Shakti
• Mass campaigns
• Boycott British goods
• Withdraw ...

1917 Champaran, Bihar- Satyagraha
Note: term not used until ~1920
• Tenant farmers forced to grow indigo because of loss
o...

1918 Kheda Satyagraha
• Gujarat farmers unable to pay taxes because of crop
failures
– Sardar Patel organizes tax protests...

1918 Ahmedabad Labor Dispute
• Textile mills had paid a plague bonus to keep workers
during plague but withdrew it when pl...

Rowlatt Act
Indefinitely extends the emergency measures of
Defence of India Act
• Arrest without warrant
• Preventive inde...

1919 Rowlatt Act Protests
• Open letter from Gandhi inviting satyagraha
• Hartal morphs into violence
• Arrest of Gandhi l...

Violence in Punjab

1919 Amritsar Massacre

Events 1919
• 9 March Hartal speeches by Kitchlew and Satyapal
• 9 April there was a Hindu religious festival
• 10 April P...

Dyer to the Rescue
• Dyer isordered to Amritsar to take command.
• 11 April Arrives in Amritsar with 475 British and 710
I...

Dyer’s Proclamation
• 12 April
• Bans all movement into and out of the city
• Imposes a curfew,
• Forbids public meetings ...

Amritsar Events
Destroyed

Jalianwala Bagh (~170 m x 150 m)

Massacre depicted by German artist, Eduard Thöny, for
Simplicissimus

The Massacre 13 April
• Religious festival in which speakers condemned arrests of
several leaders
– No threats against Dye...

Events
• 15 April Martial law applied and backdated to March
30
• 852 accused, 581 convicted; 108 were sentenced to
death,...

Humiliation
• Making all males do
work of sweepers
• Making people touch
noses to the ground
• Crawling Lane

Resident and Governor
• Udham Singh (1899-1940)
– Became involved in armed
resistance
• Michael O’Dwyer (1864-1940),
Lt. G...

Reactions
Gandhi "We do not want to punish Dyer. We have no
desire for revenge. We want to change the system that
produced...

Amritsar Massacre
• Churchill
– "a monstrous event",
– a "great slaughter or massacre upon a particular crowd of
people, w...

Disorder Inquiry (Hunter) Commission
• Hunter Committee named for its chair
– Four British members; three Indian members
•...

Dyer testimony
Q. No question of having your forces attacked entered into your
consideration at all ?
A, No. The situation...

Dyer testimony
Q. From time to time you changed your firing and directed it to
places where the crowds were thickest ?
A. ...

Dyer testimony
Q. I take it that your idea in taking that action was to strike terror
?
A. Call it what you like. I was go...

Findings of the Hunter Commission
Majority agreed with imposition of martial law and
thought it improbable that the crowd...

Congress Committee of Inquiry
• Gandhi, C. R. Das, Fazl-ul-Huq and Abbas Tyabji.
‘A calculated piece of inhumanity towards...

Conclusions of Congress
• “Incensed O’Dwyer administration by reason of his
studied contempt and distrust of the elected c...

Congress Seeks
• Repeal of the Rowlatt Act
• Relieve O’Dwyer, Dyer, Col. Johnson, Col. O’Brien, Rai
Shib Sri Ram Sud and M...

Dyer’s Appeal
• Turned down by Army Council which decided
decided that he had completely failed to act in
accord with the ...

Dyer Appeal to Parliament
• Lords deplores the treatment he received (129-89)
• Commons
– Arguments that Dyer is a hero
– ...

Montagu, Sec. State for India
There is a theory abroad on the part of those who have
criticised His Majesty's Government u...

Montagu continued
The whole point of my observations is directed to this
one question: that there is one theory upon which...

Churchill speech, Commons, July 8, 1920
(0 to 4’; 6’ 30” to 9’ 14”
Churchill speech, Commons, July 8, 1920
Librivoxhttps:/...

Swadeshi 1922

Khilafat Movement
• Grew out of a movement to
recognize the Ottoman
caliphate
• In India
– No celebration of war victory
–...

Buy Indian Swadeshi Boycott British

Visva-Bharati University
• 1921 Founded by Tagore with Nobel money
• Outdoor classes
• A national Indian school should use...

1922 Chauri Chaura Police Station
• Police officer had beaten pickets at a liquor shop
• Mob burned the police station kil...

Indian Penal Code §124-A
• Whoever, by words, either spoken or written, or by
signs, or by visible representation, or othe...

Application of §124-A
2017 Kerala writer, Kamal Chavara, for allegedly insulting
the National Anthem in a book
2016 August...

Gandhi Arrested - Newsreel
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GWdBjS
T5lw

Swaraj Party
• 1923 Congress splits and Chittaranjan Das,
Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and Motilal Nehru form
the Congress-K...

Gandhi returns
• 1924 released on grounds of health
• 1925 Bengal ordinance
• 1928 Simon Commission
• 1929 All India Congr...

Congress
Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari
1927

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